CN114210998A - Preparation method of high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part - Google Patents

Preparation method of high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part Download PDF

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CN114210998A
CN114210998A CN202111434780.7A CN202111434780A CN114210998A CN 114210998 A CN114210998 A CN 114210998A CN 202111434780 A CN202111434780 A CN 202111434780A CN 114210998 A CN114210998 A CN 114210998A
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aluminum alloy
powder
structural member
additive manufacturing
strength plastic
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CN114210998B (en
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钱锋
李雯哲
程兴旺
梁耀健
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y70/10—Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0073—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only borides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Abstract

The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large-scale structural member, belonging to the field of metal manufacturing. The invention aims to solve the problems that large columnar crystals and hot cracks in the aluminum alloy are poor in performance, and further large structural members in the aluminum alloy are not firm enough and low in safety index. According to the invention, the powder deposition additive manufacturing method is adopted to process the aluminum alloy medium-large structural parts, on one hand, the nucleation rate of the additive manufactured aluminum alloy during solidification is regulated and controlled by adding the nucleating agent, the microstructure of crystal grains is changed, and the transformation of coarse columnar crystals to form isometric crystals is promoted; on the other hand, the temperature distribution of the formed block is changed by regulating and controlling the interval time between adjacent printing layers in the additive manufacturing process, and the continuous interdendritic liquid film is broken, so that the medium-large structural member of the high-strength plastic additive manufactured aluminum alloy with isometric crystal grain morphology and no thermal crack is obtained.

Description

Preparation method of high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large-scale structural member, belonging to the field of metal manufacturing.
Background
6061 aluminum alloy is a light metal with high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance, is widely applied to industries such as transportation and building, and is an ideal light material for medium and large structural parts.
At present, the production of large-scale aluminum alloy structural parts in China mainly depends on the traditional manufacturing process, including casting, forging, welding, cutting and forming and the like. However, the manufacturing methods of material reduction generally have the problems of low forming efficiency, serious material waste and unsuitability for processing workpieces with complex structures. In addition, a great deal of industrial pollution (such as waste water, waste gas, solid emissions and the like) and industrial noise are generated in the conventional manufacturing process, which not only seriously damage the physical and mental health of human beings, but also cause irreversible damage to the environment.
Additive manufacturing is a new type of rapid prototyping technology, which is essentially the production of three-dimensional assemblies by layer-by-layer manufacturing. The powder deposition additive manufacturing has the following remarkable advantages when used for preparing medium and large-sized structural parts: firstly, a mold is not required to be processed, the rapid iteration of the design can be realized, the time consumed by repeated mold opening is saved, and the research and development period is shortened; secondly, the method has the characteristic of near net shape, only a small amount of processing or even no processing is needed in the later period, the raw materials and the manufacturing cost are saved rapidly and efficiently, the discharge amount of industrial pollution is greatly reduced, and the method is environment-friendly; manufacturing flexibility is high, and parts with complex structures can be manufactured; and fourthly, the system can be customized according to the user requirements, greatly improves the individuation degree of the product, and can be used for producing large-size high-added-value products, such as the private customized super sports car. Therefore, the 6061 aluminum alloy medium and large structural member processed by the powder deposition additive manufacturing method is one of the most ideal modes for manufacturing the aluminum alloy medium and large structural member.
However, due to the intrinsic characteristics of laser additive manufacturing methods and aluminum alloys, many challenges remain with the current use of additive manufacturing methods for preparing aluminum alloys. On one hand, a large temperature gradient (10) is introduced in the laser additive manufacturing process7K/s) and cooling rate (-10)7K/m) will result in the formation of a coarse columnar grain microstructure. On the other hand, since the solidification temperature range and the thermal expansion coefficient of the aluminum alloy are large, thermal cracks are easily formed along columnar crystal grain boundaries during the additive manufacturing process, and the performance is damaged, especially for aluminum alloys with wide solidification ranges such as 6xxx series and 7xxx series. Therefore, the 6061 aluminum alloy part processed by the additive manufacturing method has poor performance, and the finished product is unsafe when the 6061 aluminum alloy part is applied to manufacturing of medium and large-sized structural members, so that the application of the additive manufacturing aluminum alloy in production of large-sized structural members in industry is severely limited.
In recent years, research on additive manufacturing of aluminum alloy is mainly limited to the level of micro morphology, and few reports on performance breakthrough are provided, and almost no reports on performance of 6061 aluminum alloy manufactured by powder deposition additive manufacturing are provided. At present, the mechanical properties of large-scale structural parts in aluminum alloy manufactured by additive manufacturing have certain difference with the industrial production requirements, and the performance requirements of industrial development on large-scale structural parts in aluminum alloy are still difficult to meet.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of poor performance caused by thick columnar crystals and hot cracks in the additive manufacturing aluminum alloy, further low firmness and low safety index of a large structural member in the aluminum alloy, and provides a preparation method of a high-strength plastic large structural member of the aluminum alloy, wherein a powder deposition additive manufacturing method is adopted to process large structural parts in the aluminum alloy, and on one hand, a nucleating agent is added to regulate and control the nucleation rate of the additive manufacturing aluminum alloy during solidification, so that the microstructure of crystal grains is changed, and the thick columnar crystals are promoted to be converted to form isometric crystals; on the other hand, the temperature distribution of the formed block is changed by regulating and controlling the interval time between adjacent printing layers in the additive manufacturing process, and the continuous interdendritic liquid film is broken, so that the medium-large structural member of the high-strength plastic additive manufactured aluminum alloy with isometric crystal grain morphology and no thermal crack is obtained.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a preparation method of a large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member, which adopts a powder deposition additive manufacturing method, mechanically mixes aluminum alloy powder and nucleating agent powder, and processes the screened and vacuum-dried aluminum alloy/nucleating agent powder into large-scale aluminum alloy structural parts; the additive manufacturing process needs to be ensured to stay for multiple times; each time is kept for a period of time; obtaining a high-strength plastic aluminum alloy medium-large structural member with isometric crystal morphology and no hot cracks;
the aluminum alloy powder is 6061 aluminum alloy powder;
the nucleating agent powder is TiB2Powder;
the stay method comprises the following steps: staying for a certain time every N times of printing; n is more than or equal to 1;
the staying time is not less than 5 s;
the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.4-0.8 wt.% of Si, 0.8-1.2 wt.% of Mg0.15-0.40 wt.% of Cu0.15, less than or equal to 0.20 wt.% of Fe, less than or equal to 0.15 wt.% of Mn, 0.04-0.35 wt.% of Cr0.04-0.35 wt.% of Zn, less than or equal to 0.25 wt.% of Co, less than or equal to 0.015 wt.% of Ti, and the balance of Al.
The TiB2The particle size of the powder is 10nm-100 μm, and the powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
The addition of TiB2The mass ratio of the powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 0.1-10 wt.%.
Mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2And mechanically mixing the powder in a mixer at the rotating speed of 30-200r/min for 10-20 h.
The screen is used for taking 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2The particle size range of the nucleating agent powder is 45-200 mu m.
The 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2And (3) drying the nucleating agent powder in a vacuum drying oven at the drying temperature of 100-200 ℃ for 1-8 h.
The powder deposition additive method comprises the following process parameters: the laser power is 500-3000W, the scanning speed is 400-1000 mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 1-8 g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 0.1-8 mm.
The scanning strategies for manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy by the powder deposition additive method are respectively X-type, S-type or random end point type:
(1) and (2) X type: performing unidirectional scanning on each layer, wherein each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees;
(2) and (2) S type: each layer is subjected to snake-shaped scanning, each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees;
(3) random end point type: the printing starting point of each layer is randomly generated from four vertex angles, the printing starting points of the adjacent four layers are different and are respectively four vertex angles, namely, each four layers are one round, and the starting point of each round covers the four vertex angles.
The aluminum alloy medium and large structural part has the hardness of more than or equal to 65Hv, the yield strength of more than or equal to 65MPa, the tensile strength of more than or equal to 130MPa and the uniform elongation of more than or equal to 10 percent.
And carrying out heat treatment on the aluminum alloy medium-large structural member to obtain a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member with the peak aging T6 state, wherein the solid solution temperature is 500-600 ℃, the solid solution time is 0.5-10 h, the aging temperature is 150-250 ℃, and the aging time is 2-20 h.
The hardness of the aluminum alloy medium-large structural part in a peak aging T6 state is more than or equal to 120Hv, the yield strength is more than or equal to 230MPa, the tensile strength is more than or equal to 280MPa, and the uniform elongation is more than or equal to 10%.
Has the advantages that:
(1) the preparation method of the high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part disclosed by the invention can effectively promote the transformation of coarse columnar crystal orientation equiaxial crystals on one hand, and can effectively release the accumulated thermal stress in the laser processing process and eliminate the thermal cracks in the material increase manufacturing aluminum alloy on the other hand, so that the high-strength plastic material increase manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy medium and large structural part is prepared, the mechanical property of the high-strength plastic material increase manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy medium and large structural part is comparable to the current production requirement of 6061 aluminum alloy plate/bar parts, the industrial requirement is met, and the safety of the high-strength plastic material increase manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy medium and large structural part is ensured.
(2) Compared with the traditional blank forming technology for preparing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part, the preparation method of the high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part disclosed by the invention can realize rapid design iteration, save the time consumed by repeated die sinking and shorten the research and development period; secondly, the subsequent processing requirements can be greatly reduced, the raw materials and the manufacturing cost are saved rapidly and efficiently, and the discharge amount of industrial pollution is greatly reduced; thirdly, the product can be customized according to the requirements of users, and the individuation degree of the product is greatly improved.
(3) Compared with the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part prepared by adopting other additive manufacturing technologies, the preparation method of the high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part disclosed by the invention can improve the production efficiency, shorten the production period, realize the manufacture of large-size parts and is an ideal preparation process for manufacturing medium-large structural parts.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the powder deposition additive manufacturing of 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Photograph of nucleating agent powder. (a) Scanning electron microscope images of 6061 aluminum alloy powder manufactured by powder deposition additive manufacturing; (b) powder deposition additive manufacturing TiB2Scanning electron microscope images of the nucleating agent powder; (c) powder deposition additive manufacturing of 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Scanning electron microscope images of nucleating agent powder.
FIG. 2 is a powder deposition additive manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Scanning electron microscope and corresponding EDS image of nucleating agent powder.
FIG. 3 is a powder deposition additive manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Electron backscatter diffraction EBSD images of large structures in the nucleating agent. (a) Example 1; (b) example 2; (c) comparative example 1.
FIG. 4 is a powder deposition additive manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Scanning electron microscope images of large and medium structural members of the nucleating agent. (a) Example 1; (b) example 2.
FIG. 5 is a powder deposition additive manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2CT three-dimensional reconstruction images of large and medium structural members of the nucleating agent.
FIG. 6 shows powder deposition additive manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy-TiB2Tensile curve of large structural members in the nucleating agent. (a) In the original state; (b) peak age T6 condition.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to specific examples, which will assist the researchers in the field to further understand the present invention, but not limit the present invention in any form. It should be noted that several modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
step 2, preparing TiB with the grain diameter in the nanometer scale2The nucleating agent powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
Step 3, mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Placing the nucleating agent powder into a mixer for mechanical mixing, wherein the TiB2The mass ratio of the nucleating agent powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 1 wt.%, the rotating speed of the mixer is 50r/min, and the mixing time is 10 h.
Step 4, 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Screening nucleating agent powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 45-125 mu m, and then, carrying out vacuum drying on the powder at the drying temperature of 100 ℃ for 2 h;
step 5, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 6, opening the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instruction, and carrying out 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Processing the nucleating agent powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1000W, the scanning speed is 600mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 2.5g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 0.8 mm; the specific mode for setting the X-type scanning strategy is as follows: performing unidirectional scanning on each layer, wherein each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees; setting the interval of 8s for every 1 layer in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process;
and 7, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB prepared by the method2The nucleating agent powders were mechanically mixed 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB as shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively2The nucleating agent powder is shown in fig. 1(c) and fig. 2; as shown in fig. 3(a), the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the present example has a certain equiaxed grain morphology in a large structural part, which is obviously different from the coarse columnar grain morphology in the additive manufacturing aluminum alloy (fig. 3 (c)); as shown in fig. 4(a) and 5, the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the embodiment has no macrocracks in the large-scale structural part; as shown in fig. 6(a), the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the present example has excellent performance of large-scale structural parts, and the room-temperature tensile mechanical properties in the original printing state are as follows: the yield strength is 96 plus or minus 10MPa, the tensile strength is 183 plus or minus 12MPa, and the uniform elongation is 14 plus or minus 4 percent; as shown in FIG. 6(b), the 6061 aluminum alloy part processed by the embodiment has excellent mechanical properties in a peak aging T6 state, and the room-temperature tensile mechanical properties are as follows: the yield strength is 238 +/-7 MPa, the tensile strength is 286 +/-4 MPa, the uniform elongation is 13 +/-2%, the strength meets the industrial production requirement of the current 6061 aluminum alloy part, and the plasticity is far beyond the industrial production requirement (plate: strength 290MPa, uniform elongation 6%, bar: strength 260MPa, uniform elongation 9%).
Example 2
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
step 2, preparing TiB with the grain diameter of micron scale2The nucleating agent powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
Step 3, mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Placing the nucleating agent powder into a mixer for mechanical mixing, wherein the TiB2The mass proportion of the nucleating agent powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 2 wt.%, the rotating speed of the mixer is 100r/min, and the mixing time is 15 h.
Step 4, 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Screening nucleating agent powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 75-150 mu m (shown in figure 1 (a)), and then carrying out vacuum drying on the powder at the drying temperature of 125 ℃ for 5 h;
step 5, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 6, opening the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instruction, and carrying out 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Processing the nucleating agent powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1400W, the scanning speed is 720mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 4g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 3 mm; setting random endpoint type scan strategyThe concrete mode is that: the printing starting point of each layer is randomly generated from four vertex angles, the printing starting points of adjacent four layers are different and are respectively four vertex angles, namely, each four layers are one round, and the starting point of each round covers the four vertex angles; setting the interval of every 1 layer for 10s in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process;
and 7, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB prepared by the method2The nucleating agent powders were mechanically mixed 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB as shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively2The nucleating agent powder is shown in fig. 1(c) and fig. 2; as shown in fig. 3(b), the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the present example has a significant isometric crystal morphology in a large structural component, which is significantly different from a coarse columnar crystal morphology in an additive manufacturing aluminum alloy (fig. 3 (c)); as shown in fig. 4(a) and 5, the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the embodiment has no macrocracks in the large-sized structural part; as shown in fig. 6(a), the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the present example has excellent performance of large-scale structural parts, and the room-temperature tensile mechanical properties in the original printing state are as follows: the yield strength is 64 plus or minus 1MPa, the tensile strength is 131 plus or minus 2MPa, and the uniform elongation is 19 plus or minus 3 percent; as shown in fig. 6(b), the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the present example has excellent performance for large and medium-sized structural members, and has room temperature tensile mechanical properties: the yield strength is 253 plus or minus 11MPa, the tensile strength is 284 plus or minus 5MPa, the uniform elongation is 11 plus or minus 1 percent, the strength meets the industrial production requirement of the current 6061 aluminum alloy part, and the plasticity is far beyond the industrial production requirement (plate: strength 290MPa, uniform elongation 6 percent, bar: strength 260MPa, uniform elongation 9 percent). .
Example 3
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
step 2, preparing TiB with the grain diameter in the nanometer scale2The nucleating agent powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
Step 3, mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Placing the nucleating agent powder into a mixer for mechanical mixing, wherein the TiB2The mass proportion of the nucleating agent powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 2 wt.%, the rotating speed of the mixer is 80r/min, and the mixing time is 12 h.
Step 4, 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Screening nucleating agent powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 80-200 mu m, and then, carrying out vacuum drying on the powder at the drying temperature of 170 ℃ for 8 h;
step 5, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 6, opening the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instruction, and carrying out 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Processing the nucleating agent powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1800W, the scanning speed is 960mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 6g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 5.5 mm; the specific mode for setting the S-type scanning strategy is as follows: each layer is subjected to snake-shaped scanning, each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees; setting the interval of every 4 layers in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process to be 30 s;
and 7, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
6061 aluminum alloy powder prepared by the methodAnd TiB2The nucleating agent powders were mechanically mixed 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB as shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively2The nucleating agent powder is shown in fig. 1(c) and fig. 2; the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the embodiment has no macrocracks in large-sized structural parts and good mechanical properties.
Example 4
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
step 2, preparing TiB with the grain diameter of micron scale2The nucleating agent powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
Step 3, mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Placing the nucleating agent powder into a mixer for mechanical mixing, wherein the TiB2The mass ratio of the nucleating agent powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 1.5 wt.%, the rotating speed of the mixer is 80r/min, and the mixing time is 20 h.
Step 4, 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Screening nucleating agent powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 75-150 mu m, and then, carrying out vacuum drying on the powder at the drying temperature of 150 ℃ for 10 h;
step 5, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 6, opening the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, and printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instructionMixing 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Processing the nucleating agent powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1400W, the scanning speed is 720mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 4g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 3 mm; the specific mode for setting the S-type scanning strategy is as follows: each layer is subjected to snake-shaped scanning, each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees; setting the interval of every 2 layers in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process to be 10 s;
and 7, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB prepared by the method2The nucleating agent powders were mechanically mixed 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB as shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively2The nucleating agent powder is shown in fig. 1(c) and fig. 2; the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the embodiment has no macrocracks in large-sized structural parts and good mechanical properties.
Example 5
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
step 2, preparing TiB with the grain diameter of micron scale2The nucleating agent powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
Step 3, mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Placing the nucleating agent powder into a mixer for mechanical mixing, wherein the TiB2The mass proportion of the nucleating agent powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 3 wt.%, the rotating speed of a mixer is 200r/min, and the mixing time isIs 10 h.
Step 4, 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Screening nucleating agent powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 75-150 mu m, and then, carrying out vacuum drying on the powder at the drying temperature of 125 ℃ for 5 h;
step 5, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 6, opening the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instruction, and carrying out 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Processing the nucleating agent powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1600W, the scanning speed is 800mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 5g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 4 mm; the specific way to set the random endpoint type scanning strategy is as follows: the printing starting point of each layer is randomly generated from four vertex angles, the printing starting points of adjacent four layers are different and are respectively four vertex angles, namely, each four layers are one round, and the starting point of each round covers the four vertex angles; setting the interval of every 4 layers in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process to be 30 s;
and 7, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB prepared by the method2The nucleating agent powders were mechanically mixed 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB as shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively2The nucleating agent powder is shown in fig. 1(c) and fig. 2; the 6061 aluminum alloy processed by the embodiment has no macrocracks in large-sized structural parts and good mechanical properties.
Comparative example 1
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
2, screening 6061 aluminum alloy powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 75-150 mu m, and then carrying out vacuum drying at the drying temperature of 125 ℃ for 2 h;
step 3, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 4, opening powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instruction, and processing 6061 aluminum alloy powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1400W, the scanning speed is 720mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 4g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 3 mm; the specific way to set the random endpoint type scanning strategy is as follows: the printing starting point of each layer is randomly generated from four vertex angles, the printing starting points of adjacent four layers are different and are respectively four vertex angles, namely, each four layers are one round, and the starting point of each round covers the four vertex angles; setting no stop in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process;
and 5, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
The 6061 aluminum alloy powder prepared by the method is shown in figure 1(a) and figure 3(c), and the 6061 aluminum alloy medium and large structural part processed by the comparative example has a coarse columnar crystal morphology; and there is little thermal cracking.
Comparative example 2
The embodiment is a preparation method for processing a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member by adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and a 6061 aluminum alloy substrate, wherein the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: si0.68wt.%, mg1.12wt.%, cu0.23wt.%, Fe <0.07 wt.%, Mn <0.03 wt.%, cr0.15wt.%, Zn <0.01 wt.%, Co <0.014 wt.%, Ti <0.007 wt.%, the remainder being Al element;
step 2, preparing TiB with the grain diameter of micron scale2The nucleating agent powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
Step 3, mixing 6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB2Placing the nucleating agent powder into a mixer for mechanical mixing, wherein the TiB2The mass proportion of the nucleating agent powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 2 wt.%, the rotating speed of the mixer is 100r/min, and the mixing time is 10 h.
Step 4, 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Screening nucleating agent powder, wherein the grain size of the screened powder is 75-150 mu m, and then, carrying out vacuum drying on the powder at the drying temperature of 125 ℃ for 2 h;
step 5, converting a three-dimensional model of a 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part to be printed into a file in an STL format, adding the file into slicing software for slicing, cutting the file into a plurality of cross sections, and introducing the cross sections into laser powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment;
step 6, opening the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, carrying out coaxial powder feeding laser scanning under the protection of inert gas Ar, printing point by point, line by line and layer by layer according to a computer instruction, and carrying out 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB2Processing the nucleating agent powder into an aluminum alloy medium-large structural member; setting the powder deposition additive manufacturing parameters as follows: the laser power is 1400W, the scanning speed is 720mm/min, the powder feeding speed is 4g/min, and the beam spot diameter is 3 mm; the specific way to set the random endpoint type scanning strategy is as follows: the printing starting point of each layer is randomly generated from four vertex angles, the printing starting points of the adjacent four layers are different and are respectively four vertex angles, namely, each four layers are one wheel, and each wheelThe starting point of (1) covers four vertex angles; setting no stop in the powder deposition additive manufacturing process;
and 7, after the manufacturing is finished, closing the powder deposition additive manufacturing equipment, placing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member in a preparation chamber for cooling, and taking out the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural member after cooling to the room temperature.
6061 aluminum alloy powder and TiB prepared by the method2The nucleating agent powders were mechanically mixed 6061 aluminum alloy/TiB as shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively2The nucleating agent powder is shown in fig. 1(c) and fig. 2.
Table 1, tensile properties test comparison of each example in the raw state.
Figure BDA0003381401440000091
Table 2, tensile properties test comparison for each example T6 temper and tensile properties standard for industrial 6061 aluminum alloy sheet/bar.
Figure BDA0003381401440000101
In conclusion, the preparation method of the high-strength plastic aluminum alloy large structural part disclosed by the invention can effectively promote the transformation of coarse columnar crystal orientation equiaxial crystals on one hand, and can effectively release accumulated thermal stress in the laser processing process on the other hand, eliminate thermal cracks in the material-increasing manufactured aluminum alloy, obtain the high-strength plastic material-increasing manufactured 6061 aluminum alloy large structural part with mechanical properties far exceeding the industrial production requirements of the current 6061 aluminum alloy part, meet the industrial requirements and ensure the safety when the high-strength plastic material-increasing manufactured 6061 aluminum alloy large structural part is used for manufacturing the large structural part. Compared with the traditional blank forming technology for preparing the 6061 aluminum alloy medium-large structural part, the technical scheme of the invention can realize rapid design iteration, save the time consumed by repeated die sinking and shorten the research and development period; meanwhile, the subsequent processing requirements are greatly reduced, the raw materials and the manufacturing cost are saved rapidly and efficiently, and the discharge amount of industrial pollution is greatly reduced; most importantly, the system can be customized according to the requirements of users, and the personalization degree of medium and large structural parts is greatly improved. In addition, the technical scheme of the invention can realize the manufacture of large-size parts, and is an ideal preparation process for manufacturing medium-large-size structural members.
The above detailed description is intended to illustrate the objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention, and it should be understood that the above detailed description is only exemplary of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A preparation method of a large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member is characterized by comprising the following steps: adopting a powder deposition additive manufacturing method, mechanically mixing aluminum alloy powder and nucleating agent powder, and processing the screened and vacuum-dried aluminum alloy/nucleating agent powder into aluminum alloy parts; the additive manufacturing process needs to be ensured to stay for multiple times; each time is kept for a period of time; obtaining the high-strength plastic aluminum alloy medium and large structural member with isometric crystal morphology and no hot cracks.
2. The method for preparing the large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the aluminum alloy powder is 6061 aluminum alloy powder; the nucleating agent powder is TiB2Powder; the stay method comprises the following steps: staying for a certain time every N times of printing; n is more than or equal to 1.
3. The method for preparing the large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the addition of TiB2The mass ratio of the powder in the 6061 aluminum alloy powder is 0.1-10 wt.%.
4. The method for preparing the large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the retention time is not less than 5 s.
5. The method for preparing the large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the 6061 aluminum alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.4-0.8 wt.% of Si, 0.8-1.2 wt.% of Mg0.15-0.40 wt.% of Cu0.15, less than or equal to 0.20 wt.% of Fe, less than or equal to 0.15 wt.% of Mn, 0.04-0.35 wt.% of Cr0.04-0.35 wt.% of Zn, less than or equal to 0.25 wt.% of Co, less than or equal to 0.015 wt.% of Ti, and the balance of Al.
The TiB2The particle size of the powder is 10nm-100 μm, and the powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: ti>68.2wt.％，B>30.8wt.％，O<0.80wt.％，C<0.15wt.％，Fe<0.10wt.％。
6. The method for preparing the large-scale high-strength plastic aluminum alloy structural member as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the scanning strategies for manufacturing 6061 aluminum alloy by the powder deposition additive method are respectively X-type, S-type or random end point type:
(1) and (2) X type: performing unidirectional scanning on each layer, wherein each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees;
(2) and (2) S type: each layer is subjected to snake-shaped scanning, each layer rotates once in the laser scanning direction, the rotation angle is alpha, and the alpha is 0 degree, 90 degrees or 180 degrees;
(3) random end point type: the printing starting point of each layer is randomly generated from four vertex angles, the printing starting points of the adjacent four layers are different and are respectively four vertex angles, namely, each four layers are one round, and the starting point of each round covers the four vertex angles.
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