CN113963512A - Rockfall monitoring system and method - Google Patents
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- CN113963512A CN113963512A CN202111575079.7A CN202111575079A CN113963512A CN 113963512 A CN113963512 A CN 113963512A CN 202111575079 A CN202111575079 A CN 202111575079A CN 113963512 A CN113963512 A CN 113963512A
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
- G08B21/02—Alarms for ensuring the safety of persons
- G08B21/10—Alarms for ensuring the safety of persons responsive to calamitous events, e.g. tornados or earthquakes
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
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- G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
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- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P3/00—Measuring linear or angular speed; Measuring differences of linear or angular speeds
- G01P3/64—Devices characterised by the determination of the time taken to traverse a fixed distance
- G01P3/68—Devices characterised by the determination of the time taken to traverse a fixed distance using optical means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
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- G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
- G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
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- G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
- G08B29/18—Prevention or correction of operating errors
- G08B29/185—Signal analysis techniques for reducing or preventing false alarms or for enhancing the reliability of the system
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- G16Y—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS [IoT]
- G16Y20/00—Information sensed or collected by the things
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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Abstract
The invention discloses a rockfall monitoring system and a rockfall monitoring method, wherein the rockfall monitoring system comprises a wireless monitoring network module, a control system module and a monitoring center, wherein the wireless monitoring network module is positioned below a path where rockfall disasters must pass and comprises a plurality of wireless monitoring networks, and each wireless monitoring network is provided with a camera device; the camera equipment is used for acquiring a rockfall image; the wireless monitoring network is used for monitoring rockfall; the control system module is used for controlling the camera equipment to start, acquiring a rockfall image of the camera equipment, acquiring monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, calculating rockfall data according to the acquired monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, and uploading the rockfall data and the rockfall image to the monitoring center; and the monitoring center is used for analyzing and processing the rockfall data and the rockfall images uploaded by the control system module. The rockfall geological disaster non-contact monitoring system solves the problems of non-contact monitoring of rockfall geological disasters, real-time early warning and monitoring of rockfall motion characteristics.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of slope geological disaster monitoring, in particular to a rockfall monitoring system and a rockfall monitoring method.
Background
The rockfall disaster is one of slope geological disasters, is easy to occur on rockfall slopes in mountain areas, has the characteristics of sudden occurrence and high destructive power, has great threat to safety of various buildings and personnel below, cannot predict time and places where rockfall is possible in advance, and is difficult to prevent the rockfall in the bud.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that the prior art does not have a method for monitoring according to rockfall motion characteristics to realize early warning and protection, and aims to provide a rockfall monitoring system and a rockfall monitoring method, which can realize non-contact rockfall geological disaster monitoring and real-time early warning, monitor rockfall motion characteristics and provide a basis for subsequent determination of treatment schemes.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a rockfall monitoring system, which comprises a wireless monitoring network module, a control system module and a monitoring center, wherein,
the wireless monitoring network module is positioned below the path along which the falling rocks must pass and comprises a plurality of wireless monitoring networks, and each wireless monitoring network is provided with a camera device; the camera equipment is used for acquiring a rockfall image; the wireless monitoring network is used for monitoring rockfall;
the control system module is used for controlling the camera equipment to start, acquiring a rockfall image of the camera equipment, acquiring monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, calculating rockfall data according to the acquired monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, and uploading the rockfall data and the rockfall image to the monitoring center;
and the monitoring center analyzes the rockfall data and the rockfall images uploaded by the control system module and guides threatened objects below the rockfall path to arrange protective measures according to the analysis result.
What the monitoring of the disaster of falling rocks adopted among the prior art is to carry out the early warning when having detected the disaster of falling rocks to directly receive the threat object below the route that the falling rocks probably passed through and carry out the police dispatch newspaper, but do not provide the concrete data of falling rocks and receive the threat object below the falling rocks, like characteristic index such as falling rocks quality (volume), falling rocks speed, consequently can't guide personnel to arrange corresponding safeguard measure. According to the scheme, the wireless monitoring network is arranged below the route where the falling rocks must pass, and the corresponding camera equipment is arranged, and the camera equipment only needs to use a common camera; according to the time difference generated by the blockage of the wireless signal of the wireless monitoring network by the passing object, the control system module calculates the acquired time difference by using built-in software to obtain the falling rock volume and estimate the falling rock quality.
Further optimize, every wireless monitoring net includes a plurality of groups wireless inductor, wireless inductor vertical arrangement is in wireless monitoring net both sides.
Further preferably, the wireless sensors comprise wireless transmitters and wireless receivers, and the wireless transmitters and the wireless receivers in each group of wireless sensors correspond to each other on two sides of the wireless monitoring network.
Further optimize, the equidistant arrangement of wireless inductor is in wireless monitoring network both sides, and the interval scope between the adjacent wireless inductor of each side wireless monitoring network is 10-25cm, if the vertical interval of wireless signal that wireless transmitter and wireless receiver formed sets up too big, probably can not detect some irregular and the little stone setting of vertical height of volume, but set up too closely can trigger the alarm when some small object such as worm, leaf etc. pass through, lead to the wrong report.
Further preferably, the wireless sensor comprises any one of a laser correlation sensor, an infrared correlation sensor and a microwave correlation sensor.
And further optimizing, wherein the number of the wireless monitoring network is more than or equal to two in order to reduce false alarm and acquire enough data to calculate the rock falling volume and speed.
Based on the rockfall monitoring system, a rockfall monitoring method is provided, and the rockfall monitoring method comprises the following steps:
step S1, the control system module obtains the monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network and sends a control instruction for starting the camera device to the camera device according to the monitoring data;
step S2, the control system module controls the camera equipment to be started and gives an alarm to give an early warning, and the rockfall image acquired by the camera equipment is stored;
step S3, the control system module calculates falling rock data according to the collected monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, wherein the falling rock data comprise falling rock movement speed, falling rock volume and falling rock quality, and uploads the falling rock data and the obtained falling rock image to the monitoring center;
and step S4, the monitoring center analyzes and compares the falling rock image and the falling rock data according to the uploaded falling rock image, judges whether the falling rock is disintegrated, and guides the threatened object below the falling rock falling path to arrange protective measures according to the analysis result.
Further optimization, the wireless monitoring network comprises a first wireless monitoring network and a second wireless monitoring network.
Further, in step S3, the method for calculating the rock fall data in the control system is:
receiving the time t1 when the falling rocks invade the first wireless monitoring network and the distances D1 and D2 acquired by each group of sensors, calculating the entity thickness D1= | D1-D2|/2 of the falling rocks at the positions of each group of sensors,
calculating the falling rock volume when falling rocks invade the first wireless monitoring network by using built-in software of the control system according to the entity thickness of the falling rocks at each group of sensors, and estimating the corresponding falling rock mass;
receiving the time t2 when the falling rocks invade the second wireless monitoring network and the distance obtained by each group of sensors, calculating the entity thickness of the falling rocks at the position of each group of sensors by using half of the absolute value after the distance obtained by each group of sensors is subtracted;
calculating the falling rock volume when the falling rock invades the second wireless monitoring network by using built-in software of the control system according to the entity thickness of the falling rock at each group of sensors, and estimating the corresponding falling rock mass;
meanwhile, the falling rock speed is calculated according to the time difference t2-t1 when the falling rock passes through two wireless monitoring networks.
Further, the method for judging whether the falling rocks are disintegrated comprises the following steps:
the monitoring center compares the uploaded rockfall images to judge whether the rockfall is disintegrated;
meanwhile, the monitoring center compares the falling rock volume or the falling rock quality when the falling rock invades the first wireless monitoring network and the falling rock invades the second wireless monitoring network, and judges whether the falling rock is disintegrated.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
the embodiment of the invention provides a rockfall monitoring system and a rockfall monitoring method, which can realize non-contact real-time monitoring and early warning of areas where rockfall disasters are likely to occur, can estimate key characteristic indexes such as rockfall volume and speed, and guide threatened objects below rockfall rolls to set corresponding protective measures according to the key characteristic indexes, so that the safety of buildings and personnel is protected, the technical method is low in realization difficulty, and the system is easy to arrange and low in cost.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the overall system architecture of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the operation of the monitoring system of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an elevational view of a wireless monitoring screen arrangement according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a wireless monitoring screen according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the wireless monitoring system for measuring the falling rock volume according to the present invention.
Reference numbers and corresponding part names:
1-a first wireless monitoring network, 2-a second wireless monitoring network, 3-upright posts, 4-wireless signals, 41-wireless transmitting signals, 42-wireless receiving signals, 5-wireless sensors and 6-camera equipment.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples and accompanying drawings, and the exemplary embodiments and descriptions thereof are only used for explaining the present invention and are not meant to limit the present invention.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that: it is not necessary to employ these specific details to practice the present invention. In other instances, well-known structures, circuits, materials, or methods have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
Throughout the specification, reference to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "one example," or "an example" means: the particular features, structures, or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "one example" or "an example" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable combination and/or sub-combination in one or more embodiments or examples. Further, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the illustrations provided herein are for illustrative purposes and are not necessarily drawn to scale. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "front", "rear", "left", "right", "upper", "lower", "vertical", "horizontal", "high", "low", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore, are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment 1 is a rockfall monitoring system, which includes a wireless monitoring network module, a control system module and a monitoring center, wherein,
the wireless monitoring network module is positioned below the path along which the falling rocks must pass and comprises a plurality of wireless monitoring networks, and each wireless monitoring network is provided with a camera device; the camera equipment is used for acquiring a rockfall image; the wireless monitoring network is used for monitoring rockfall;
the control system module is used for controlling the camera equipment to start, acquiring a rockfall image of the camera equipment, acquiring monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, calculating rockfall data according to the acquired monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, and uploading the rockfall data and the rockfall image to the monitoring center;
and the monitoring center analyzes the rockfall data and the rockfall images uploaded by the control system module and guides threatened objects below the rockfall path to arrange protective measures according to the analysis result.
Each wireless monitoring network comprises a plurality of groups of wireless sensors, in the embodiment, the wireless sensors can be any one of laser correlation sensors, infrared correlation sensors and microwave correlation sensors, different wireless monitoring networks are formed according to wireless signals sent by different wireless sensors, the wireless sensors are vertically arranged on two sides of the wireless monitoring network at equal intervals, the interval range between adjacent wireless sensors of each wireless monitoring network is 10-25cm, the adjacent interval is 20cm, the wireless sensors comprise wireless transmitters and wireless receivers, the wireless transmitters and the wireless receivers in each group of wireless sensors correspond to each other on two sides of the wireless monitoring network, and if the vertical interval of the wireless signals formed by the wireless transmitters and the wireless receivers is too large, falling rocks with irregular volumes and small vertical heights can not be detected, if set too close, some small objects such as bugs, leaves, etc. may also trigger an alarm when passing by, resulting in false alarms. In order to reduce false alarm and acquire enough data to calculate the rockfall volume and speed, the number of the channels of the wireless monitoring network is more than or equal to two, and when the object passes through the first wireless monitoring network only or reversely passes through two wireless control monitoring networks (the reverse direction means that the object passes through the second wireless monitoring network and then passes through the first wireless monitoring network), the control system will normally start the camera device, but will not trigger an alarm at this time, reducing false alarms, and the control system module is internally provided with an algorithm for calculating the falling rock volume according to the collected monitoring data of different wireless monitoring networks and estimating the falling rock quality, meanwhile, the falling rock speed is calculated according to the time difference of a plurality of wireless monitoring networks arranged by the falling rock to pass through in sequence, the falling rock image shot by the camera, the falling rock volume, the falling rock quality and the falling rock speed which are calculated by the control system module are uploaded to the monitoring center; the monitoring center compares the uploaded rock falling images, judges whether the rock falling process is disintegrated, and provides a basis for setting corresponding protective measures for the threat object below the falling rock rolling according to indexes such as the rock falling movement speed, the rock falling volume and whether the rock falling is disintegrated.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, based on the rockfall monitoring system of embodiment 1, a rockfall monitoring method is provided, in this embodiment, the wireless monitoring network includes a first wireless monitoring network 1 and a second wireless monitoring network 2, each wireless monitoring network is two vertical columns 3 with a horizontal distance of L, the distance L between the vertical columns 3 needs to be set according to an actual geological condition, a setting rule is that the rockfall direction is between the vertical columns 3, in order to ensure that rockfall within a certain range can pass through between the vertical columns 3, then L needs to be set to be at least 50 m. A plurality of groups of wireless sensors 5 are arranged at equal intervals along the vertical direction of the upright post 3, the vertical interval of each group of wireless sensors is 20cm, and the power supply of the system can adopt an external power supply or self-built solar energy for power supply. As shown in fig. 2, when the system is running, the wireless transmitters and wireless receivers in the wireless sensors 5 of the two wireless monitoring networks run normally, when falling rocks invade the first wireless monitoring network 1, the time recorded at this moment is t1, the wireless signal 4 is shielded, the time course of the wireless transmitting signal 41 and the wireless receiving signal 42 of the wireless sensor 5 changes, the measuring distance is less than twice the distance between the upright posts 3, and then the control system module is triggered; after the control system module is triggered, a control instruction for starting the camera equipment is sent to the camera equipment 6, the camera equipment is started and takes a picture to obtain a rockfall image, an alarm is sent to a threat object below the rockfall to give an early warning while the camera equipment 6 is started, the control system module obtains the rockfall image, calculates the rockfall volume by adopting a built-in algorithm, estimates the rockfall quality, and uploads the calculation result and the rockfall image to a monitoring center;
specifically, as shown in fig. 5, the above-mentioned method for calculating the rockfall volume assumes that the distances acquired by a group of wireless sensors on the left and right sides of the monitoring net according to the respective wireless receivers and wireless transmitters are d1 and d2, the physical thickness D1 of the falling rocks at the set of sensor locations is D1-D2/2, because the wireless sensors are arranged at equal intervals in the vertical direction, one wireless monitoring network can obtain a plurality of entity thickness sectioning lines at equal intervals, which is equivalent to irradiating a CT section for falling rocks, calculating the physical thickness of the falling rocks at the positions of each group of sensors in the first wireless monitoring network according to the method, according to the entity thickness of the falling rocks at the position of each group of sensors, the control system can calculate the falling rocks volume when the falling rocks invade the first wireless monitoring network according to the built-in software, and estimate the corresponding falling rocks mass.
When falling rocks continue to roll down and pass through the first wireless monitoring network 1 and invade the second wireless monitoring network 2, the time at this moment is recorded as t2, a control system module in the second wireless monitoring network synchronously starts a camera device to take a picture and sends an alarm to a threat object below the falling rocks, the processing process of the second wireless monitoring network is the same as that of the first wireless monitoring network, the control system module of the second wireless monitoring network acquires falling rocks images taken by the camera device and calculates the entity thickness of the falling rocks at the positions of all groups of sensors by using half of the absolute value after the distance acquired by all groups of sensors in the second wireless monitoring network is subtracted according to the falling rocks volume calculation method, the falling rocks volume when the falling rocks invade the second wireless monitoring network is calculated by using a built-in algorithm according to the entity thickness of the falling rocks at the positions of all groups of sensors, and the corresponding falling rocks quality is estimated, meanwhile, the falling rock speed is calculated according to the time difference t2-t1 when the falling rock passes through two wireless monitoring networks, the calculation result and the falling rock image are uploaded to a monitoring center, the monitoring center compares the uploaded falling rock image, meanwhile, the size, the quality and the speed of the falling rocks estimated by the first wireless monitoring network and the second wireless monitoring network are compared to judge whether the falling rocks are disintegrated or not in the falling process, whether the falling rocks are disintegrated or not is comprehensively judged in multiple modes, false alarm caused by invasion of walking animals is avoided, according to the comparison of the front image and the rear image, whether the intrusion into the wireless monitoring network is collapse rockfall (false alarm caused by intrusion of walking animals) can be clearly and quickly known, and the monitoring center provides a basis for setting corresponding protective measures for the threatened object below rockfall according to indexes such as rockfall movement speed, rockfall volume, whether the rockfall is disintegrated and the like.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A rockfall monitoring system is characterized by comprising a wireless monitoring network module, a control system module and a monitoring center, wherein,
the wireless monitoring network module is positioned below the path along which the falling rocks must pass and comprises a plurality of wireless monitoring networks, and each wireless monitoring network is provided with a camera device; the camera equipment is used for acquiring a rockfall image; the wireless monitoring network is used for monitoring rockfall;
the control system module is used for controlling the camera equipment to start, acquiring a rockfall image of the camera equipment, acquiring monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, calculating rockfall data according to the acquired monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, and uploading the rockfall data and the rockfall image to the monitoring center;
and the monitoring center analyzes the rockfall data and the rockfall images uploaded by the control system module and guides threatened objects below the rockfall path to arrange protective measures according to the analysis result.
2. A rockfall monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein each wireless monitoring network includes a plurality of sets of wireless sensors, the wireless sensors being vertically arranged on both sides of the wireless monitoring network.
3. A rockfall monitoring system according to claim 2, wherein the wireless sensors include wireless transmitters and wireless receivers, and the wireless transmitters and wireless receivers in each group of wireless sensors correspond to each other on both sides of the wireless monitoring network.
4. A rockfall monitoring system according to claim 2, wherein the wireless sensors are arranged at equal intervals on both sides of the wireless monitoring network, and the interval between adjacent wireless sensors of the wireless monitoring network on each side is in the range of 10-25 cm.
5. A rockfall monitoring system according to claim 2, wherein the wireless sensor comprises any one of a laser correlation sensor, an infrared correlation sensor and a microwave correlation sensor.
6. A rockfall monitoring system according to claim 1, wherein the number of channels of the wireless monitoring network is equal to or greater than two.
7. A rockfall monitoring method applied to the rockfall monitoring system according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
step S1, the control system module obtains the monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network and sends a control instruction for starting the camera device to the camera device according to the monitoring data;
step S2, the control system module controls the camera equipment to be started and gives an alarm to give an early warning, and the rockfall image acquired by the camera equipment is stored;
step S3, the control system module calculates falling rock data according to the collected monitoring data of the wireless monitoring network, wherein the falling rock data comprise falling rock movement speed, falling rock volume and falling rock quality, and uploads the falling rock data and the obtained falling rock image to the monitoring center;
and step S4, the monitoring center analyzes and compares the falling rock image and the falling rock data according to the uploaded falling rock image, judges whether the falling rock is disintegrated, and guides the threatened object below the falling rock falling path to arrange protective measures according to the analysis result.
8. A rockfall monitoring method according to claim 7, wherein the wireless monitoring networks include a first wireless monitoring network and a second wireless monitoring network.
9. A rockfall monitoring method according to claim 8, wherein in step S3, the method of calculating rockfall data in the control system is:
receiving the time t1 when the falling rocks invade the first wireless monitoring network and the distances D1 and D2 acquired by each group of sensors, calculating the entity thickness D1= | D1-D2|/2 of the falling rocks at the positions of each group of sensors,
calculating the falling rock volume when falling rocks invade the first wireless monitoring network by using built-in software of the control system according to the entity thickness of the falling rocks at each group of sensors, and estimating the corresponding falling rock mass;
receiving the time t2 when the falling rocks invade the second wireless monitoring network and the distance obtained by each group of sensors, calculating the entity thickness of the falling rocks at the position of each group of sensors by using half of the absolute value after the distance obtained by each group of sensors is subtracted;
calculating the falling rock volume when the falling rock invades the second wireless monitoring network by using built-in software of the control system according to the entity thickness of the falling rock at each group of sensors, and estimating the corresponding falling rock mass;
meanwhile, the falling rock speed is calculated according to the time difference t2-t1 when the falling rock passes through two wireless monitoring networks.
10. A rockfall monitoring method according to claim 9, wherein in step S4, the method of determining whether rockfall is broken down is:
the monitoring center compares the uploaded rockfall images to judge whether the rockfall is disintegrated;
meanwhile, the monitoring center compares the falling rock volume or the falling rock quality when the falling rock invades the first wireless monitoring network and the falling rock invades the second wireless monitoring network, and judges whether the falling rock is disintegrated.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111575079.7A CN113963512B (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2021-12-22 | Rockfall monitoring system and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111575079.7A CN113963512B (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2021-12-22 | Rockfall monitoring system and method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN116824910A (en) * | 2023-04-11 | 2023-09-29 | 成都零一通途科技有限公司 | Road-based curve coming early warning device |
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