CN113992161A - Dynamic current supply circuit and method for reducing ripples - Google Patents
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- H03F3/195—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only in integrated circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
The invention discloses a dynamic current supply circuit and a method for reducing ripples, wherein a linear power amplification unit comprises a non-inverting input end, an inverting input end and an output end; the discretization acquisition unit comprises a positive end, a negative end and a sampling output end, the positive end is connected with one end, close to the output end of the linear power amplification unit, of the capacitor C1, the negative end is connected with the other end, far away from the output end of the linear power amplification unit, of the capacitor C1, the first power MOS tube comprises a first source electrode connected with a power supply, a first grid electrode connected with the sampling output end and a first drain electrode, the second power MOS tube comprises a second source electrode connected with the ground, a second grid electrode connected with the sampling output end and a second drain electrode connected with the first drain electrode, the constant current source comprises a power tube and a voltage source, the source electrodes of the voltage source and the power tube are connected with the inductor L1, the voltage source is connected with the grid electrode of the power tube Mp, one end of the inductor L2 is connected with the drain electrode of the Mp, and the other end of the capacitor C1 is connected with the other end, far away from the linear power amplification unit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of dynamic current supply circuits, in particular to a dynamic current supply circuit and a method for reducing ripples.
Background
In the prior art, the output of a buck conversion power supply (buck power supply) has a large output capacitor and is used for filtering output voltage ripples; since the output of the dynamic current supply circuit has no output capacitance to GND, in order to reduce DC current ripple, inductance value is increased to reduce inductance current ripple, so as to reduce DC current ripple. Therefore, in the case of a fixed inductance value, how to reduce the DC current ripple and have a weak or even no influence on other performances is a problem that is urgently solved by those skilled in the art.
The above information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a dynamic current supply circuit and a method for reducing ripples, and the ripples of the dynamic current supply circuit are reduced.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a ripple-reduced dynamic current supply circuit of the present invention includes,
the linear power amplification unit comprises a non-inverting input end, an inverting input end and an output end, wherein the non-inverting input end inputs a radio frequency detection signal;
the two ends of the capacitor C1 of the capacitor C1 are respectively connected with the reverse input end and the output end;
a buck conversion circuit, comprising,
a discretization collecting unit which comprises a positive end, a negative end and a sampling output end, wherein the positive end is connected with one end of the capacitor C1 close to the output end of the linear power amplifying unit, the negative end is connected with the other end of the capacitor C1 far away from the output end of the linear power amplifying unit,
a first power MOS transistor M1 including a first source connected to a power supply, a first gate connected to the sampling output terminal, and a first drain,
a second power MOS transistor M2, which includes a second source connected to ground, a second gate connected to the sampling output terminal, and a second drain connected to the first drain,
an inductor L1 connected to the first drain;
a ripple reduction unit, which includes,
a constant current source which comprises a power tube Mp and a voltage source V3, wherein the voltage source V3 and the source electrode of the power tube Mp are connected with the inductor L1, the voltage source V3 is connected with the grid electrode of the power tube Mp,
a capacitor C2, one end of which is connected with the inductor L1 and the other end is grounded,
an inductor L2, one end of which is connected with the drain of the Mp, and the other end is connected with the other end of the capacitor C1 far away from the linear power amplification unit;
and one end of the load RL is connected with the inductor L2, and the other end of the load RL is grounded.
In the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the power tube Mp includes a PMOS.
In the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the discretization acquisition unit comprises a hysteresis comparator.
In the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the load RL includes a load resistor.
In the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the load RL includes a power amplifier.
In the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the linear power amplifying unit includes a power amplifier for power amplifying the rf detection signal.
A method for reducing ripple based dynamic current supply circuit comprises the following steps,
the radio frequency detection signal flows into the linear power amplification unit, and the radio frequency detection signal is subjected to power amplification through the linear power amplification unit to be converted into a voltage signal V1 so as to provide alternating voltage and alternating current for the load RL;
the discretization collecting unit detects voltage signals at two ends of the capacitor C1, when the voltage signal V1 is larger than a voltage signal V2+ h at the other side of the capacitor C1, wherein h is hysteresis, the output of the discretization collecting unit is high level, the first power MOS tube M1 is opened, the second power MOS tube M2 is closed, the current of the inductor L1 starts to be charged, the Vsuck potential starts to be increased, the voltage source V3 is increased, the current flowing through the power tube MP is increased, and the potential of the voltage signal V2 starts to be increased,
when the sum of the voltage signal V1 and the hysteresis h is smaller than the voltage signal V2, the output of the discretization acquisition unit is at a low level, the first power MOS transistor M1 is closed, the second power MOS transistor M2 is opened, the current of the inductor L1 starts discharging, the Vbuck potential starts decreasing, the voltage source V3 decreases, the current flowing through the power transistor MP decreases, the potential of the voltage signal V2 starts decreasing, the operation is cycled, and the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is reduced when the voltage signal V1 is equal to the voltage signal V2.
In the above technical solution, the present invention provides a dynamic current supply circuit and method for reducing ripples. In the traditional dynamic current supply circuit, the ripple waves of the dynamic current supply circuit are larger because the current generated by the switch part has certain ripple waves, and the ripple waves are filtered by adopting passive devices such as LC or LCLC and the like, so that the ripple wave filtering effect is poorer; the invention has the following beneficial effects: according to the invention, through the circuit for reducing the DC current ripple, the active device is adopted for filtering, the load DC current ripple is effectively reduced under the condition of fixed inductance value, and the circuit is added between the inductor L1 and the load RL of the switching power supply, so that the effect that the input current ripple is large, but the output current ripple is small, the inductance value is fixed, the inductance value is not increased, the load DC current ripple and the DC voltage ripple can also be reduced, and the effect of reducing the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is finally achieved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments described in the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art according to the drawings.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a ripple-reduced dynamic current supply circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a ripple-reduced dynamic current supply circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a hysteretic comparator of the ripple-reduced dynamic current supply circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of DC voltage ripple in a conventional dynamic current supply circuit;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the effect of reducing DC voltage ripple according to the present invention;
fig. 6 is a graph of a spectral simulation of the load DC current of the present invention and prior art.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail and completely with reference to fig. 1 to 6 of the drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are a part of the embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", and the like, indicate orientations and positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the equipment or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be considered as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly and can, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; either directly or indirectly through intervening media, either internally or in any other relationship. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, "above" or "below" a first feature means that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are not in direct contact but are in contact with each other via another feature therebetween. Also, the first feature being "on," "above" and "over" the second feature includes the first feature being directly on and obliquely above the second feature, or merely indicating that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. A first feature being "under," "below," and "beneath" a second feature includes the first feature being directly under and obliquely below the second feature, or simply meaning that the first feature is at a lesser elevation than the second feature.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, those skilled in the art will now describe the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, a ripple-reduced dynamic current supply circuit includes:
the radio frequency detection circuit comprises a ripple reduction unit, a linear power amplification unit, a discretization acquisition unit and a switch power supply, wherein the linear power amplification unit inputs a radio frequency detection signal, the linear power amplification unit is coupled and connected with the ripple reduction unit, one end of the ripple reduction unit is sequentially connected with the switch power supply and the discretization acquisition unit, and one end of the discretization acquisition unit is simultaneously connected with the power linear amplification unit and the ripple reduction unit; a load is coupled between the linear power amplification unit and the ripple reduction unit;
the linear power amplification unit is used for performing power amplification with set times on the radio frequency detection signal so as to provide alternating voltage for the load; in addition, the linear power amplification unit also has the functions of phase shifting and filtering high-frequency interference signals.
The ripple reduction unit is used for reducing the direct current ripple flowing into the load;
the discretization acquisition unit is used for acquiring output voltages of the linear power amplification unit and the load to generate square waves with a certain duty ratio;
the switching power supply processes the square wave filtering into direct current voltage and direct current.
With respect to this embodiment, the key concept of the invention is that: and the ripple reduction unit is used for achieving the purpose that the input current ripple is large but the output current ripple is small so as to achieve the effect of reducing the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit.
In one embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, the present invention provides a ripple-reduced dynamic current supply circuit, which includes a linear power amplifying unit, a discretization collecting unit, a switching power supply, a load RL, a capacitor C1, and a ripple reducing unit; the switching power supply comprises a first power MOS transistor M1, a second power MOS transistor M2 and an inductor L1; the ripple reduction unit comprises a constant current source, L2 and C2; the constant current source comprises a power tube Mp and a voltage source V3.
Specifically, in one embodiment, a dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripple includes,
a linear power amplifying unit including a non-inverting input terminal to which a radio frequency detection signal is input, and an output terminal, the radio frequency detection signal may be an envelope signal; the linear power amplification unit is used for performing power amplification with set times on the radio frequency detection signal so as to provide alternating voltage for the load;
a capacitor C1 connected to the output terminal,
a discretization collecting unit which comprises a positive end, a negative end and a sampling output end, wherein the positive end is connected with one end of the capacitor C1 close to the linear power amplifying unit, the negative end is connected with the other end of the capacitor C1 far away from the linear power amplifying unit,
the switching power supply includes:
a first power MOS transistor M1 including a first source connected to a power supply, a first gate connected to the sampling output terminal, and a first drain,
a second power MOS transistor M2, which includes a second source connected to ground, a second gate connected to the sampling output terminal, and a second drain connected to the first drain,
an inductor L1 connected to the first drain;
a ripple reduction unit, which includes,
a constant current source which comprises a power tube Mp and a voltage source V3, wherein the voltage source V3 and the source electrode of the power tube Mp are connected with the inductor L1, the voltage source V3 is connected with the grid electrode of the power tube Mp,
a capacitor C2, one end of which is connected with the inductor L1 and the other end is grounded,
an inductor L2, one end of which is connected with the drain of the Mp, and the other end is connected with the other end of the capacitor C1 far away from the linear power amplification unit;
and one end of the load RL is connected with the inductor L2, and the other end of the load RL is grounded.
As far as the above-described embodiments are concerned,
role of L2: preventing the AC current from flowing through the power tube Mp to interfere with the operation of the constant current source;
role of C2: through filtering of C2, the voltage (Vbuck) ripple of the L1 close to one side of the constant current source is small, the Mp of the constant current source is ensured to work in a saturation region, constant current is provided, and the ripple is small;
RL is a load resistance, in a typical application a Power Amplifier (PA);
and the constant current source is used for reducing the DC current flowing into the load, the current ripple of the inductor L1 is unchanged, but the DC current ripple flowing out of the constant current source into the load is reduced due to the ripple reducing unit, and the dynamic current supply circuit ripple is reduced.
Preferably, the power tube Mp is PMOS;
preferably, the discretization acquisition unit is implemented as a hysteresis comparator, as shown in fig. 3;
preferably, the linear power amplifying unit comprises a non-inverting input terminal, an inverting input terminal and an output terminal, the inverting input terminal and the output terminal are respectively connected with two ends of a capacitor C1, the hysteretic comparator comprises a positive terminal, a negative terminal and an output terminal, one end of the C1 close to the output terminal of the linear power amplifying unit is connected with the positive terminal, the other end of the C1 is connected with the negative terminal, the output terminal of the hysteretic comparator is connected with the gates of the M1 and M2, the source of the M1 is connected with the power supply, the drain of the M1 is connected with the drain of the M2, the source of the M2 is grounded, the drain of the M1 is connected with one end of the L1, the other end of the L1 is connected with the sources of the V3 and Mp and one end of the C2, the other end of the C2 is grounded, the other end of the V3 is connected with the gate of the Mp, the drain of the Mp is connected with one end of the L2, the other end of the L2 is connected with one end of the C1 and the other end of the RL is grounded.
Since the dynamic current supply circuit output is capacitor-free, i.e., there is no capacitor, the magnitude of the DC current ripple provided by the switching power supply is related to the Vout DC voltage ripple, Δ Vout — Δ IL1 — RL, where Δ Vout refers to the output voltage ripple across the load in units: v, Δ IL1 refers to the inductor L1 current ripple, in units: a; RL is load resistance;
ton represents the switch open time; vin represents the input voltage of the switching power supply, i.e. the supply voltage of M1; vout represents the voltage across the load RL.
Then, while ensuring the inductance value to be fixed, the present invention can reduce the DC current ripple without increasing the inductance value, so the key concept of the present invention is: a circuit is added between an inductor L and a load RL of the switching power supply, and under the conception, the effect that the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is reduced due to the fact that the input current is large in ripple and the output current is small in ripple is achieved.
In a preferred embodiment of the ripple reduction dynamic current supply circuit, the power transistor Mp includes a PMOS.
In the preferred embodiment of the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the discretization acquisition unit comprises a hysteresis comparator.
In the preferred embodiment of the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the load RL includes a load resistor.
In the preferred embodiment of the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the load RL includes a power amplifier.
In the preferred embodiment of the dynamic current supply circuit for reducing ripples, the linear power amplifying unit includes a power amplifier for power amplifying the rf detection signal.
In one embodiment, a method for reducing ripple in a dynamic current supply circuit includes the steps of,
the radio frequency detection signal flows into the linear power amplification unit, and the radio frequency detection signal is subjected to power amplification through the linear power amplification unit to be converted into a voltage signal V1 so as to provide alternating voltage and alternating current for the load RL;
the discretization collecting unit detects voltage signals at two ends of the capacitor C1, when the voltage signal V1 is larger than a voltage signal V2+ h at the other side of the capacitor C1, wherein h is hysteresis, the output of the discretization collecting unit is high level, the first power MOS tube M1 is opened, the second power MOS tube M2 is closed, the current of the inductor L1 starts to be charged, the Vsuck potential starts to be increased, the voltage source V3 is increased, the current flowing through the power tube MP is increased, and the potential of the voltage signal V2 starts to be increased,
when the sum of the voltage signal V1 and the hysteresis quantity h is smaller than the voltage signal V2, the output of the discretization acquisition unit is at a low level, the first power MOS tube M1 is closed, the second power MOS tube M2 is opened, the current of the inductor L1 starts to discharge, the Vbuck potential starts to decrease, the voltage source V3 decreases, the current flowing through the power tube MP decreases, the potential of the voltage signal V2 starts to decrease, the operation is circulated, the voltage signal V1 is equal to the voltage signal V2, the system normally switches, and the power supply ripple is reduced.
In one embodiment, when the circuit is in operation, the rf detection signal flows into the linear power amplifying unit, and the rf detection signal is power amplified by the linear power amplifying unit to become the signal V1, so that the ac voltage and the ac current can be supplied to the load RL;
the hysteresis comparator adopts hysteresis control, detects voltage signals at two ends of C1, when V1 is more than V2+ h (wherein V1 refers to the voltage of C1 close to one side of the linear power amplification unit, V2 refers to the voltage of the other side of C1, and h is the hysteresis quantity of the comparator), the output of the hysteresis comparator is at a high level, a power tube M1 is opened, M2 is closed, the current of an inductor L1 starts to charge, the Vbuck potential starts to increase, V3 increases, the current Imp flowing through MP increases, and the V2 potential starts to increase.
When the output of the hysteresis comparator is low level when V1+ h < V2, the power tube M1 is closed, the power tube M2 is opened, the current of the inductor L1 starts to discharge, the Vbuck potential starts to decrease, V3 decreases, the current flowing through MP decreases, and the potential of V2 starts to decrease. By circulating the operation, when ensuring that V1 is equal to V2, the switching power supply can provide DC current for the load by reducing the action of the ripple unit, and the current ripple is Δ IL 2; when the ripple reduction unit is not added, the DC current ripple provided by the switching power supply to the load is delta IL1, namely delta IL2, delta IL2 < <deltaIL 1, for example, the ripple is less than 10 times, the DC current ripple of the load is reduced, and the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is reduced. Wherein, V3 makes the MP pipe of constant current source work in the saturation region all the time in whole working process.
As shown in fig. 4, which is a schematic diagram of a DC voltage ripple in a conventional dynamic current supply circuit, the diagram includes an inductor current ripple and a DC voltage ripple, and fig. 5 is a diagram of an effect of reducing the DC voltage ripple according to the present invention, including the inductor current ripple and the DC voltage ripple.
In fig. 6, the abscissa represents frequency, unit: MHz; IL1 in the ordinate represents the frequency spectrum of the load DC current in the prior art, in dB; IL2 represents the frequency spectrum of the inventive load DC current in dB; as can be seen from the graph, the frequency spectrum of the prior art load DC current at the switching frequency is-10 dB, and the frequency spectrum of the load DC current of the present invention at the switching frequency is-70 dB; compared with the prior art, the frequency spectrum of the load DC current at the switching frequency is reduced by 60dB, the load DC current ripple and the DC voltage ripple are obviously reduced, and the effect of reducing the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is finally achieved.
In the traditional dynamic current supply circuit, the ripple waves of the dynamic current supply circuit are larger because the current generated by the switch part has certain ripple waves, and the ripple waves are filtered by adopting passive devices such as LC or LCLC and the like, so that the ripple wave filtering effect is poorer; according to the invention, through the circuit for reducing the DC current ripple, the active device is adopted for filtering, the load DC current ripple is effectively reduced under the condition of fixed inductance value, and the circuit is added between the inductor L1 and the load RL of the switching power supply, so that the effect that the input current ripple is large, but the output current ripple is small, the inductance value is fixed, the inductance value is not increased, the load DC current ripple and the DC voltage ripple can also be reduced, and the effect of reducing the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is finally achieved.
Finally, it should be noted that: the embodiments described are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without making creative efforts based on the embodiments in the present application belong to the protection scope of the present application.
While certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described above by way of illustration only, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A dynamic current supply circuit with reduced ripple is characterized in that it comprises,
the linear power amplification unit comprises a non-inverting input end, an inverting input end and an output end, wherein the non-inverting input end inputs a radio frequency detection signal;
the two ends of the capacitor C1 of the capacitor C1 are respectively connected with the reverse input end and the output end;
a buck conversion circuit, comprising,
a discretization collecting unit which comprises a positive end, a negative end and a sampling output end, wherein the positive end is connected with one end of the capacitor C1 close to the output end of the linear power amplifying unit, the negative end is connected with the other end of the capacitor C1 far away from the output end of the linear power amplifying unit,
a first power MOS transistor M1 including a first source connected to a power supply, a first gate connected to the sampling output terminal, and a first drain,
a second power MOS transistor M2, which includes a second source connected to ground, a second gate connected to the sampling output terminal, and a second drain connected to the first drain,
an inductor L1 connected to the first drain;
a ripple reduction unit, which includes,
a constant current source which comprises a power tube Mp and a voltage source V3, wherein the voltage source V3 and the source electrode of the power tube Mp are connected with the inductor L1, the voltage source V3 is connected with the grid electrode of the power tube Mp,
a capacitor C2, one end of which is connected with the inductor L1 and the other end is grounded,
an inductor L2, one end of which is connected with the drain of the power tube Mp, and the other end is connected with the other end of the capacitor C1 far away from the linear power amplification unit;
and one end of the load RL is connected with the inductor L2, and the other end of the load RL is grounded.
2. The ripple reduction dynamic current supply circuit of claim 1, wherein the power transistor Mp preferably comprises a PMOS.
3. The ripple reduction dynamic current supply circuit of claim 1, wherein the discretization acquisition unit comprises a hysteretic comparator.
4. The ripple reduction dynamic current supply circuit of claim 1, wherein the load RL comprises a load resistor.
5. The ripple reduction dynamic current supply circuit of claim 4, wherein the load RL includes a power amplifier.
6. The ripple reduction dynamic current supply circuit of claim 1, wherein the linear power amplification unit comprises a power amplifier that power amplifies a radio frequency detection signal.
7. A method for reducing ripple of a dynamic current supply circuit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of,
the radio frequency detection signal flows into the linear power amplification unit, and the radio frequency detection signal is subjected to power amplification through the linear power amplification unit to be converted into a voltage signal V1 so as to provide alternating voltage and alternating current for the load RL;
the discretization collecting unit detects voltage signals at two ends of the capacitor C1, when the voltage signal V1 is larger than a voltage signal V2+ h at the other side of the capacitor C1, wherein h is hysteresis, the output of the discretization collecting unit is high level, the first power MOS tube M1 is opened, the second power MOS tube M2 is closed, the current of the inductor L1 starts to be charged, the Vsuck potential starts to be increased, the voltage source V3 is increased, the current flowing through the power tube MP is increased, and the potential of the voltage signal V2 starts to be increased,
when the sum of the voltage signal V1 and the hysteresis h is smaller than the voltage signal V2, the output of the discretization acquisition unit is at a low level, the first power MOS transistor M1 is closed, the second power MOS transistor M2 is opened, the current of the inductor L1 starts discharging, the Vbuck potential starts decreasing, the voltage source V3 decreases, the current flowing through the power transistor MP decreases, the potential of the voltage signal V2 starts decreasing, the operation is cycled, and the ripple of the dynamic current supply circuit is reduced when the voltage signal V1 is equal to the voltage signal V2.
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