CN114136773B - PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for plane strain soil sample deformation - Google Patents
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- 238000000917 particle-image velocimetry Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
- G01N2203/0003—Steady
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0019—Compressive
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
- G01N2203/0258—Non axial, i.e. the forces not being applied along an axis of symmetry of the specimen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
- G01N2203/0298—Manufacturing or preparing specimens
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0641—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
- G01N2203/0647—Image analysis
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0641—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
- G01N2203/0652—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors using contrasting ink, painting, staining
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0676—Force, weight, load, energy, speed or acceleration
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/067—Parameter measured for estimating the property
- G01N2203/0682—Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle
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Abstract
The invention relates to a PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for plane strain soil sample deformation, which is characterized in that on the basis of a traditional plane strain tester, a device used by the invention adopts a transparent sample film printed with grids and regular tracking points, a front transparent panel and a rear transparent panel are printed with graduated scales, a small amount of scattered particles on the soil sample surface are dyed, theoretical displacement and actual displacement of non-identification points which are respectively superposed with the dyed particles on the sample film are obtained through PIV analysis and a finite element interpolation shape function method for the tracking points of the sample film, errors of the theoretical displacement and the actual displacement of the non-identification points which are respectively superposed with the dyed particles on the sample film are compared, and the actual displacement of the rest non-identification points on the sample film is analyzed and evaluated. The invention adds a method for detecting the deformation of a real soil sample, provides an estimation method for the deformation of any point, improves a visual observation method for the deformation of the soil sample in the test process, and is convenient for inspecting the mechanical characteristics of the soil sample in time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical stress-strain tests, in particular to a PIV (particle image velocimetry) reinforcement measurement method for deformation of a plane strain soil sample.
Background
The principle of the PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technology is to record the real-time position of a trace Particle by shooting with a camera for multiple times and determine the movement speed or displacement of the Particle through correlation operation. The method does not basically influence the original soil property, can inspect the deformation of the soil during the test in a non-contact mode, is simple and convenient to operate, and has intuitive results, so that the method is more and more widely applied to geotechnical tests. Many problems in geotechnical engineering are deformation problems of plane strain, such as deformation of foundation soil under a long embankment, deformation of soil body on the long side of a subway foundation pit and the like, and research of the geotechnical engineering has great engineering significance.
In the existing image correlation measurement technology, deformation of a sample film is generally adopted to replace deformation of the surface of a soil sample. If a black emulsion film is adopted, white speckle points are sprayed on the surface of the black emulsion film, the change of the scattered speckles is tracked in the test, and the deformation of the soil sample is approximately inspected by the displacement generated by the speckle points. If the sample film is printed with black dots arranged regularly as mark points, the deformation of the soil sample is approximately examined by tracking the change of the black dots.
Since relative displacement may occur between the sample membrane and the soil sample surface, the above method of using the sample membrane surface deformation instead of the soil sample surface deformation is only an approximate method, and lacks of checking the true soil sample deformation. When the soil sample is subjected to severe shear deformation, the method has large error. The density of the tracking points is limited, and the deformation condition of any point on the surface of the soil sample cannot be obtained, so that the method can obtain a more visual result after the shot picture is subjected to post-processing, and a method for timely and visually observing the deformation of the soil sample in the test process and detecting the real deformation of the soil sample is lacked.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defect of lacking a method for detecting the deformation of a real soil sample in the prior art.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for plane strain soil sample deformation, which comprises the following steps:
s1, placing a soil sample to be detected into a sample film, scattering a plurality of dyeing particles on the surface of the soil sample placed into the sample film, arranging a plurality of identification points on the surface of the sample film, obtaining a sample to be detected, and entering S2;
s2, loading a sample to be detected into a pressure chamber for pressurization to obtain a deformed sample to be detected, taking a picture of the sample to be detected by using a camera, and entering S3;
s3, post-processing the picture of the sample to be detected through PIV analysis software to obtain the actual displacement of the surface identification point of the sample film, calculating the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample by adopting an interpolation method of a shape function in a finite element method, and entering S4;
s4, post-processing the picture of the sample to be detected through PIV analysis software to obtain the displacement of the dyed particles in the soil sample, and entering S5;
and S5, comparing errors of theoretical displacement and actual displacement of the dyed particles in the soil sample, and analyzing and evaluating actual displacement of other points in the soil sample.
Further, in step S3, when calculating the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample, a shape function of a finite element method is used to perform interpolation calculation to obtain the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample.
Further, the calculation formula of the horizontal displacement of any point in the soil sample is
The vertical displacement is calculated by the formula
Wherein m identification points nearest to the point under investigation are taken as m nodes of one unit, (x, y) are the position coordinates of the point under investigation, m is the number of nodes of the unit, and N is the number of the nodes of the unit i (x, y) is the ith shape function of the m-node element, u i For horizontal displacement of the marking point, v i Vertical displacement of the marking point.
Further, in step S2, the pressure chamber includes a base for placing a soil sample to be tested, an axial loading block for applying downward pressure to the soil sample to be tested on the base, a water bag for applying pressure to the left and right sides of the soil sample to be tested on the base, a first side pressing plate for limiting horizontal displacement of the soil sample to be tested on the base, and a first side pressing plate and a second side pressing plate for limiting horizontal displacement of the soil sample to be tested on the base, wherein the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate are arranged in parallel, and the soil sample to be tested is arranged between the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate.
Further, transparent silicone grease is coated between the sample film and the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate.
Further, the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate are transparent organic glass plates with scales.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
1) The invention adds a method for detecting the deformation of a real soil sample, provides an estimation method for the deformation of any point, improves a visual observation method for the deformation of the soil sample in the test process, and is convenient for inspecting the mechanical characteristics of the soil sample in time;
2) The invention discloses a PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for plane strain soil sample deformation, which provides an effective inspection method for replacing the soil sample surface deformation with sample film deformation by investigating the displacement of real soil sample surface dyeing particles and the displacement and strain of any point on the soil sample surface;
3) The invention discloses a PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for deformation of a plane strain soil sample, which can be used for timely and visually inspecting the deformation of the soil sample in a test stage by means of a grid on the surface of a sample film, scales on two side pressing plates, axial displacement record and the like.
Drawings
In order that the present disclosure may be more readily and clearly understood, the following detailed description of the present disclosure is provided in connection with specific embodiments thereof and the accompanying drawings, in which,
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a planar strain test apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a sample film printed with black tracking dots and a grid;
FIG. 3 is a soil sample with dyed particles;
FIG. 4 is a transparent organic glass side plate with a graduated scale;
FIG. 5 is a front view of the soil sample after installation;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of one of the grills in the front view of FIG. 4;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a unit composed of 4 observation points around any point in the enlarged view of fig. 5, and the 4 observation points are respectively named as nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The specification reference numbers indicate: 1. a sample film; 2. sampling soil; 3. a first side press plate; 4. a second side press plate; 5. a soil sample to be tested; 6. a water bladder; 7. a base.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and the examples.
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further improvements to the present application. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. In the present disclosure, terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", "vertical", "horizontal", "side", "bottom", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only relational terms determined for convenience in describing structural relationships of the parts or elements of the present disclosure, and do not refer to any parts or elements of the present disclosure, and are not to be construed as limiting the present disclosure. In the present disclosure, terms such as "fixedly connected," "connected," and the like should be understood broadly, and mean that they may be fixedly connected, integrally connected, or detachably connected; may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present disclosure can be determined on a case-by-case basis by a person skilled in the art and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure.
Referring to fig. 1 to 7, the PIV enhancement measurement method for the deformation of the plane strain soil sample of the invention comprises the following steps:
s1, loading a soil sample to be detected into a sample film, distributing a plurality of dyeing particles on the surface of the soil sample loaded into the sample film, arranging a plurality of identification points on the surface of the sample film, obtaining a sample to be detected, and entering S2;
s2, loading a sample to be detected into a pressure chamber for pressurization to obtain a deformed sample to be detected, and taking a picture of the sample to be detected by using a camera to enter S3;
s3, post-processing the picture of the sample to be detected through PIV analysis software to obtain the actual displacement of the surface identification point of the sample film, calculating the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample by adopting an interpolation method of a shape function in a finite element method, and entering S4;
s4, post-processing the picture of the sample to be detected through PIV analysis software to obtain the displacement of the dyed particles in the soil sample, and entering S5;
and S5, comparing errors of theoretical displacement and actual displacement of the dyed particles in the soil sample, and analyzing and evaluating actual displacement of other points in the soil sample.
In a preferred embodiment of this embodiment, in step S3, when the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample is calculated, a shape function of a finite element method is used to perform interpolation calculation to obtain the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the formula for calculating the horizontal displacement of any point in the soil sample is
The vertical displacement is calculated by the formula
Wherein, m identification points nearest to the point under investigation are taken as m nodes of a unit, (x, y) is the position coordinate of the point under investigation, m is the node number of the unit, N i (x, y) is the ith shape function of the m-node element, u i For horizontal displacement of the marking point, v i Vertical displacement of the marking point.
In a preferred embodiment of this embodiment, in step S2, the pressure chamber includes a base 7 for placing a soil sample to be measured, an axial loading block for applying a downward pressure to the soil sample 5 to be measured on the base 7, water bags 6 for applying pressures to left and right sides of the soil sample to be measured on the base, a first side pressing plate 3 and a second side pressing plate 4 for limiting horizontal displacement of the soil sample to be measured on the base, and the first side pressing plate 3 and the second side pressing plate 4 are arranged in parallel, and the soil sample 5 to be measured is disposed between the first side pressing plate 3 and the second side pressing plate 4.
In the above, on the basis of the conventional plane strain tester, the test apparatus employs a transparent sample film printed with a grid and regular tracing points, and front and rear transparent panels are printed with a scale, and a small amount of scattering particles on the surface of the soil sample are dyed.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a transparent silicone grease is applied between the sample film and the first and second side pressing plates.
In the above, silicone grease was used to reduce friction between the sample membrane and the plexiglass.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate are transparent organic glass plates with scales.
In the above, the scale of organic glass board helps the record of data, can further investigate the deformation of the soil sample that awaits measuring.
Example one
In this example, the soil sample used was a sandy soil sample, and sandy soil particles dyed red were arranged on the surface of the soil sample, and had a size of 60mm (width) 120mm (height) 100mm (length). The size of the grid on the surface of the transparent sample film was 10mm-10mm, and small black dots having a pitch of 2mm were arranged in each grid, and the diameter of the small black dots was 0.5mm, as shown in fig. 5. The test procedure was as follows:
(1) The soil sample wrapped by the sample membrane is placed into the pressure chamber, the upper bottom surface and the lower bottom surface of the soil sample are respectively contacted with the base and the axial loading block, the front surface and the rear surface are limited by the organic glass plate to move forwards and backwards, transparent silicone grease is smeared between the external sample membrane of the soil sample and the organic glass plate and used for reducing friction between the sample membrane and the organic glass, the left side surface and the right side surface are contacted with the square flexible water bag, and water pressure in the flexible water bag provides left-right pressure for the soil sample.
(2) After the soil sample is saturated and solidified, shearing is carried out to deform the soil sample, meanwhile, a high-speed camera is used for shooting a picture of the surface of the soil sample, and in order to obtain a good shooting effect, LED light sources are installed on the periphery of the soil sample and are turned on. Meanwhile, the change of the grid on the sample film is observed by naked eyes, and the deformation of the soil sample is inspected by assisting the conventional record of the scale on the organic glass and the testing instrument on the axial displacement.
(3) And (4) inspecting the black dots on the surface of the sample film, and performing post-processing on the soil sample photo by adopting conventional PIV analysis software to obtain the displacement of the black dots on the surface of the sample film.
(4) And (3) for any point on the surface of the sample film, adopting a shape function interpolation method in a finite element method to obtain corresponding displacement.
The method specifically used in this embodiment is to take 4 points closest to the point as 4 nodes of one unit, and then adopt the correlation shapeAnd (4) interpolating to obtain the displacement at the point. As shown in FIG. 6, 4 nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 arranged counterclockwise form a unit, and the horizontal displacement is assumed to be u 1 、u 2 、u 3 、u 4 With vertical displacement of v respectively 1 、v 2 、v 3 、v 4 Then the horizontal displacement of any point with coordinates (x, y) in the cell is
A vertical displacement of
Wherein N is i (x, y) is the ith shape function of the 4-node element. From the displacement, the strain at that point can be further derived.
(5) And inspecting the soil sample dyed particles, and performing post-processing on the soil sample photo by adopting conventional PIV analysis software to obtain the displacement and the strain of the soil sample dyed particles. For example, in FIG. 6, the horizontal displacement and the vertical displacement of the dyed particles are u real And v real And the horizontal displacement and the vertical displacement at the same position obtained from the previous step are respectively u cal And v cal Then (u) can be compared real ,v real ) And (u) cal ,v cal ) The displacement error at that point is obtained. And comprehensively inspecting all the dyeing points to obtain the comprehensive error condition of displacement of the sample membrane surface points instead of displacement of the soil sample points.
(6) The mechanical behavior of the soil samples during the entire test was summarized.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Various other modifications and alterations will occur to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. A PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for plane strain soil sample deformation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, loading a soil sample to be detected into a sample film, distributing a plurality of dyeing particles on the surface of the soil sample loaded into the sample film, arranging a plurality of identification points on the surface of the sample film, obtaining a sample to be detected, and entering S2;
s2, loading a sample to be detected into a pressure chamber for pressurization to obtain a deformed sample to be detected, and simultaneously shooting a picture of the sample to be detected by using a high-speed camera to enter S3;
s3, post-processing the picture of the sample to be detected through PIV analysis software to obtain the actual displacement of the surface identification point of the sample film, calculating the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample by adopting an interpolation method of a shape function in a finite element method, and entering S4;
s4, post-processing the picture of the sample to be detected through PIV analysis software to obtain the displacement of the dyed particles in the soil sample, and entering S5;
and S5, comparing errors of theoretical displacement and actual displacement of the dyed particles in the soil sample, and analyzing and evaluating actual displacement of other points in the soil sample.
2. The PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for the deformation of the plane strain soil sample according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, when the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample is calculated, the theoretical displacement of any point in the soil sample is obtained by interpolation calculation by using a shape function of a finite element method.
3. The PIV (particle image velocimetry) enhanced measurement method for plane strain soil sample deformation according to claim 2, characterized in that a calculation formula of horizontal displacement of any point in the soil sample is
The vertical displacement is calculated according to the formula
(ii) a Wherein m identification points nearest to the point under investigation are taken as m nodes of one unit, (x, y) are the position coordinates of the point under investigation, m is the number of nodes of the unit, and N is the number of the nodes of the unit i (x, y) is the ith shape function of the m-node element, u i For horizontal displacement of the marking point, v i Vertical displacement of the marking point.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the pressure chamber comprises a base for placing the soil sample to be measured, an axial loading block for applying downward pressure to the soil sample to be measured on the base, water bags for applying pressure to the left and right sides of the soil sample to be measured on the base, a first side pressing plate for limiting horizontal displacement of the soil sample to be measured on the base, and a first side pressing plate and a second side pressing plate for limiting horizontal displacement of the soil sample to be measured on the base, the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate are arranged in parallel, and the soil sample to be measured is arranged between the first side pressing plate and the second side pressing plate.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein a transparent silicone grease is applied between the sample membrane and the first and second side pressing plates.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the first and second side press plates are transparent plexiglass plates with scales.
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