CN114388928B - 用于电动车辆的温度控制*** - Google Patents

用于电动车辆的温度控制*** Download PDF

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CN114388928B
CN114388928B CN202111201532.8A CN202111201532A CN114388928B CN 114388928 B CN114388928 B CN 114388928B CN 202111201532 A CN202111201532 A CN 202111201532A CN 114388928 B CN114388928 B CN 114388928B
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heat exchanger
control system
heat
thermal control
temperature
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CN114388928A (zh
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G·G·阿尔姆克维斯特
J·J·比约克霍尔茨
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Volvo Car Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H1/00278—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit for the battery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
    • B60H1/3228—Cooling devices using compression characterised by refrigerant circuit configurations
    • B60H1/32284—Cooling devices using compression characterised by refrigerant circuit configurations comprising two or more secondary circuits, e.g. at evaporator and condenser side
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
    • B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
    • B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
    • B60H1/00899—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
    • B60H1/3205—Control means therefor
    • B60H1/321—Control means therefor for preventing the freezing of a heat exchanger
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
    • B60H1/3227—Cooling devices using compression characterised by the arrangement or the type of heat exchanger, e.g. condenser, evaporator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/05316—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F17/00—Removing ice or water from heat-exchange apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G7/00—Cleaning by vibration or pressure waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
    • H01M10/625—Vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/63—Control systems
    • H01M10/637—Control systems characterised by the use of reversible temperature-sensitive devices, e.g. NTC, PTC or bimetal devices; characterised by control of the internal current flowing through the cells, e.g. by switching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00271—HVAC devices specially adapted for particular vehicle parts or components and being connected to the vehicle HVAC unit
    • B60H2001/00307—Component temperature regulation using a liquid flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
    • B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
    • B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
    • B60H2001/00961—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices comprising means for defrosting outside heat exchangers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
    • B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
    • B60H1/32—Cooling devices
    • B60H2001/3236—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained
    • B60H2001/3255—Cooling devices information from a variable is obtained related to temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0043—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for fuel cells
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于电动车辆的热控制***(1)，包括：‑高压电池(2)，‑第一热量交换器(6)，其适配为与环境(4)接触以循环与环境热接触的热量交换介质，‑第二热量交换器(3)，其与电池(2)热接触，‑热量传输***(5)，其用于将热量交换介质从第一热量交换器(6)传输到与第二热量交换器(3)热接触的蒸发器/冷凝器组件(15、18)，用以将热量传递到电池(2)，以及用以将热量交换介质传输回到第一热量交换器(6)。所述第一和第二热量交换器(3、6)中的至少一个设置有振动装置(20、23、27)，诸如超声换能器，其用于释放形成在所述至少一个热量交换器(3、6)上的冰。

Description

用于电动车辆的温度控制***
技术领域
本发明涉及用于电动车辆的热控制***，包括：
-高压电池，
-第一热量交换器，其适配为与环境接触用以循环与环境热接触的热量交换介质，
-第二热量交换器，其与电池热接触，以及
-热量传输***，其用于将热量交换介质从第一热量交换器传输到与第二热量交换器热接触的蒸发器/冷凝器组件，用以将热量传递到电池，以及将热量交换介质传输回到第一热量交换器。
本发明还涉及包括这种温度控制***的电动车辆。
背景技术
对于在较低温度处的电池提供功率的电动车辆(BEV)，驾驶舱和电池两者都需要被加热。所需要的加热功率由车辆的高压电池组提供并且其减少了行驶范围。用于将热量从环境空气传输到驾驶舱以及电池的热泵的使用提供了能量有效的加热方式。在温度低于5℃处，主热量交换器上的冰的形成降低通过热量交换器的空气流，以及降低热量交换器的效率。为了给热量交换器除冰，可以将热泵流反向用以加热热量交换器，但这导致相对复杂的***和相对高的能量使用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种热控制***，其中可以减少热量交换器上冰的形成，其具有相对简单的和紧凑的设计以及其具有相对低的功率消耗。
至此提供了根据本发明的热控制***，其中，第一和第二热量交换器中的至少一个设置有振动装置，所述振动装置用于释放形成在所述至少一个热量交换器上的冰。
振动装置可具有相对紧凑的设计，其可耦合到主热量交换器和/或电池的热量交换器，用以机械能的有效传送以及消除重新设计热量交换介质的回路的需要。通过根据本发明的振动装置去除冰允许在较冷的气候中有效使用热泵并导致高达20％的能量节省(在0℃处WLTC)和延长的行驶范围。
在根据本发明的热控制***的一实施方式中，振动装置包括超声换能器，所述超声换能器放置在第一热量交换器上以及其适配为生成声波，所述声波沿热量交换器的外表面，所述外表面与冰层形成交界面，用于在交界面层处融化冰，诸如通过引起空化气泡。
换能器生成的超声波可沿交界面层传播，在该交界面层处，它们可引起在交界面处的冰的相变，使得在不需要融化全部冰的情况下，冰容易从热量交换器释放。这提供了大量的能量节省。超声在交界面层处生成空化气泡，其导致高剪切力和剪应力将冰从所述表面排出。当车辆移动时，来自驾驶的振动和冲击有助于去除来自热量交换器表面的冰。在层流处于低雷诺数处通过热量交换器的情况下，例如发生在低流率条件中，发现超声波会引起在热量介质中的湍流的增加以及导致热量传递的增加。
超声换能器可以在20kHz和5MHz之间的频率处操作。
根据本发明的热控制***的另一实施方式包括：控制单元，该控制单元连接到用于测量环境温度的温度传感器，当传感器测量到环境温度低于预定阈值时，控制单元接通超声换能器。控制器可适配为
-当温度传感器测量到温度低于下阈值时，持续接通超声换能器，
-当温度传感器测量到温度低于上阈值和高于下阈值时，以基本相似的持续时间的接通断开时间段来接通和断开超声换能器，以及
-当温度传感器测量到温度高于上阈值时，以接通时间段与断开时间段的一半相比更小来接通和断开超声换能器。
以这种方式，在低温(诸如-15℃和更低)处操作换能器用以热量交换器的除冰，而在中温范围(例如-15℃-5℃)和高温范围(5℃以上)中，操作换能器以在热量交换器中提供增加的热量传递。对于在下阈值和上阈值之间的温度，接通断开时间段可在300s和600s之间，而对于高于上阈值的温度，接通时间段可设置在50s和150s之间，以及断开时间段在接通时间段的5倍到10倍之间。
换能器经由连接器本体可耦合到热量交换器，所述连接器本体，以在20kHz和100kHz之间，优选地在30kHz和50kHz之间的频率处，将超声振动传导到热量交换器。连接器本体可包括金属杆，该金属杆穿过热量交换器的宽度延伸以及具有适配为将热量交换器的共振频率与换能器匹配的质量。
附图说明
根据本发明的用于电动车辆的热控制***的实施方式将通过非限制性示例的方式，参考附图进行详细描述。图中：
图1描绘了根据本发明的热控制***的示意性布局，以及
图2描绘了安装在散热器的外表面上的超声换能器的透视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于电池提供功率的电动车辆的热控制***1，其具有高压电池2，该高压电池为车辆的传动系和车载电装置提供功率。***1包括连接到第一热量交换器6的中温回路5，形成热泵，该热泵用于在低温处经由第二热量交换器3从环境4传递热量以加热高压电池2。
提供冷回路8用以在高于5℃的操作温度处冷却高压电池2，以及热回路9连接到高温散热器10用以在更高的操作温度处，将热量传递到环境4用以冷却驾驶舱和用以冷却高压电池2。
热回路9包括驾驶舱中的加热、通风和空调(HVAC)热量交换器12、由高压电池2提供功率的高压冷却剂加热器(HVCH)13和水冷凝器14。冷回路8包括冷却器蒸发器18，其连接到高压电池2的第二热量交换器3。热回路9和冷回路8经由压缩/膨胀回路15热耦合。冷却器蒸发器18与HVAC蒸发器17平行放置，该HVAC蒸发器经由压缩器16连接到水冷凝器14。中温回路5冷却电驱动(ED)部件19，诸如定子、转子和逆变器，并连接到冷却器蒸发器18。
中温回路5的第一热量交换器6设置有超声换能器20，该超声换能器连接到控制器21，该控制器用于基于由温度传感器22测量的环境温度，接通和断开换能器20。相似的换能器23附接到高压电池2的第二热量交换器3。控制器21可以在40kHz的超声换能器的共振频率处，向换能器20、23提供例如35W的功率。
在低于5℃的温度处，高压电池2经由HVCH单元13和通过在环境温度处的加热介质加热，该加热介质从第一热量交换器6供应到冷却器蒸发器18以及其经由水冷凝器14和HVCH单元随后传输到高压电池2。
控制器21在低于-15℃的温度处，启动超声换能器20、23，使其处于恒定接通状态中，使得在热量交换器6、3的外表面上的超声波生成用以冰的去除。在-15℃和+5℃之间的温度处，控制器21可替代地接通超声换能器20、23以500s以及断开换能器500s。在高于+5℃的环境温度处，控制器21可替代地接通换能器100s以及断开换能器900s，以通过声波在加热介质中生成的湍流改善通过加热介质的热传递。
图2示出了连接到杆26的超声换能器25的透视图，该杆形成将超声换能器25耦合到散热器27的外表面29的机械交界面。杆26的厚度使得散热器27的共振频率与超声换能器25的频率匹配。除了安装在外表面29上，将超声换能器25安装在散热器27的周缘侧表面上是可能的。从散热器表面29去除冰确保由风扇28通过散热器的空气流的吸入不受限制。
通过使用超声换能器25，热泵可替代电加热器，有效地用在较冷气候中的电池驱动的电动车辆中，从而能量节省高达20％(0℃处WLTC)以及可以实现总电池容量节省1kWh。
虽然已经参考示例性实施方式描述了本发明，但是本领域技术人员将理解，在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，可进行各种改变以及可用等同物替代其元件。所公开的控制器可包括被编程以执行所需步骤的专用计算机(其可包括一个或多个处理器和/或存储器)。此外，在不脱离本发明的基本范围的情况下，可进行许多修改以使特定情况或材料适配本发明的教导。因此，本发明不限于所公开的特定或优选的实施方式，而是本发明将包括在所附权利要求范围内的所有实施方式。

Claims (8)

1.用于电动车辆的热控制***（1），包括：- 高压电池（2），- 第一热量交换器（6），其适配为与环境（4）接触用以循环与环境热接触的热量交换介质，- 第二热量交换器（3），其与高压电池（2）热接触，- 中温回路（5），其用于将热量交换介质从第一热量交换器（6）传输到与第二热量交换器（3）热接触的冷却器蒸发器/水冷凝器，用以将热量传递到高压电池（2），以及用于将热量交换介质传输回到第一热量交换器（6），所述第一热量交换器（6）和第二热量交换器（3）中的至少一个设置有振动装置，用以释放形成在所述至少一个热量交换器（3、6）上的冰，其中，振动装置包括超声换能器（25），所述超声换能器放置在第一热量交换器（6）和/或第二热量交换器（3）上并且适配为生成沿着热量交换器（3、6）的外表面（29）的声波，外表面（29）形成与冰层的交界面，用于在交界面层处融化冰。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热控制***（1），超声换能器（25）在20 kHz和5 MHz之间的频率处操作。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的热控制***（1），包括：控制器（21），该控制器连接到用于测量环境温度的温度传感器（22），当温度传感器（22）测量到环境温度低于预定阈值时，控制器（21）接通超声换能器（25）。
4.根据权利要求3所述的热控制***（1），控制器（21）适配为：- 当温度传感器（22）测量到温度低于下阈值时，持续接通超声换能器（25），- 当温度传感器（22）测量到温度低于上阈值和高于下阈值时，以相似的持续时间的接通断开时间段来接通和断开超声换能器（25），以及- 当温度传感器（22）测量到温度高于上阈值时，以接通时间段与断开时间段的一半相比更小来接通和断开超声换能器（25），其中，所述下阈值为-15℃，以及所述上阈值为5℃。
5.根据权利要求4所述的热控制***（1），在下阈值和上阈值之间的温度处，接通断开时间段在300 s和600 s之间，以及在高于上阈值的温度处，接通时间段在50 s和150 s之间，而断开时间段在接通时间段的5倍和10倍之间。
6.根据权利要求1-2中任一项所述的热控制***（1），其中，超声换能器（25）经由连接器本体耦合到散热器（27），所述连接器本体，以在20 kHz和100 kHz之间的频率，将超声振动传导到散热器（27）。
7.根据权利要求1-2中任一项所述的热控制***（1），其中，超声换能器（25）经由连接器本体耦合到散热器（27），所述连接器本体，以在30 kHz和50 kHz之间的频率，将超声振动传导到散热器（27）。
8.电动车辆，包括：根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的热控制***（1）。
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