CN114134411B - 一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢及其制造方法 - Google Patents
一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢的制造方法,所述钢材的化学成分按质量百分比计为C:0.40~0.70%,Si:1.20~1.80%,Mn:1.00~1.60%,Cr:0.80~1.20%,S:≤0.025%,P≤0.025%,Ni:0.10~0.60%,Cu:0.18%或0.20%,Mo:0.10~0.40%,Al≤0.05%,Ca≤0.0010%,Ti≤0.003%,O≤0.0010%,As≤0.04%,Sn≤0.03%,Sb≤0.005%,Pb≤0.002%,余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。上述滚珠丝杠用钢的制造流程为电炉或转炉—炉外精炼—VD或RH真空脱气—连铸—连轧—剪切或锯切—堆冷—球化退火—精整—打件入库。本发明的滚珠丝杠用钢在具有高的屈服强度和抗拉强度条件下,同时具有远超轴承钢的低温韧性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及棒材合金钢技术领域,尤其涉及应用于加工耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠的钢及其制造方法。
背景技术
在机械设备中,滚珠丝杠是不可或缺的动力和位移传递的传动零件,根据服役环境的差异,一些极端环境下服役的滚珠丝杠不仅要具备传统丝杠的高精度、高耐磨性,还需要满足在如地球两极地区狂风巨浪、严寒等恶劣环境下保持高强韧性的服役要求。
传统滚珠丝杠使用的是高碳铬轴承钢,如GCr15牌号等,此类材料经淬火+回火后只能满足与钢球接触刚度的服役要求,在低温环境下的韧性无法满足极端环境的服役要求,且由于高碳轴承钢的热处理变形很难控制,这类材料的轴向伸缩性能是导致最终滚珠丝杠研磨精度不达标的主要因素。另外,由于这类钢碳含量较高,淬火后的研磨加工性能较差,磨削裂纹等加工质量问题发生率很高。
发明内容
本发明提出一种新的耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用钢及其生产方法,使加工的滚珠丝杠产品在极端的低温条件下表面具有超高硬度、强度和耐磨性的同时,还具有超高的低温韧性,且加工和使用过程尺寸稳定性好,保证最终丝杠服役过程的作业精密度。
为了实现上述目的,本申请滚珠丝杆用钢的力学性能达到如下水平或要求:
钢材中非金属夹杂物要求见下表1:
表1
钢材在调质处理(例如880℃油淬+450℃水冷)后机械性能见表2:
表2
机械性能 | 屈服强度 | 抗拉强度 | 延伸率 | -40℃冲击功AKU<sub>2</sub> |
≥1380MPa | ≥1500MPa | ≥9% | ≥27J |
钢材硬度:采用JIS G 0561法检验末端淬透性,J9mm硬度≥58HRC(距离表面9mm深部的硬度≥58HRC)。
本发明实现上述性能的具体技术方案:
本发明耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢的化学成分按质量百分比计为C:0.40~0.70%,Si:1.20~1.80%,Mn:1.00~1.60%,Cr:0.80~1.20%,S:≤0.025%,P≤0.025%,Ni:0.10~0.60%,Cu:0.30~0.80%,Mo:0.10~0.40%,Al≤0.05%,Ca≤0.0010%,Ti≤0.003%,O≤0.0010%,As≤0.04%,Sn≤0.03%,Sb≤0.005%,Pb≤0.002%,余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。
上述化学成分的设计依据如下:
1)C含量的确定
C是保证耐磨性所必要的元素,钢中的碳通过增加马氏体转变能力提高硬度和强度,进而提高耐磨性。但超过0.77%的C含量会显著增加裂纹敏感性和降低低温韧性。本发明控制其含量为0.40~0.70%。
2)Si含量的确定
Si是炼钢过程中的脱氧剂,并以固溶强化形式提高钢的硬度、强度、弹性极限和屈强比。它降低C在铁素体中的扩散速度使回火时析出的碳化物不易聚集,提高钢材的抗回火软化能力。另外,Si减少摩擦发热时的氧化作用和提高钢的冷变形硬化率从而提高材料的耐磨性。但是过高的Si含量会降低低温韧性。本发明控制Si含量为1.20~1.80%。
3)Mn含量的确定
Mn作为炼钢过程的脱氧元素,是对钢的强化有效的元素,起固溶强化作用以弥补钢中因C含量降低而引起的强度损失。而且Mn能提高钢的淬透性,改善钢的热加工性能。Mn能消除S(硫)的影响:Mn在钢铁冶炼中可与S形成高熔点的MnS,进而消弱和消除S的不良影响。Mn含量高与1.60%,会显著降低钢的韧性。本发明的Mn含量控制在1.00~1.60%。
4)Cr含量的确定
Cr是碳化物形成元素,能够提高钢的淬透性、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能。钢中的Cr,一部分置换铁形成合金渗碳体,提高钢材的回火稳定性;一部分溶入铁素体中,产生固溶强化,提高铁素体的强度和硬度。但Cr含量过高,与钢中的碳结合,容易形成大块碳化物,这种大块的碳化物会降低钢材的接触疲劳寿命。综上分析,本发明Cr含量的范围确定为0.80-1.20%。
5)Al含量的确定
Al是冶炼过程中的脱氧剂,除为了降低钢水中的溶解氧之外,Al与N形成弥散细小的氮化铝夹杂可以细化晶粒。但Al含量超过0.05%时,钢水的流动性大幅下降,增加浇铸难度。本发明Al含量的范围确定为≤0.05%。
6)Ni含量的确定
Ni在钢中以固溶形式存在,在本发明的成分体系中,Ni可以降低层错能,显著的提高钢的低温冲击性能,但是过高的Ni会导致钢中残余奥氏体含量过高,降低强度,且增加成本。本发明Ni含量的范围确定为0.10~0.60%。
7)Cu含量的确定
Cu元素可以在回火时形成细微的析出物,提高钢的强度,同时Cu还有利于提高钢材在极端环境下的耐腐蚀能力。但是由于过高的Cu易导致晶界弱化以致开裂。本发明Cu含量的范围确定为0.30~0.80%。
8)Mo含量的确定
Mo能使钢的晶粒细化,提高淬透性和热强性能,在高温时保持足够的强度和抗蠕变能力。同时可以抑制合金钢由于回火而引起的脆性。但钼合金属于贵重合金,为控制成本并达到预期效果,本发明将Mo含量的范围确定为0.10~0.40%。
9)Ca含量的确定
Ca含量会增加钢中点状氧化物的数量和尺寸,同时由于点状氧化物硬度高,塑性差,在钢变形时其不变形,容易在交界面处形成空隙,使钢的性能变差。同时结合冶炼成本控制。本发明Ca含量的范围确定为≤0.001%。
10)Ti含量的确定
Ti对钢材危害方式是以氮化钛,碳氮化钛夹杂物的形式残留于钢中。这种夹杂物坚硬、呈棱角状,严重影响材料的疲劳寿命,特别是在纯洁度显著提高,其他氧化物夹杂数量很少的情况下,含钛夹杂物的危害尤为突出。同时结合冶炼成本控制。本发明Ti含量的范围确定为≤0.003%。
11)O含量的确定
氧含量代表了氧化物夹杂总量的多少,氧化物脆性夹杂限制影响成品的使用寿命,大量试验表明,氧含量的降低对提高钢材纯净度特别是降低钢种氧化物脆性夹杂物含量显著有利。同时结合冶炼成本控制。本发明氧含量的范围确定为≤0.0010%。
12)P、S含量的确定
P在钢中会严重引起凝固时的偏析,P溶于铁素体使晶粒扭曲、粗大,且增加冷脆性。同时结合冶炼成本控制。本发明P含量的范围确定为≤0.025%。S使钢产生热脆性,降低钢的延展性和韧性,同时结合冶炼成本控制。本发明S含量的范围确定为≤0.025%。
13)As、Sn、Sb、Pb含量的确定
As、Sn、Sb、Pb等微量元素,均属低熔点有色金属,在钢材中存在,引起零件表面出现软点,硬度不均,因此将它们视为钢中的有害元素,同时结合冶炼成本控制。本发明这些元素含量的范围确定为As≤0.04%,Sn≤0.03%,Sb≤0.005%,Pb≤0.002%。
上述滚珠丝杠用钢的制造流程为电炉或转炉—炉外精炼—VD或RH真空脱气—连铸—连轧—剪切或锯切—堆冷—球化退火—精整—打件入库。
主要生产工艺特点如下:
1、采用优质铁水、废钢及原辅料,以降低钢水中有害元素含量。加强精炼过程的脱氧,保证钢中残铝量,利用钢水中的良好的动力学条件,进行集中提前脱氧和VD或RH真空脱气处理,使非金属夹杂物充分上浮并控制较低的气体含量。在真空脱气后进行长时间软吹氩,保证夹杂物充分上浮,同时连铸全程要进行防氧化保护来减少钢中的夹杂物数量。另外选用优质耐材减少外来夹杂对钢水污染的控制技术,强化对生产过程的控制。
2、连铸过程采用电磁搅拌及轻压下技术,并采用低过热度浇注,有效改善和降低连铸坯的成分偏析,尤其地,在增加凝固末端电磁搅拌及轻压下等先进设备后,铸坯凝固组织的致密度得到了提高,铸坯中心疏松和缩孔得到了有效控制,而二次枝晶臂间距得到明显改善,中心等轴晶率明显提高,晶粒得到细化,从而显著地改善了铸坯的质量,降低成分偏析。
3、本发明的产品将冶炼原料依次经电炉或转炉冶炼、LF精炼、RH或VD真空脱气和连铸,连铸出与钢材成品化学成分相符的规格为390×510mm及以上的连铸方坯;连铸坯应下坑缓冷,防止连铸坯开裂,缓冷时间不小于48小时,随后将连铸坯送至中性或弱氧化性气氛的加热炉内加热后并开坯成200×200mm—300×300mm的中间坯,加热温度1000-1250℃,加热时间大于5小时,开坯轧制时开轧温度1000℃-1200℃,终轧温度≥800℃,开坯轧制压缩比大于5,中间坯应下坑缓冷,下坑温度≥500℃,缓冷时间不小于48小时。
而后再将中间坯送至加热炉内轧制成目标钢材,具体的轧制工艺为:预热段温度控制在650-900℃,加热段温度控制在1000-1250℃,均热段温度控制在1000-1250℃,为保证坯料充分均匀受热,总加热时间在2小时以上。轧制开轧温度控制在1000℃-1200℃,终轧温度控制在800℃以上,轧制完成后堆冷。
为保证钢材的在制作滚珠丝杠时的尺寸精度稳定性,需对上述钢材进行球化退火处理,创新使用三段式退火工艺如下:
首先,805±10℃保温7小时,保证在铁素体和奥氏体的两相区,部分渗碳体溶于奥氏体中(二次渗碳体),基体(铁素体+二次渗碳体=珠光体)留有后续形核的渗碳体质点,达到动态平衡。不同于轴承钢GCr15这类过共析钢,本发明涉及的亚共析钢需要进行水雾冷却增加成球过冷驱动力,再经5+4.5小时的分阶段等温使得渗碳体(奥氏体中的二次渗碳体)充分以球状形态析出,(两阶段等温是为了控制球化大小,等温球化温度过高,球过大,等温球化温度过低,球化率太低)并且渗碳体不会长得过大(一般0.1~0.5μm,)(0.3-0.5μm))而影响滚珠丝杠后续热处理加工过程的尺寸稳定性。
最后将退火后的棒材产品再经后续矫直、探伤,制得目标棒材产品。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于:
1)不同于传统GCr15轴承钢,化学成分进行了优化,从而显著提高钢材的淬透性、屈服强度和抗回火软化能力,且裂纹倾向小。
2)优于传统GCr15轴承钢粗大的球状渗碳体(一般1~3μm),本发明钢材交货状态球状渗碳体以均匀的更为细小的(一般0.1~0.5μm)球化状态存在,球化率达95%以上,其余组织为铁素体。组织畸变能小,加工丝杠产品过程中热处理变形小,尺寸精度高,能够满足滚珠丝杠的精度使用要求。
3)传统的GCr15轴承钢低温脆性非常大(一般-40℃下夏比冲击功AKU2<10J),本发明的滚珠丝杠用钢在具有高的屈服强度(≥1380MPa)和抗拉强度(≥1500MPa)条件下,同时具有远超轴承钢的低温韧性(-40℃下夏比冲击功AKU2≥27J)。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1的球化退火的组织图;
图2为本发明实施例2的球化退火的组织图;
图3为本发明实施例3的球化退火的组织图。
图4为本发明实施例的三段式球化工艺图。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。
实施例1-3对本发明滚珠丝杠用钢的化学成分和制造方法分别举例,并于市场上通用的GCr15轴承钢对比。
各实施例的化学成分(wt%)参见表2、3
表2
表3
各实施例钢材的夹杂物见表4
表4
各实施例的机械性能(880℃油淬+450℃水冷)对比见表5
表5
各实施例钢材的末端淬透性数据见表6
表6
实施例 | J9mm(HRC) | |
本发明 | 1 | 59.48 |
本发明 | 2 | 59.65 |
本发明 | 3 | 59.91 |
GCr15 | 4 | 43.33 |
各实施例钢材的微观组织参见图1-3,不同于传统GCr15轴承钢粗大的球状渗碳体,本发明钢材交货状态渗碳体以均匀的更为细小的(一般0.1~0.5μm)球化状态存在,球化率达95%以上,其余组织为铁素体。组织畸变能小,加工丝杠产品过程中热处理变形小,尺寸精度高,能够满足滚珠丝杠的精度使用要求。
各实施例的滚珠丝杠用钢的制造流程为电炉或转炉—炉外精炼—VD或RH真空脱气—连铸—连铸坯开方成中间坯—中间坯加热轧制成材—球化退火—精整—打件入库。
具体的冶炼时,选用优质铁水、废钢及原辅料,选用优质脱氧剂及耐火材料。在电炉/转炉生产过程中,三个实施例的出钢终点C分别控制在0.05-0.25%,终点P要求≤0.025%,连铸过热度控制在15-35℃之内。
各实施例的连铸坯进行开坯轧制工艺如下表7所示。
表7
将中间坯送至加热炉内轧制成目标圆棒,具体的轧制工艺为:设置预热段温度控制在650-900℃,加热段温度控制在1000-1250℃,均热段温度控制在1100-1200℃,为保证坯料充分均匀受热,总加热时间在2小时及以上。轧制开轧温度控制在900℃-1100℃,终轧温度控制在800℃以上,轧制完成后应缓慢冷却,使钢中AlN质点细小、均匀、充分析出,从而细化晶粒并防止钢材出现混晶的情况,轧制完成后堆冷。将轧制的成品棒材进行球化退火 处理,工艺见上述三段式球化工艺图。将球化退火后的棒材产品再经过探伤处理,最终打件入库。
由表2、3、4、5、6可知,本发明以上各实施例中的一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用钢与传统的GCr15轴承钢相比,有害元素如氧、钛以及非金属夹杂物控制水平明显要好。特别是在机械性能方面,经同样的调质工艺处理后,本发明的屈服强度、抗拉强度、低温冲击和抗回火软化能力要明显优于传统的GCr15轴承钢,屈服强度提高将近400MPa以上,抗拉强度提高300MPa,低温冲击性能提高近30J以上,硬度提高近10HRC。淬透性也明显优于传统的GCr15轴承钢。
尽管以上详细地描述了本发明的优选实施例,但是应该清楚地理解,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢的制造方法,其特征在于,所述钢材的化学成分按质量百分比计为C:0.40~0.70%,Si:1.20~1.80%,Mn:1.00~1.60%,Cr:0.80~1.20%,S:≤0.025%,P≤0.025%,Ni:0.10~0.60%,Cu:0.18%或0.20%,Mo:0.10~0.40%,Al≤0.05%,Ca≤0.0010%,Ti≤0.003%,O≤0.0010%,As≤0.04%,Sn≤0.03%,Sb≤0.005%,Pb≤0.002%,余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质;所述方法包括以下步骤:
步骤一、将冶炼原料依次经电炉或转炉冶炼、LF精炼、RH或VD真空脱气和连铸,连铸出与钢材成品化学成分相符的规格为390×510mm及以上的连铸方坯;冶炼时选用优质铁水、废钢及原辅料,选用优质脱氧剂及耐火材料,在电炉/转炉生产过程中,出钢终点C控制在0.05-0.25%,终点P要求≤0.025%连铸过程采用电磁搅拌及轻压下技术,并采用低过热度浇注,连铸过热度控制在15-35℃之内;
步骤二、连铸坯下坑缓冷,缓冷时间不小于48小时,随后将连铸坯送至中性或弱氧化性气氛的加热炉内加热后并开坯成200×200mm—300×300mm的中间坯;加热温度1000-1250℃,加热时间大于5小时,开坯轧制时开轧温度1000℃-1200℃,终轧温度≥800℃,开坯轧制压缩比大于5,中间坯下坑缓冷,下坑温度≥500℃,缓冷时间不小于48小时;
步骤三、再将中间坯送至加热炉内轧制成目标钢材;具体轧制工艺为:预热段温度控制在650-900℃,加热段温度控制在1000-1250℃,均热段温度控制在1000-1250℃,为保证坯料充分均匀受热,总加热时间在2小时以上,轧制开轧温度控制在1000℃-1200℃,终轧温度控制在800℃以上,轧制完成后堆冷;
步骤四、而后将完成轧制的钢材进行三段式退火;所述三段式退火工艺具体为:首先将轧制完成的钢材在805±10℃保温7小时,使得部分渗碳体溶于奥氏体中,基体留有后续形核的渗碳体质点,达到动态平衡,随后进行水雾冷却,再经745℃±10℃保温5小时,随炉冷却1小时后在690±10℃保温4.5小时,最后随炉冷却5小时至500±10℃出炉;
步骤五、将退火后的棒材产品再经后续矫直、探伤,制得目标棒材产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢的制造方法,其特征在于:钢材经过调质处理后,屈服强度≥1380MPa,抗拉强度≥1500MPa,延伸率≥9%,-40℃夏比冲击功AKU2≥27J,采用JIS G 0561法检验末端淬透性,J9mm硬度≥58HRC。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种耐低温高强度滚珠丝杠用球化退火钢的制造方法,其特征在于:所述钢材交货状态渗碳体以0.1~0.5μm球化状态存在,球化率达95%以上,其余组织为铁素体。
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CN115852265B (zh) * | 2022-11-08 | 2023-10-24 | 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 | 一种用于高温环境下的空心滚珠丝杠用钢管及其制造方法 |
CN116555662B (zh) * | 2023-03-15 | 2024-05-17 | 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 | 一种大扭矩变速箱齿轮轴用冷挤压等温退火钢及制造方法 |
CN116770191B (zh) * | 2023-08-28 | 2023-10-27 | 张家港荣盛特钢有限公司 | 耐腐蚀疲劳弹簧钢丝、盘条及其生产方法 |
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