CN114054764B - Spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation - Google Patents
Spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation Download PDFInfo
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- CN114054764B CN114054764B CN202111404411.3A CN202111404411A CN114054764B CN 114054764 B CN114054764 B CN 114054764B CN 202111404411 A CN202111404411 A CN 202111404411A CN 114054764 B CN114054764 B CN 114054764B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
- B22F2009/0832—Handling of atomising fluid, e.g. heating, cooling, cleaning, recirculating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
- B22F2009/088—Fluid nozzles, e.g. angle, distance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
- B22F2009/0884—Spiral fluid
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation, which comprises a base and a flow guide pipe arranged in the center of the base and used for flowing out a metal liquid column, wherein a gas storage chamber is arranged in the base and surrounds the flow guide pipe, an air inlet pipeline is connected in the gas storage chamber, a plurality of spray pipes are arranged at the outlet of the lower end of the gas storage chamber, and the spray pipes are downward and uniformly distributed around the flowing-out metal liquid column in a spiral manner. According to the spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process, the pipe orifices of the plurality of spray pipes are downwards and spirally and uniformly distributed around the flowing metal liquid column, and the blocking effect of the atomization gas with different heights on the splashing metal liquid drops is utilized, so that the adhesion or blockage of the metal liquid drops caused by backflow or reverse spraying is effectively prevented, the adhesion of atomized metal powder is reduced, the smooth proceeding of the gas atomization powder process is ensured, and the sphericity and the yield of the atomized metal powder are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of powder metallurgy, and particularly relates to a spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation.
Background
With the rapid development of additive manufacturing technology and injection molding technology, high-quality spherical titanium alloy powder with high sphericity, good fluidity and low impurity content has become an important basic raw material for net-shape manufacturing processing represented by 3D printing technology, and 3D printed products and injection molded parts are favored in the fields of aviation, aerospace, electronics, automobile industry, biomedical implants and the like. In order to improve the powder quality and the performance of products, higher requirements are put on the preparation of high-quality spherical titanium alloy powder. At present, the preparation of spherical titanium alloy powder for additive manufacturing and injection molding is mainly focused on two technologies, namely VIGA (gas atomization powder preparation) and PREP (plasma rotary electrode powder preparation). Aiming at the problems that brittle materials such as TiAl, tiSi2 and the like are easy to disintegrate at high rotating speed in PREP powder preparation, the rod processing difficulty is high and the like, the powder preparation technology is greatly limited. In contrast, the VIGA-CC (water-cooled copper crucible melting gas atomization powder process) technology has no requirement on the shape of the material because the technology is cold wall crucible melting, and has more advantages for preparing spherical powder from brittle materials.
The process and apparatus for preparing spherical titanium alloy powders by the VIGA technique have been described in detail in the patent nos. ZL201210520110.1, ZL201410687649.5, ZL 201710752593.0. However, titanium alloys have high melting points and high melt viscosities, which have limited the yields of fine powders obtained by aerosolization. The optimization and adjustment of smelting process parameters and atomizing process parameters reach the bottleneck for the yield of the fine powder. In the atomization process of the existing annular hole type atomizer and annular slit type atomizer, the problems of metal liquid backflow and back spraying exist along with fluctuation of an air flow field in the atomization chamber, so that molten metal liquid is easy to adhere to an atomization air outlet until the atomization air outlet is blocked, the atomizer is damaged, and the atomization pulverizing process is stopped. Therefore, development of a nebulizer of a new structure is urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a spray pipe atomizer for atomizing powder preparation, aiming at the defects of the prior art. According to the spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process, the pipe orifices of the plurality of spray pipes are downward and are spirally and uniformly distributed around the flowing metal liquid column, and the blocking effect of atomization gases with different heights on splashing metal liquid drops is utilized, so that the metal liquid drops are effectively prevented from flowing back or reversely spraying to form adhesion or blocking, the adhesion of atomized metal powder is reduced, the smooth proceeding of the gas atomization powder process is ensured, and the sphericity and yield of the atomized metal powder are improved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: the utility model provides a spray tube atomizer for gas atomization powder process, its characterized in that includes the base and sets up the honeycomb duct that supplies the metal liquid column to flow in base center department, the inside gas storage cavity that encircles of base is provided with the honeycomb duct, be connected with the admission line in the gas storage cavity, the lower extreme exit of gas storage cavity is provided with a plurality of spray tube, and the mouth of pipe of a plurality of spray tube all descends to be spiral evenly distributed around the metal liquid column that flows out.
The spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation is characterized in that the lengths of the plurality of spray pipes are adjustable.
The spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process is characterized in that the inner cavities of the plurality of spray pipes are all provided with Laval structures.
The spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process is characterized in that the number of the spray pipes is 8.
The spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation is characterized in that a heating coil is arranged around the guide pipe inside the base.
The spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process is characterized in that the air inlet pipeline is connected with an atomization gas source through a connecting piece, and an air flow control valve is arranged at the front end, close to the connecting piece, of the air inlet pipeline.
The spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process is characterized in that an atomization gas heater is arranged between the gas flow control valve in the gas inlet pipeline and the connecting piece.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. according to the spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process, the pipe orifices of the plurality of spray pipes are downwards and spirally and uniformly distributed around the flowing metal liquid column, and the blocking effect of the atomization gas with different heights on the splashing metal liquid drops is utilized, so that the adhesion or blockage of the metal liquid drops caused by backflow or reverse spraying is effectively prevented, the adhesion of atomized metal powder is reduced, the smooth proceeding of the gas atomization powder process is ensured, and the sphericity and the yield of the atomized metal powder are improved.
2. According to the spray pipe atomizer for the gas atomization powder process, the nozzles of the plurality of spray pipes are downwards and spirally and uniformly distributed around the flowing metal liquid column, so that the metal liquid column is uniformly impacted and crushed in a segmented mode, the atomization point is reduced, and the gas atomization efficiency is improved.
3. According to the invention, the length-adjustable atomizing spray pipe is adopted, the positions of the atomizing spray pipe and the metal liquid column are flexibly adjusted, so that the impact crushing distance and the impact crushing capacity of atomized gas sprayed in the atomizing spray pipe and the metal liquid column are controlled, the kinetic energy loss of the gas sprayed by the atomized gas is reduced, the gas atomizing efficiency is improved, the refinement of atomized metal powder is realized, and the fine powder yield is improved.
4. According to the invention, the atomizing gas heater is arranged to heat the atomizing gas, so that the temperature of the atomizing gas is changed or increased, the impact crushing capacity of the atomizing gas on the metal liquid column is further improved, and the gas atomizing efficiency is improved.
5. The length of the atomizing spray pipe in the spray pipe atomizer for atomizing and pulverizing is easy to adjust, so that the optimization and improvement of the atomizer structure are flexibly and conveniently realized, the period is shortened, in addition, the processing cost of the atomizing spray pipe is low, the atomizing spray pipe is easy to replace, and the production cost is reduced.
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail through the drawings and the embodiments.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a nozzle atomizer for aerosolizing powder production according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is an SEM image of an atomized TC4 powder prepared by a prior art annular atomizer.
FIG. 3 is an SEM image of atomized TC4 powder prepared by a nozzle atomizer for aerosolized powder manufacture according to the present invention.
Reference numerals illustrate:
1-an air inlet pipeline; 2-a connecting piece; 3-an atomizing gas heater;
4-an air flow control valve; 5-a base; 6-heating coils;
7-a gas storage chamber; 8-atomizing spray pipe; 9-a metal liquid column;
10-atomizing metal powder; 11-a flow guiding pipe.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder process of this embodiment includes base 5 and sets up the honeycomb duct 11 that supplies metal liquid column 9 to flow in base 5 center department, the inside gas storage cavity 7 that encircles honeycomb duct 11 that is provided with of base 5, be connected with admission line 1 in the gas storage cavity 7, the lower extreme exit of gas storage cavity 7 is provided with a plurality of spray pipe 8, and the mouth of pipe of a plurality of spray pipe 8 all descends to be spiral evenly distributed around the metal liquid column 9 that flows out.
The nozzle atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation of the embodiment is characterized in that the base 5 is arranged, the guide pipe 11 for the metal liquid column 9 to flow out is arranged in the center of the base 5, the guide pipe 11 is used for providing a guide channel for the molten metal liquid column 9, so that the metal liquid column 9 flows out of the guide pipe 11 to a gas atomization place under the action of gravity, a certain pressure is generally adopted to act on the metal liquid column 9, so that the flow speed of the metal liquid column 9 is controlled, and the nozzle atomizer is particularly suitable for metal with high melt viscosity, and further the speed of gas atomization powder preparation is controlled; meanwhile, a gas storage chamber 7 is arranged in the base 5 around the guide pipe 11, the gas storage chamber 7 is connected with the air inlet pipeline 1, atomized gas is supplied into the gas storage chamber 7 through the air inlet pipeline 1, and atomized gas is stored and provided for gas atomization powder preparation; the nozzle atomizer for aerosolization powder process is provided with a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 in the lower extreme exit of gas storage cavity 7, and the mouth of pipe of a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 is all downward, and be spiral form evenly distributed around the metal liquid column 9 of effluvium, through setting up a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 that the mouth of pipe is all downward, make the atomizing gas of storage in the gas storage cavity 7 spout through a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8, form the aerosolization place in the below of a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8, and act on the metal liquid column 9 in the below of a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8, impact broken to the metal liquid column 9 of this position department, because a plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 are spiral form evenly distributed around the metal liquid column 9 of effluvium, all exist the impact broken point of atomizing nozzle 8 in the radial direction and the direction of metal liquid column 9 promptly, the segmentation evenly impact broken of metal liquid column 9 has been improved gas atomization efficiency, and the atomizing gas that the atomizing gas of eminence sprays between adjacent places can be to the metal liquid droplet that splashes of the broken point department of impact broken metal liquid droplet of nozzle 8 of low department and prevent that the mist spray effect from blocking the metal droplet or spray powder droplet or spray mist nozzle 11 to form the metal droplet, the mist spray quality of the mist nozzle powder and the mist spray quality of the metal powder and the mist spray quality of the mist nozzle 11 has been guaranteed simultaneously, the quality of mist spray powder to be improved and the mist spray quality to be guaranteed to the quality in the mist spray the powder quality of powder and the powder to be guaranteed. In addition, compared with the annular hole type atomizer in which the atomizing gas is not constrained from the hole injection outlet and expands and diffuses, the annular hole type atomizer has the defects of longer atomizing area, large kinetic energy loss of the atomizing gas and poor atomizing effect because of impact atomization on a metal liquid column at a higher position, and the invention leads the sprayed atomizing gas to directly act on the metal liquid column 9 in a short distance by leading the nozzle of the atomizing spray pipe 8 and limiting the nozzles to be downward and spirally and uniformly distributed around the flowing metal liquid column 9 under the condition of unchanged atomizing angle, thereby reducing the position of an atomizing point, concentrating and further improving the atomizing effect.
Further, the length of the number of atomizing nozzles 8 is adjustable. The length of the plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 is adjustable, so that the positions of the plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 and the metal liquid column 9 can be flexibly adjusted, the positions of gas atomization places can be changed, the impact crushing distance and the impact crushing capacity of atomizing gas and the metal liquid column 9 sprayed in the plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 can be further controlled, specifically, the impact crushing distance of atomizing gas and the metal liquid column 9 can be prolonged by shortening the length of the plurality of atomizing nozzles 8, the safety of the gas atomization process can be improved, the impact crushing distance of atomizing gas and the metal liquid column 9 can be shortened by increasing the length of the plurality of atomizing nozzles 8, the gas kinetic energy loss of the atomizing gas sprayed out from the plurality of atomizing nozzles 8 can be reduced, the gas atomization efficiency can be improved, the gas atomization period can be shortened, and the refinement of atomized metal powder can be realized. Generally, the afterbody of a plurality of atomizing spray tube 8 passes through threaded connection in the opening part of gas storage cavity 7 to the atomizing spray tube 8 of different specifications is in time changed to actual atomizing requirement, and in time replaces after atomizing spray tube 8 wear, and is nimble convenient, has reduced the gas atomization cost, has improved the practical value of atomizer.
Further, the inner cavities of the atomizing nozzles 8 are all provided with a Laval structure. In the embodiment, the inner cavities of the atomizing nozzles 8 are all provided with Laval structures, so that the spraying speed of atomizing gas is effectively increased, the impact crushing capacity of the atomizing gas to the metal liquid column 9 is further improved, fine metal liquid drops are obtained, and the refinement degree of atomized metal powder is improved.
Further, the number of the atomizing nozzles 8 is 8. In actual operation, according to the size of the common atomizer, 8 evenly distributed atomizing spray pipes 8 are arranged, so that the gas atomization efficiency is guaranteed, the cost of the spray pipe atomizer is reduced, and the control and the adjustment are convenient.
Further, a heating coil 6 is disposed around the draft tube 11 inside the base 5. According to the embodiment, the heating coil 6 is arranged around the guide pipe 11 inside the base 5, the metal liquid column 9 flowing out of the guide pipe 11 is heated and insulated by utilizing heat generated by heating of the heating coil 6, so that heat loss in the process that the metal liquid column 9 enters an atomization place is effectively compensated, solid inclusion caused by pre-cooling solidification of the metal liquid column 9 is avoided, morphology and particle size of atomized metal powder are further influenced, the gas atomization effect is further improved, and the quality of the atomized metal powder is guaranteed.
Further, the air inlet pipeline 1 is connected with an atomization gas source through a connecting piece 2, and a gas flow control valve 4 is arranged on the air inlet pipeline 1 near the front end of the connecting piece 2. According to the embodiment, the air flow control valve 4 is arranged at the front end of the air inlet pipeline 1, which is close to the connecting piece 2, and the air flow control valve 4 is used for controlling and adjusting the flow of the atomized gas entering the air inlet pipeline 1 from the atomized gas source, so that the spraying speed of the atomized gas in the atomized spray pipe 8 is controlled, the impact crushing degree of the atomized gas on the metal liquid column 9 is adjusted, and the morphology and the refinement degree of atomized metal powder are effectively controlled.
Further, an atomizing gas heater 3 is arranged between the gas flow control valve 4 and the connecting piece 2 in the gas inlet pipeline 1. According to the embodiment, the atomizing gas heater 3 is arranged between the air flow control valve 4 and the connecting piece 2 in the air inlet pipeline 1, the atomizing gas entering the air inlet pipeline 1 is heated by the atomizing gas heater 3, the temperature of the atomizing gas is changed or improved, the impact crushing capacity of the atomizing gas to the metal liquid column 9 is further improved, the air atomizing efficiency is improved, the heat loss in the process of the metal liquid column 9 entering an atomizing place is further compensated, and the quality of atomized metal powder is ensured.
The nozzle atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation has the following use process: the air inlet pipeline 1 is connected with an atomization gas source, the air flow control valve 4 is controlled, so that atomization gas enters the gas storage chamber 7 after being heated by the atomization gas heater 3, the guide cylinder 11 is connected with a heating chamber of the air atomization device, a metal liquid column 9 formed by melting of metal raw materials flows out through the guide cylinder 11, the atomization spray pipe 8 is opened, the atomization gas is sprayed and acts on the metal liquid column 9 to impact and crush, an air atomization place is formed, the metal liquid column 9 is converted into metal liquid drops, and atomized metal powder 10 is formed by condensation.
The annular ring atomizer in the prior art and the spray pipe atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation are adopted, TC4 alloy is used as raw materials to respectively prepare atomized TC4 powder, and the technological parameters are as follows: vacuum degree is less than 5.0X10 -2 Pa, smelting temperature 1680 ℃ and atomization pressure 6MPa, pressure difference between a smelting chamber and an atomization chamber is 0.2MPa, and morphology of corresponding atomized TC4 powder is shown in figures 2 and 3.
Fig. 2 is an SEM image of atomized TC4 powder prepared by the annular atomizer of the prior art, and as can be seen from fig. 2, adhesion phenomenon is serious in the atomized TC4 powder prepared by the annular atomizer, and most of the atomized TC4 powder adheres to form satellite powder, so that sphericity is poor.
Fig. 3 is an SEM image of the atomized TC4 powder prepared by the nozzle atomizer for aerosolized powder process of the present invention, and as can be seen from fig. 3, the atomized TC4 powder prepared by the nozzle atomizer for aerosolized powder process of the present invention has high sphericity, less satellite powder content and higher fine powder content.
Comparing fig. 2 and fig. 3, the nozzle atomizer for gas atomization powder preparation effectively prevents the backflow or reverse spraying of metal liquid drops from forming adhesion or blocking, reduces atomization points, reduces adhesion phenomenon in atomized metal powder, improves sphericity of the atomized metal powder, and improves quality and fine powder content of the atomized metal powder.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any simple modification, variation and equivalent variation of the above embodiments according to the technical substance of the invention still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. The utility model provides a spray tube atomizer for gas atomization powder process, a serial communication port, including base (5) and offer honeycomb duct (11) that supplies metal liquid column (9) to flow out in base (5) center department, base (5) inside encircle honeycomb duct (11) and are provided with gas storage cavity (7), be connected with admission line (1) in gas storage cavity (7), the lower extreme exit of gas storage cavity (7) is provided with a plurality of atomizing spray tube (8), and the mouth of a plurality of atomizing spray tube (8) all descends, and take the form of heliciform evenly distributed around metal liquid column (9) that flows out, namely in the radial direction of metal liquid column (9) and the impact crushing point of atomizing spray tube (8) all exist in the altitude direction, the segmentation uniform impact crushing to metal liquid column (9) has been realized, gas atomization efficiency has been improved, and the atomizing gas that the atomizing spray tube (8) of adjacent eminence sprays can play the barrier effect to the metal droplet of the impact crushing point department of atomizing spray tube (8) of eminence, the metal droplet backward flow or anti-splash to honeycomb duct (11) or spray tube (8) and form the metal droplet and the smooth adhesion formation in the atomizer powder of metal droplet formation in the atomizer, the spray tube has been guaranteed simultaneously, the adhesion formation in the atomizer powder has been formed to the mist process has been improved, and the metal droplet adhesion has been formed simultaneously formed and atomized in the atomizer has been formed and atomized powder process has been guaranteed simultaneously mist adhesion, the quality of atomized metal powder is improved;
the length of a plurality of atomizing spray tube (8) is adjustable, and the inner chamber of a plurality of atomizing spray tube (8) all has the Laval structure, be provided with heating coil (6) around inside honeycomb duct (11) of base (5), inlet channel (1) are connected with atomizing gas source through connecting piece (2), and are close to front end department that connecting piece (2) installs airflow control valve (4) on inlet channel (1), be provided with atomizing gas heater (3) between airflow control valve (4) and connecting piece (2) in inlet channel (1).
2. A nozzle atomizer for gas atomization milling according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of atomizing nozzles (8) is 8.
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| CN117139635B (en) * | 2023-10-31 | 2024-03-26 | 江苏贵隆新材料科技有限公司 | Powder metallurgy is with powder process device |
| CN117259770B (en) * | 2023-11-21 | 2024-02-13 | 西安赛隆增材技术股份有限公司 | Gas control system for preparing powder based on PREP and application method thereof |
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| CN114054764A (en) | 2022-02-18 |
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