CN113953431A - Upsetting method of free forging press for large alloy steel ingot with ultrahigh diameter ratio - Google Patents
Upsetting method of free forging press for large alloy steel ingot with ultrahigh diameter ratio Download PDFInfo
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- CN113953431A CN113953431A CN202111315933.6A CN202111315933A CN113953431A CN 113953431 A CN113953431 A CN 113953431A CN 202111315933 A CN202111315933 A CN 202111315933A CN 113953431 A CN113953431 A CN 113953431A
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- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009721 upset forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
- B21J5/08—Upsetting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J13/00—Details of machines for forging, pressing, or hammering
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K29/00—Arrangements for heating or cooling during processing
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Abstract
The invention discloses an upsetting method of a free forging press for large alloy steel ingots with ultrahigh diameter ratio, which comprises the following steps: determining the internal space of the upsetting cylinder according to the size of the steel ingot before upsetting, and determining the proportion distribution of the inner steel ingot and the outer steel ingot of the upsetting cylinder after upsetting; placing the upsetting cylinder on an upsetting platform, placing the heated steel ingot into the upsetting cylinder, extruding the steel ingot by a flat anvil, and upsetting in the cylinder; and taking out the ingot blank subjected to upsetting in the cylinder, heating, placing one end of the large end of the ingot blank on an upsetting platform 4 to carry out upsetting outside the cylinder until a single-drum-shaped blank is formed, and finishing upsetting of the steel ingot with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0. The invention better solves the problems of instability, crack generation and segregation of high alloy steel ingots when the round steel ingot blank with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0 is upset, and obviously improves the mechanical property and the isotropy of the forging.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of large alloy steel ingot forging, and particularly relates to an upsetting method of a free forging press for a large alloy steel ingot with an ultrahigh diameter ratio.
Background
The forging is not only for the purpose of shaping and obtaining a billet of a desired size, but also requires crushing of as-cast coarse grains of the billet and uniform structure to obtain a dense internal structure. The forging ratio is an important basis for measuring the forging effect, and the general rule is as follows: along with the increase of the forging ratio, the more obvious the effects that the internal pores of the forge piece are welded and the cast dendritic crystal structure is broken are, and the method has very important significance for improving the mechanical property and the isotropy of the forge piece after heat treatment.
Upsetting is a forging process that reduces the height of the slug and increases the cross-sectional area. In the production process of high alloy steel products, the upsetting-drawing combined forging process can effectively destroy cast dendrites, break carbides and uniformly distribute the carbides. The plastic deformation method lays a foundation for the performance of the final product, and particularly, the upsetting before drawing out can reduce the anisotropy of the mechanical performance of the forge piece and improve the radial mechanical performance of the forge piece. The height-diameter ratio refers to the ratio of the height of a steel ingot before upsetting to the diameter of the steel ingot before upsetting, when the ratio of the height to the diameter of the round steel ingot is unreasonable in design, bending can occur during upsetting between flat anvils, deformation of the steel ingot is mainly concentrated at the upper end part and the lower end part, deformation of the middle part is small, double bulging at two ends can be formed after upsetting, and then folding defects are generated in the subsequent drawing process; when the height-diameter ratio is too large, the steel ingot is unstable during upsetting, and the steel ingot can hardly be upset without an auxiliary tool.
For large high alloy steel ingots, severe upsetting may also produce longitudinal cracks. At present, because the requirement on the quality of the high-alloy steel large-sized steel ingot is high, the height-diameter ratio of the steel ingot before upsetting is more than 4.0, and severe difficulty is brought to the subsequent forging forming.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an upsetting method of a free forging press for large alloy steel ingots with ultrahigh diameter ratio, which well solves the problems of instability, crack generation and segregation of high alloy steel ingots when round steel ingot blanks with the high diameter ratio of more than 4.0 are upset through an upsetting tool and a process method, and obviously improves the mechanical property and the isotropy of forgings.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the upsetting method of the free forging press for the large alloy steel ingot with the ultrahigh diameter ratio comprises the following steps of:
determining the internal space of the upsetting cylinder according to the size of the steel ingot before upsetting, and determining the proportion distribution of the inner steel ingot and the outer steel ingot of the upsetting cylinder after upsetting;
placing the upsetting cylinder on an upsetting platform, placing the heated steel ingot into the upsetting cylinder, extruding the steel ingot by a flat anvil, and upsetting in the cylinder;
and taking out the ingot blank subjected to upsetting in the cylinder, heating, placing one end of the large end of the ingot blank on an upsetting platform 4 to carry out upsetting outside the cylinder until a single-drum-shaped blank is formed, and finishing upsetting of the steel ingot with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0.
Further, the height-diameter ratio of the blank is kept between 2.0 and 2.5 during upsetting in the cylinder.
Further, according to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot, the volume and the shape of the inner space of the upsetting cylinder are determined, and the proportion of the steel ingot material inside the upsetting cylinder and the steel ingot material outside the upsetting cylinder after upsetting is distributed.
Further, the longitudinal direction of the inner space is divided into three sections including: the conical frustum comprises a first conical frustum at the bottom, a second conical frustum in the middle and an arc-shaped annular frustum at the upper part, wherein the first conical frustum and the second conical frustum are in a conical frustum shape, the wall taper alpha 1 of the first conical frustum is 1-3 degrees, the wall taper alpha 2 of the second conical frustum is 10-15 degrees, and the arc-shaped annular frustum is in a horn mouth shape expanding outwards.
Further, determining the inner space of the upsetting cylinder 1 includes:
determining the bottom diameter and the top diameter of a first cone frustum of the upsetting cylinder according to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot; the bottom diameter D1 of the first cone frustum is equal to the original diameter D0 x [1+ thermal expansion rate ] + oxide scale thickness + clearance between the steel ingot and the upsetting cylinder;
the height H1 of the inner space is determined according to the height H0 of the original steel ingot of the steel ingot, and the outer diameter of the upsetting cylinder 1 and the height of the blank after upsetting are determined according to the inner diameter d1 of the cylinder.
Further, the thermal expansion rate is 1.5-2%, the oxide skin thickness is 5-8 mm, and the gap of the upsetting cylinder is 3-5 mm; the height h1 of the first cone frustum is determined according to d1 and alpha 1, the diameter d2 of the top part of the first cone frustum is d 2-2 h1 × tg alpha 1+ d1, and d2 is less than or equal to 2.5; the top diameter d3 of the second cone frustum and the height of the second cone frustum are determined according to d2 and alpha 2.
Further, the height H1 of the internal space is the total height of the upsetting barrel, and the height H0 of the original steel ingot of the steel ingot, H1 is (1.6-2.5) H0.
Further, the maximum outer diameter D1 and D1 of the upsetting cylinder are (1.8 to 2.5) D1.
Further, upsetting outside the cylinder keeps the height-diameter ratio of the billet between 2.0 and 2.5.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the technical effects that:
according to the upsetting method of the free forging press for the large alloy steel ingot with the ultrahigh diameter ratio, the problems of instability, crack generation and segregation of the high alloy steel ingot when the round steel ingot blank with the high diameter ratio of more than 4.0 is upset are solved better through the upsetting tool and the process method, and the mechanical property and the isotropy of a forging are improved remarkably.
The upsetting of the round billet steel ingot on the large-sized press with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0 is realized, the problem of instability or crack generation during upsetting is solved, the problem of segregation of the high-alloy steel ingot is solved, and the mechanical property and the isotropy of the forge piece are obviously improved.
The upsetting tool has the advantages of simple structure, low manufacturing cost, strong universality, high flexibility, strong operability and the like.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural design view of a heading barrel 1 in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the steel ingot upsetting in the upsetting cylinder;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the steel ingot in the invention, with upsetting outside the barrel;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the blank after upsetting is completed in the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description sufficiently illustrates specific embodiments of the invention to enable those skilled in the art to practice and reproduce it.
The upsetting method of the free forging press for the large alloy steel ingot with the ultrahigh diameter ratio comprises the following specific steps of:
step 1: determining the internal space of the upsetting cylinder 1 according to the size of the steel ingot 2 before upsetting, and determining the proportion distribution of the inner and outer steel ingots of the upsetting cylinder 1 after upsetting;
as shown in fig. 1, it is a schematic structural design diagram of the upsetting cylinder 1 of the present invention.
Designing an upsetting tool (upsetting cylinder 1) according to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot 2, and determining the volume and shape of the inner space of the upsetting cylinder 1; and determining the volume of the internal space according to the volume of the steel ingot to be rolled, and distributing the proportion of the steel ingot material subjected to upsetting in the upset cylinder 1 and the steel ingot material outside the upset cylinder.
The inner space is divided into three sections longitudinally, the bottom (first truncated cone) and the middle (second truncated cone) are truncated cone-shaped (the inner wall is a conical surface), the wall taper alpha 1 of the first truncated cone is 1-3 degrees, and the alpha 1 is convenient for ingot upsetting and then mold stripping. The wall taper alpha 2 of the second cone frustum is 10-15 degrees, alpha 2 is convenient for the steel ingot deformation surface to contact with the conical surface, normal component force is generated during upsetting, metal in the steel ingot is prevented from flowing in the radial direction, and the metal is promoted to flow in the axial direction, so that the inner end of the upsetting cylinder and the blank at the outer end of the upsetting cylinder are prevented from forming step difference, and double drums are formed, and further folding is formed. The upper part is in a horn mouth shape (the inner wall is an arc ring surface and an arc ring surface platform) which is unfolded outwards.
The outer wall of the upsetting cylinder 1 is provided with a lifting counter bore, and the height of the lifting counter bore from the top end is H2.
The steps of determining the inner space of the upsetting barrel 1 are as follows:
step 11: determining the bottom diameter and the top diameter of a first cone frustum of the upsetting cylinder 1 according to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot 2;
the inner diameter D1 of the upset cylinder 1 (the bottom diameter of the first truncated cone) is calculated according to an empirical formula, and D1 is the original diameter D0 × [1+ thermal expansion rate (1.5-2%) ] + oxide scale thickness (5 mm-8 mm) + the gap (3 mm-5 mm) between the steel ingot 2 and the upset cylinder 1.
After the ingot 2 is filled with h1 (height of the first truncated cone) when upset, the diameter d2 (top diameter of the first truncated cone, and bottom diameter of the second truncated cone) at h1 can keep the gap of the ingot 2 in the upset cylinder reasonable. Continuously upsetting and filling the upsetting tool 1 cylinder, and keeping the height-diameter ratio of the blank between 2.0 and 2.5 all the time; estimating h1, and determining d2, d2 is 2h1 tg α 1+ d1, and the upsetting condition is met:
ensuring that the steel ingot is not unstable in the upsetting process. The height h1 of the first truncated cone is determined according to the cylinder inner diameter d1, α 1.
The top diameter d3 of the second cone frustum and the height of the second cone frustum are determined according to the bottom diameter d2 of the second cone frustum and the wall surface taper alpha 2 of the second cone frustum.
The height of the arc ring surface is as follows: the height H1 of the inner space, the height H1 of the first cone frustum and the height of the second cone frustum are equal, and the radius of the arc-shaped annular surface is R1.
Step 12: determining the height H1 of the inner space according to the original steel ingot height H0 of the steel ingot 2;
the height H1 of the inner space is the total height of the upsetting cylinder 1, the height H0 and H1 of the original steel ingot are (1.6-2.5) H0, and the coefficients are generally averaged, so that the proportion of the steel ingot in the upsetting cylinder and outside the upsetting cylinder before upsetting and after upsetting is proper.
Step 13: the outer diameter of the upsetting cylinder 1 and the height of the upset blank are determined according to d 1.
The maximum outer diameter D1 of the upsetting cylinder 1, D1 (1.8-2.5) D1, D1 and D1 ensure the strength of the upsetting cylinder 1 and the distance between the blank after upsetting and the end face is about 150-250 mm.
Step 2: placing the upsetting cylinder 1 on an upsetting platform 4, placing the heated steel ingot into the upsetting cylinder 1, extruding the steel ingot 2 by a flat anvil 3, and upsetting in the cylinder;
the height-diameter ratio of the blank is always kept between 2.0 and 2.5 during upsetting in the cylinder, and the problems of bending and instability of steel ingots are solved. The upper end of the steel ingot 2 becomes thick transversely, the outer diameter of the deformed bottom end is d1, and the diameter of the upper end is larger than that of the lower end.
And step 3: and taking out the ingot blank subjected to upsetting in the cylinder, heating, adjusting the upper end and the lower end by 180 degrees (one end of the large end is downward, one side of the small end is positioned at the upper part), performing upset forging outside the cylinder on the upsetting platform 4, upsetting to form a single-drum-shaped blank, and finishing upset forging of the steel ingot with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0.
And the diameter ratio of the blank is kept between 2.0 and 2.5 by upsetting outside the cylinder, so that the problems of bending and instability of the steel ingot are solved, and the total deformation of the steel ingot can be improved. Through the steps, the upsetting barrel 1 is utilized to finish the upsetting of the steel ingot with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0.
Example 1
The original diameter D0 of the steel ingot (high alloy steel round steel) 2 is 600mm, the height H0 is 2400mm, and the height-diameter ratio n is 2400/600 is 4.0.
1. According to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot 2, an upsetting cylinder 1 is designed, and the distribution proportion of steel ingot materials after upsetting of an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder of the distribution upsetting cylinder 1 is designed.
The upsetting cylinder 1 is designed into a cylinder inner cone structure form, alpha 2 is 15 degrees, a deformation surface of a steel ingot 2 is in contact with a conical surface of the upsetting cylinder 1, normal component force is generated during upsetting, metal in the steel ingot is prevented from flowing in the radial direction, and the metal is promoted to flow in the axial direction, so that the inner end of the upsetting cylinder and a blank at the outer end of the upsetting cylinder form a step difference, a double drum is formed, and folding is further formed.
Alpha 1 is 2 degrees, which is convenient for the ingot to be removed from the die after upsetting.
D1 (original diameter of steel ingot D0 x [1+ thermal expansion rate (1.5-2%) ] + oxide skin thickness (5 mm-8 mm) + gap between steel ingot and upsetting cylinder (3 mm-5 mm): 600mm (1+ 2%) +8mm +5 mm-625 mm.
After the steel ingot is fully filled with h1 during upsetting, the diameter d2 at h1 can keep the clearance of the steel ingot in the upsetting cylinder reasonable. Continuously upsetting and filling the upsetting cylinder 1, wherein the height-diameter ratio of the blank is required to be kept between 2.0 and 2.5 all the time, when h1 is 800mm, d2 is 2h1 tg α 1+ d1 is 800mm tg2 ° +625mm is 680mm, and the upsetting condition is met:
ensuring that the steel ingot is not unstable in the upsetting process.
The total height H1 of upsetting cylinder 1, H1 ═ (1.6-2.0) D0, H1 ═ 1.8 ═ 600mm ═ 1095mm, and H1 height is about 1100 mm.
The maximum outer diameter D0 of upsetting cylinder 1, D0 (1.8-2.5) D1 (2.15) 600mm (1290 mm), and D0 height is about 1300mm, which ensures the strength of upsetting tool.
As shown in fig. 2, the steel ingot 2 is upset inside the upset cylinder 1 in the present invention.
2. Placing the upsetting cylinder 1 on an upsetting platform 4, placing the heated steel ingot into the upsetting cylinder 1, extruding the steel ingot 2 by a flat anvil 3, and upsetting in the cylinder;
upsetting in the cylinder enables the height-diameter ratio of the blank to be kept between 2.0 and 2.5 during upsetting.
As shown in fig. 3, is a schematic view of the steel ingot 2 in the present invention, which is upset outside the barrel; FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the blank after upsetting is completed in the present invention.
3. And heating the upset ingot blank 2, turning the upper end and the lower end of the upset ingot blank by 180 degrees, upsetting the outer part of the ingot blank on the platform 4 until the upset ingot blank forms a single-drum-shaped blank, and keeping the height-diameter ratio of the blank between 2.0 and 2.5, thereby completing the upsetting of the steel ingot with the height-diameter ratio more than 4.0, eliminating the problems of bending and instability of the steel ingot and improving the total deformation of the steel ingot.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and illustration, rather than of limitation. As the present invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof, it should also be understood that the above-described embodiments are not limited by any of the details of the foregoing description, but rather should be construed broadly within its spirit and scope as defined in the appended claims, and therefore all changes and modifications that fall within the meets and bounds of the claims, or equivalences of such meets and bounds are therefore intended to be embraced by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. An upsetting method of a free forging press for large alloy steel ingots with ultrahigh diameter ratio is characterized by comprising the following steps:
determining the internal space of the upsetting cylinder according to the size of the steel ingot before upsetting, and determining the proportion distribution of the inner steel ingot and the outer steel ingot of the upsetting cylinder after upsetting;
placing the upsetting cylinder on an upsetting platform, placing the heated steel ingot into the upsetting cylinder, extruding the steel ingot by a flat anvil, and upsetting in the cylinder;
and taking out the ingot blank subjected to upsetting in the cylinder, heating, placing one end of the large end of the ingot blank on an upsetting platform 4 to carry out upsetting outside the cylinder until a single-drum-shaped blank is formed, and finishing upsetting of the steel ingot with the height-diameter ratio of more than 4.0.
2. The upsetting method of the free forging press of the large-sized alloy steel ingot with the ultra-high diameter ratio as recited in claim 1, wherein the height-to-diameter ratio of the billet is maintained between 2.0 and 2.5 during upsetting in the cylinder.
3. A free forging press upsetting method of a large ultra-high diameter ratio alloy steel ingot as recited in claim 1, wherein the volume and shape of the inner space of the upsetting cylinder are determined according to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot, and the proportion of the steel ingot inside and outside the upsetting cylinder after upsetting is distributed.
4. The upsetting method of the free forging press of the ultra-high diameter ratio large alloy steel ingot according to claim 1, wherein the longitudinal direction of the inner space is divided into three sections, including: the conical frustum comprises a first conical frustum at the bottom, a second conical frustum in the middle and an arc-shaped annular frustum at the upper part, wherein the first conical frustum and the second conical frustum are in a conical frustum shape, the wall taper alpha 1 of the first conical frustum is 1-3 degrees, the wall taper alpha 2 of the second conical frustum is 10-15 degrees, and the arc-shaped annular frustum is in a horn mouth shape expanding outwards.
5. The upsetting method of the free forging press of the ultra-high diameter ratio large alloy steel ingot as recited in claim 4, wherein the determining of the inner space of the upsetting cylinder 1 comprises:
determining the bottom diameter and the top diameter of a first cone frustum of the upsetting cylinder according to the original diameter and height of the steel ingot; the bottom diameter D1 of the first cone frustum is equal to the original diameter D0 x [1+ thermal expansion rate ] + oxide scale thickness + clearance between the steel ingot and the upsetting cylinder;
the height H1 of the inner space is determined according to the height H0 of the original steel ingot of the steel ingot, and the outer diameter of the upsetting cylinder 1 and the height of the blank after upsetting are determined according to the inner diameter d1 of the cylinder.
6. The upsetting method of the free forging press for the large-sized alloy steel ingot with the ultrahigh diameter ratio as claimed in claim 5, wherein the thermal expansion rate is 1.5% -2%, the thickness of an oxide skin is 5 mm-8 mm, and the clearance of an upsetting cylinder is 3 mm-5 mm; the height h1 of the first cone frustum is determined according to d1 and alpha 1, the diameter d2 of the top part of the first cone frustum is d 2-2 h1 × tg alpha 1+ d1, and d2 is less than or equal to 2.5; the top diameter d3 of the second cone frustum and the height of the second cone frustum are determined according to d2 and alpha 2.
7. A free forging press upsetting method for a large-scale alloy steel ingot with an ultrahigh diameter ratio as claimed in claim 5, wherein the height H1 of the inner space is the total height of the upsetting cylinder, and the height H0 and H1 of the original steel ingot are (1.6-2.5) H0.
8. The upsetting method for the free forging press of the large-size alloy steel ingot with the ultrahigh diameter ratio as claimed in claim 5, wherein the maximum outer diameter dimension of the upsetting cylinder is D1, and D1 is (1.8-2.5) D1.
9. The upsetting method of the free forging press of the large-sized alloy steel ingot with the ultra-high diameter ratio as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upsetting outside the cylinder keeps the height-diameter ratio of the ingot between 2.0 and 2.5.
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| 陈孝学;程仁策;吕正风;赵巍;焦娟娟;赵国群;: "超大高径比棒料连续镦粗工艺及材料变形规律", 精密成形工程, no. 05, 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10) * |
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