CN114042451A - Method for loading metal clusters on photocatalyst - Google Patents

Method for loading metal clusters on photocatalyst Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114042451A
CN114042451A CN202111320948.1A CN202111320948A CN114042451A CN 114042451 A CN114042451 A CN 114042451A CN 202111320948 A CN202111320948 A CN 202111320948A CN 114042451 A CN114042451 A CN 114042451A
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photocatalyst
metal
particles
materials
titanium dioxide
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沈淑玲
熊舸
杜政
杨俊和
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University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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    • B01J35/393—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/48—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/50—Silver
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/48—Silver or gold
    • B01J23/52—Gold
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/66—Silver or gold
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01J35/39—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • B01J37/10—Heat treatment in the presence of water, e.g. steam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/04—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C01B3/042—Decomposition of water
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of photocatalysis, and provides a method for loading metal clusters on a photocatalyst. The method does not need any additive, adopts metal particles and photocatalyst particles as precursors, and can obtain the composite photocatalyst loaded with the metal clusters under the hydrothermal condition after the metal particles and the photocatalyst particles are mixed. The invention uses the oxidability of the photocatalyst thermotropic cavity to oxidize and etch metal particles with larger particle size, then metal atoms enter into solution, and metal ions grow on the particles through heterogeneous nucleation under the reduction action of hydrothermal conditions to form metal clusters. Compared with the prior art, the loading process provided by the invention is extremely simple, the size of the loaded metal cluster is less than 2nm, the metal cluster is uniformly distributed on photocatalyst particles, and the catalytic activity of the photocatalyst is greatly improved.

Description

Method for loading metal clusters on photocatalyst
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photocatalysis, and particularly relates to a method for loading a metal cluster on a photocatalyst.
Background
The photocatalytic technology based on photocatalyst and solar energy is considered to be an effective way for solving the problems of global energy crisis, environmental pollution and the like by virtue of the characteristics of cleanness, recycling and the like. However, the photocatalytic technology has two bottleneck problems, one is that most of the photocatalysts have low response degree to visible light which is the main component of sunlight, and the sunlight cannot be effectively utilized; and secondly, photo-generated carriers generated after the photocatalyst is excited by light are easy to combine and cannot be effectively utilized, so that the photocatalytic efficiency is at a lower level. In the last two decades of research, various approaches have been developed to address both of these issues. Among them, the metal particles supported on the catalyst as a co-catalyst is considered as the most effective way to improve the performance of the photocatalyst. Under the condition of illumination, metal nanoparticles, particularly Pt, Au and Ag, are easy to generate a plasmon resonance effect, and can improve the absorption of the catalyst to visible light. Meanwhile, the metal particles can form an electron trap on the surface of the catalyst to capture and store photo-generated electrons on the surface of the catalyst, so that the generation and separation of photo-generated carriers are promoted, and the photocatalysis efficiency is improved. The metals, particularly noble metals such as Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au, and Ag, have a very significant improvement in photocatalytic effect, but the noble metals are expensive and have a small amount of reserves. Generally, the number of surface atoms and the occupied ratio are increased by reducing the particle size, so that the catalyst has high activity and the catalyst utilization rate is improved. Thus, effective enhancement of photocatalytic performance while at the same time achieving lower noble metal loadings can be achieved by reducing the size and distribution of the noble metal promoter on the catalyst particles.
The method of supporting the metal particle promoter may be classified into a physical method and a chemical method. The physical methods include vacuum deposition, sputtering and the like, and these methods have high requirements on conditions and equipment and are also harsh in condition control. The chemical method is divided into electro-reduction, photo-reduction and chemical reduction, and the metal precursor is usually goldBelongs to a salt solution. For example, Ding et al utilize light to simultaneously reduce Cu (NO)3)2And HAuCl4Method for loading AuCu alloy particles to CaIn by using two precursors2S4In the above, Na is also required to be added to the reaction system2SO3And Na2S·9H2O as sacrificial agent to prevent CaIn2S4Photo-corrosion occurs during the photo-reduction process. And the size of the AuCu alloy finally loaded on the catalyst is about 20nm, and the distribution is not uniform (Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,2018,224, 322-329). The chemical reduction method generally uses various organic solvents or stabilizing reagents, and repeated washing and purification are required subsequently, so that the steps are complicated. Patent application 202110154330.6 discloses a two-dimensional WO with a noble metal loading modification3A preparation method of a nanosheet photocatalyst. By introducing into WO3Adding noble metal precursor solution into the nanosheet, and then obtaining WO by adopting an immersion calcining method3A/noble metal composite material. The method for impregnation and calcination is difficult to accurately control the loading of the noble metal, and in the calcination process, crystal grains are easy to agglomerate, the particle size is large, the uniformity is poor, and the aim of maximally improving the catalytic activity by using the least amount of the noble metal cannot be fulfilled.
Generally, noble metal particles are loaded on photocatalyst particles by a chemical reduction method, and the photocatalyst is protected from being damaged while a metal salt precursor is reduced in the reduction process, so that various protective agents are required to be used in the process, and the reducing agent and the protective agent are difficult to completely remove after the reaction is finished.
Disclosure of Invention
The numerical ranges in this disclosure are inclusive, e.g., 80-250 deg.C, and include both 80 and 250 deg.C.
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the method for loading the metal clusters on the photocatalyst, which has the advantages of simple loading process, mild reaction conditions, uniform distribution of the metal clusters and environmental protection.
The method comprises the following steps: nano metal particles and photocatalyst particles are used as precursors, and the nano metal particles and the photocatalyst particles are mixed and then subjected to hydrothermal reaction under the stirring condition.
Further, the method further comprises: after the hydrothermal reaction, cooling and separating to remove the filtrate to obtain the photocatalyst carrying the metal clusters.
Further, the metal is selected from Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Cu or Fe; or an alloy of two or more of the foregoing metals.
Further, the size of the nano metal particles is 5-100 nm; further, the size of the nano metal particles is 10-30 nm.
Further, the photocatalyst is selected from an organic photocatalytic material, an inorganic photocatalytic material or a semiconductor photocatalytic material; or the photocatalytic material is modified, surface-modified and mutually compounded.
Further, the organic photocatalytic material is selected from carbon nitride, porphyrin or biomimetic enzyme.
Further, the inorganic photocatalytic material is selected from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum disulfide, cadmium sulfide, bismuth oxybromide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide, sodium titanate, barium titanate or strontium titanate;
further, the semiconductor photocatalytic material and the photocatalytic material subjected to modification, surface modification and mutual compounding are selected from titanium dioxide materials containing oxygen vacancies, hydroxyl modified titanium dioxide materials, two-dimensional structure titanium dioxide materials, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide materials, porphyrin sensitized titanium dioxide, porphyrin self-assembly materials, titanium dioxide composite amino modified metal organic compound materials, molybdenum disulfide-loaded titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide and other composite materials, cadmium sulfide quantum dot materials, in-situ tungsten sulfide oxide composite materials, phosphorus-doped indium oxide materials, nitrogen-deficient carbon nitride composite materials or carbon material modified carbon nitride materials;
further, the carbon material is selected from carbon dots, graphene or carbon nanotubes.
Further, the reaction conditions of the hydrothermal reaction are as follows: the temperature is 80-250 ℃, and the reaction time is 2-48 hours;
further, the reaction conditions of the hydrothermal reaction are as follows: the temperature is 150 ℃ and 220 ℃, and the reaction time is 4-20 hours.
Further, the rotation speed of the stirring is 10-1000 rpm.
The invention also discloses the photocatalyst loaded with the metal clusters prepared by the method.
Further, the size of the metal cluster is 1-3 nm; further, the size of the metal cluster is 2 nm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the loading process provided by the invention is extremely simple, and the whole process has the advantages of convenience in operation, mild reaction, greenness, environmental friendliness and the like.
2. The loading of the ultra-small metal clusters on the photocatalyst particles can be realized by simply mixing hydrothermal. The size of the metal cluster is about 2nm, and the metal cluster is uniformly distributed on the photocatalyst particles. The method can realize the composition of the photocatalyst and the ultra-small metal particles, and effectively improve the utilization rate of the noble metal cocatalyst by using the least amount of the noble metal cocatalyst on the premise of ensuring the effective improvement of the photocatalytic performance.
3. According to the method for loading the metal clusters on the photocatalyst, provided by the invention, metal particles and photocatalyst particles only need to react under a hydrothermal condition, metal atoms enter a solution after the metal particles with larger particle sizes are oxidized and etched by utilizing the oxidability of a thermal hole of the photocatalyst, and metal ions grow on the photocatalyst particles through heterogeneous nucleation under the reduction action of the hydrothermal condition to form the metal clusters.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of Ag nanoparticles as a precursor in example 1.
FIG. 2 shows TiO before supporting Ag in example 12A TEM image of (a).
FIG. 3 shows TiO after supporting Ag clusters in example 12TEM image (a) and STEM image (b).
FIG. 4 shows Na in example 22Ti3O7TEM image of/Ag cluster composite.
FIG. 5 shows g-C after loading Ag clusters in example 33N4STEM map of (1).
FIG. 6 shows TiO after loading Au clusters in example 42A TEM image of (a).
FIG. 7 shows TiO in example 72And (3) a histogram of hydrogen production rate by visible photolysis of the/Ag cluster composite material.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The experimental methods without specifying specific conditions in the following examples were selected according to the conventional methods and conditions, or according to the commercial instructions.
Example 1:
weighing 200mg TiO2Adding 10mg of nano Ag particle dispersion liquid, adding water to a constant volume of 30ml, stirring and dispersing to a 50ml hydrothermal kettle. Setting the hydrothermal temperature at 100 ℃, the stirring speed at 100rpm and the reaction time at 14h, cooling and washing with deionized water for 3 times to prepare the Ag cluster-loaded TiO cluster2A composite photocatalytic material.
FIG. 1 is SEM image of Ag nanoparticles of the precursor, and FIG. 2 is TiO before loading Ag2TEM images of the photocatalyst. FIG. 3 shows TiO after loading Ag2TEM and STEM images of the photocatalyst. It can be seen from fig. 1 that the average size of Ag nanoparticles as a precursor was about 17 nm. As can be seen from FIG. 3, after the hydrothermal reaction, the larger Ag nanoparticles had disappeared and only TiO was observed2The particles are loaded with smaller Ag clusters, the average particle diameter of the Ag clusters is about 2nm, and the Ag clusters are uniformly distributed on TiO2The surface of the particles.
Example 2:
weighing 12g of NaOH and 200mg of TiO2Adding water into 10mg of nano Ag particle dispersion liquid, fixing the volume to 30ml, stirring and dispersing the mixture into a 50ml hydrothermal kettle. Setting the hydrothermal temperature at 130 ℃, stirring speed at 300rpm, reaction time at 24h, cooling, washing with deionized water to neutrality to obtain Na2Ti3O7a/Ag cluster composite material in which Na2Ti3O7The nano Ag clusters loaded on the surface of the nanotube are uniformly distributed and have the size of about 2nm (figure 4).
Example 3:
weighing 200mg g-C3N4Adding 10mg of nano Ag particle dispersion liquid, adding water to a constant volume of 30ml, stirring and dispersing to a 50ml hydrothermal kettle. Setting the hydrothermal temperature at 150 ℃, the stirring speed at 300rpm, the reaction time at 16h, cooling, washing with deionized water for 3 times to obtain g-C loaded with Ag clusters3N4A composite photocatalytic material (figure 5).
Example 4:
weighing 200mg TiO2And adding water into 10mg of nano Au particle dispersion liquid to fix the volume to 30ml, and stirring and dispersing the nano Au particle dispersion liquid into a 50ml hydrothermal kettle. Setting the hydrothermal temperature at 150 ℃, the stirring speed at 300rpm, the reaction time at 16h, cooling, washing with deionized water for 3 times to obtain TiO loaded with Au clusters2A composite photocatalytic material (figure 6).
Example 5:
weighing 200mg of ZnO and 10mg of the nano Au particle dispersion liquid, adding water to a constant volume of 30ml, stirring and dispersing to a 50ml hydrothermal kettle. Setting the hydrothermal temperature at 150 ℃, the stirring speed at 300rpm, the reaction time at 16h, cooling, and washing with deionized water for 3 times to obtain the Au cluster-loaded ZnO composite photocatalytic material.
Example 6:
weighing 200mg CdS and 10mg nano Pt particle dispersion, adding water to a constant volume of 30ml, stirring and dispersing to a 50ml hydrothermal kettle. Setting the hydrothermal temperature at 150 ℃, the stirring speed at 300rpm, the reaction time at 16h, cooling, and washing with deionized water for 3 times to obtain the Pt cluster-loaded CdS composite photocatalytic material.
The effects of the present invention are examined by practical applications
Example 7:
TiO prepared by the method of the invention2The Ag/cluster composite material catalyzes and photolyzes water to produce hydrogen under visible light, the hydrogen production efficiency can reach 10 mmol/g.h, and TiO alone2The hydrogen produced by photolysis under visible light is almost zero. By way of contrast, TiO was prepared by photoreduction2The hydrogen decomposition efficiency of the Ag composite photocatalyst by visible light can only reach 3 mmol/g.h (figure 7).
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for loading metal clusters on a photocatalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps: nano metal particles and photocatalyst particles are used as precursors, and the nano metal particles and the photocatalyst particles are mixed and then subjected to hydrothermal reaction under the stirring condition.
2. The method for supporting metal clusters on a photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein said metal is selected from Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Cu or Fe; or an alloy of two or more of the foregoing metals.
3. The method for supporting metal clusters on a photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein the size of the nano-metal particles is 5 to 100 nm.
4. The method for supporting a metal cluster on a photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein the photocatalyst is selected from an organic photocatalytic material, an inorganic photocatalytic material or a semiconductor photocatalytic material; or the photocatalytic material is modified, surface-modified and mutually compounded.
5. The method for supporting metal clusters on a photocatalyst according to claim 4, wherein the organic photocatalytic material is selected from carbon nitride, porphyrin or biomimetic enzyme;
the inorganic photocatalytic material is selected from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum disulfide, cadmium sulfide, bismuth oxybromide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide, sodium titanate, barium titanate or strontium titanate;
the semiconductor photocatalytic material and the photocatalytic material subjected to modification, surface modification and mutual compounding are selected from titanium dioxide materials containing oxygen vacancies, hydroxyl modified titanium dioxide materials, two-dimensional structure titanium dioxide materials, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide materials, porphyrin sensitized titanium dioxide, porphyrin self-assembly materials, titanium dioxide composite amino modified metal organic compound materials, molybdenum disulfide-loaded titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide and other composite materials, cadmium sulfide quantum dot materials, in-situ sulfide tungsten oxide composite materials, phosphorus-doped indium oxide materials, nitrogen-defect carbon nitride composite materials or carbon material modified carbon nitride materials.
6. The method for supporting metal clusters on a photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein the reaction conditions of the hydrothermal reaction are as follows: the temperature is 80-250 ℃, and the reaction time is 2-48 hours.
7. The method for supporting metal clusters on a photocatalyst according to claim 6, wherein the reaction conditions of the hydrothermal reaction are as follows: the temperature is 150 ℃ and 220 ℃, and the reaction time is 4-20 hours.
8. The method for supporting metal clusters on a photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein the rotation speed of the stirring is 10 to 1000 rpm.
9. A photocatalyst supporting a metal cluster, characterized by being produced by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. The photocatalyst supporting metal clusters according to claim 9, wherein the size of the metal clusters is 1 to 3 nm.
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CN114768835A (en) * 2022-05-10 2022-07-22 安徽工业技术创新研究院 Multistage nano-structure composite photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof
CN116037131A (en) * 2022-12-07 2023-05-02 南开大学 Defect-rich copper doped indium oxide nano catalyst and preparation method and application thereof
CN116139167A (en) * 2023-04-14 2023-05-23 四川大学 Thorn-like TiO 2 Ir cluster-loaded enzyme-like material and preparation and application thereof

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114768835A (en) * 2022-05-10 2022-07-22 安徽工业技术创新研究院 Multistage nano-structure composite photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof
CN114768835B (en) * 2022-05-10 2023-10-13 安徽工业技术创新研究院 Multi-stage nano-structure composite photocatalyst and preparation method and application thereof
CN116037131A (en) * 2022-12-07 2023-05-02 南开大学 Defect-rich copper doped indium oxide nano catalyst and preparation method and application thereof
CN116037131B (en) * 2022-12-07 2023-09-29 南开大学 Defect-rich copper doped indium oxide nano catalyst and preparation method and application thereof
CN116139167A (en) * 2023-04-14 2023-05-23 四川大学 Thorn-like TiO 2 Ir cluster-loaded enzyme-like material and preparation and application thereof

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