CN113848179A - Experimental device for measuring slippage or separation movement between contact surfaces - Google Patents
Experimental device for measuring slippage or separation movement between contact surfaces Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental device for measuring slippage or separation movement between contact surfaces, which comprises a fixed frame, a force application part, a connecting rod, a first vibration exciter, a base, a data acquisition device, a friction nano generator and an elastic part, wherein the force application part is arranged on the fixed frame; the top of the base is fixedly provided with a fixed frame; the lower test piece to be tested is fixedly arranged on the top surface of the base, and the upper test piece to be tested is arranged on the top surface of the lower test piece to be tested; the force application piece is arranged on the top surface of the tested upper test piece; one end of the elastic piece is fixedly connected to one side surface of the tested upper test piece, and the other end of the elastic piece is fixedly connected with the output end of the first vibration exciter through a connecting rod; the friction nanometer generator is fixedly arranged on one side surface of the tested upper test piece and one side surface of the tested lower test piece; the data collector is electrically connected with the friction nanometer generator. The experimental device has the advantages of simple use and capability of measuring relative slippage or separation movement between contact objects without external energy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of measurement, in particular to an experimental device for measuring slippage or separation movement between contact surfaces.
Background
There are many types of mechanical equipment that rely on frictional contact in connection with structures that may cause relative movement of interconnected parts under load, such as bolted connections that are susceptible to slippage and loosening under prolonged vibratory loads. In addition, in the connection structure of the coordinated contact, the contact area can be reduced along with the increase of the load, the contact retraction phenomenon occurs, for example, when the pressure applied to the sealing gasket is too large, the phenomenon of local deformation and separation can occur, the sealing performance of the device is poor, and the leakage is easy to occur.
The displacement of the early slip or separation between the contact surfaces is often small, and the contact surfaces are not convenient for mounting a sensor, nor suitable for displacement measurement in a non-contact manner such as eddy current, laser and the like. At present, widely applied methods such as a scanning probe microscopy method, a capacitance method, a grating interference method and the like have the problems of complex instrument requirements or complex measurement modes and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides an experimental apparatus for measuring sliding or separating motion between contact surfaces, which is based on the principle of a friction nano-generator, and can convert mechanical energy generated by relative motion between contact surfaces into an electrical signal for output, and further analyze the electrical signal to obtain displacement and speed of the relative motion between the contact surfaces.
The invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:
an experimental device for measuring slippage or separation movement between contact surfaces comprises a fixed frame, a force application part, a connecting rod, a first vibration exciter, a base, a data acquisition device, a friction nano generator and an elastic part;
the top of the base is fixedly provided with the fixing frame, and an experimental space is formed between the fixing frame and the base;
the fixed frame is provided with a guide structure for vertically guiding the force application part;
the experimental space is internally provided with an upper test piece to be tested and a lower test piece to be tested, the lower test piece to be tested is fixedly arranged on the top surface of the base, and the upper test piece to be tested is arranged on the top surface of the lower test piece to be tested;
the force application piece is arranged on the top surface of the upper test piece to be tested through the guide structure and is used for applying a normal load along the vertical direction to the upper test piece to be tested;
one end of the elastic piece is fixedly connected to one side surface of the tested upper test piece, the other end of the elastic piece is fixedly connected with the output end of the first vibration exciter through the connecting rod arranged along the horizontal direction, and the first vibration exciter is used for providing a tangential load along the horizontal direction for the tested piece;
the friction nanometer generator is fixedly arranged on the tested upper test piece and the tested lower test piece and is used for generating an electric signal under the driving of the tested upper test piece;
the data collector is electrically connected with the friction nano generator and is used for collecting the electric signals generated by the friction nano generator.
Further, the friction nano-generator comprises a first substrate, a second substrate, a first conducting layer, a second conducting layer, a positive friction layer and a negative friction layer;
the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged oppositely along the vertical direction, the first substrate is fixedly connected to one side surface of the upper test piece to be tested, and the second substrate is fixedly connected to one side surface of the lower test piece to be tested;
the first substrate, the first conducting layer and the positive friction layer are sequentially stacked along the direction from the first substrate to the second substrate, and the negative friction layer, the second conducting layer and the second substrate are sequentially stacked;
the positive friction layer is tightly attached to the negative friction layer and generates charges along with the relative motion of the upper test piece to be tested and the lower test piece to be tested;
the first substrate and the second substrate are made of insulating materials;
the positive friction layer is made of volatile electronic materials;
the negative friction layer is made of an easily available electronic material;
the first conducting layer is connected with the data acquisition unit through a first wire;
the second conducting layer is connected with the data collector through a second wire.
Further, the first substrate and the second substrate are both made of acrylic materials;
the first conducting layer and the second conducting layer are both metal layers;
the material of the positive friction layer is one or any combination of polyamide, polyformaldehyde and polyurethane;
the material of the negative friction layer is one or any combination of polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate.
Furthermore, the surfaces of the positive friction layer and the negative friction layer are both etched with nano structures;
the first substrate and the second substrate are both L-shaped acrylic plates.
Further, the guide structure is an opening;
the tested upper test piece is a flat plate;
the tested test piece is a flat plate with a boss;
and the lower surface of the tested upper test piece is attached to the top surface of the boss.
Further, the shape of one end of the force application member, which is in contact with the upper test piece to be tested, is spherical, semi-cylindrical or rectangular, and the force application member is used for applying point load, linear load and surface load to the upper test piece to be tested.
Further, the experimental device also comprises a weight arranged at the top of the force application member, and the weight is used for adjusting the normal load.
Further, the elastic piece is a spring;
the tested lower test piece is clamped between the fixing frame and the base, the fixing frame and the tested lower test piece are fixedly connected together through a fastening piece.
Further, the lower end face of the force application piece and the top face of the tested upper test piece are coated with lubricating materials.
Furthermore, the experimental device also comprises a second vibration exciter connected with the force application member;
and the second vibration exciter provides a normal load which dynamically changes in the vertical direction for the tested upper test piece.
Has the advantages that:
on one hand, in the experimental device, the friction nano generator with small volume is fixed on the side surface of the tested piece in a sticking way and other ways, so that the problem that the traditional contact sensor is inconvenient to measure when measuring the relative displacement between the contact surfaces is solved; the friction nano generator adopts the acrylic plate as the substrate, has low price and easily-obtained materials, and the substrate is made into an L shape, so that the nano friction generator is more easily adhered to the side surface of a tested piece; the friction nano generator adopts metal films such as aluminum or copper and the like as conducting layers, the materials are easy to obtain and have good conductivity, and the measurement precision of the experimental device is improved; the positive and negative friction layer of the friction nano generator is etched with nano structure such as nano groove and nano wire, so that the intensity of friction electrification effect is enhanced, and the measurement sensitivity and measurement precision of the experimental device are further improved; the vibration exciter is indirectly connected with the tested upper test piece, and can provide stable and reliable dynamic tangential force in the horizontal direction for the tested piece; one end of the spring with lower rigidity is fixedly connected with the tested upper test piece, and the other end of the spring is fixedly connected with the connecting rod, so that the vibration exciter only has the action of force but not displacement on the tested upper test piece, and the accuracy of the measurement result of the experimental device is improved; the contact end of the force application piece and the tested upper test piece can be made into a plane, a semi-cylindrical or a circular shape, so that a surface load, a line load or a point load can be provided for the tested upper test piece, meanwhile, weights with different masses can be placed at the top of the force application piece to adjust the normal force of the tested upper test piece in the vertical direction, and the measurement range of the experimental device is widened.
On the other hand, in the experimental device for measuring the slippage or separation of the contact surface piece, the lubricating substance is coated between the force application piece and the tested upper test piece, so that the friction force between the force application piece and the tested upper test piece is reduced, and the precision of the experimental device is improved; in addition, a second vibration exciter connected with the force application part is additionally arranged, so that the normal force of the force application part acting on the contact surface can be a static force or a dynamic force, and the experimental range of the experimental device is further widened. The whole experimental device is simple in structure and convenient to operate.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of an experimental set-up according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the experimental set-up of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a view taken along line A of FIG. 1;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the friction nanogenerator in fig. 1.
The device comprises a fixing frame, a force application member, a 3-weight, a 4-connecting rod, a 5-first vibration exciter, a 6-tested lower test piece, a 7-base, a 8-data collector, a 9-friction nano generator, a 10-tested upper test piece, a 11-screw, a 12-elastic member, a 13-substrate, a 14-conductive layer, a 15-positive friction layer, a 16-lead and a 17-negative friction layer
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the embodiment of the invention provides an experimental device for measuring the sliding or separating movement between contact surfaces, as shown in fig. 1, the experimental device comprises: the device comprises a fixed frame 1, a force application part 2, a connecting rod 4, a first vibration exciter 5, a base 7, a data acquisition device 8, a friction nanometer generator 9 and an elastic part 12;
as shown in fig. 1, a base 7 is a foundation of the entire experimental device and plays a role of supporting other components of the experimental device, a fixing frame 1 is fixedly installed at the top of the base 7 by screws 11, an experimental space of the experimental device is formed between the fixing frame 1 and the base 7, an upper test piece 10 to be tested and a lower test piece 6 to be tested can be accommodated in the experimental space, in order to better measure the relative motion between the upper test piece 10 to be tested and the lower test piece 6 to be tested, the lower test piece 6 to be tested can be made into a flat plate shape with a boss, and the lower test piece 6 to be tested is fixedly connected to the top surface of the base 7 by screws 11 after being clamped between the fixing frame 1 and the base 7; the upper test piece 10 to be tested can be made into a flat plate shape and is arranged on the top surface of the boss of the lower test piece 6 to be tested, so that the bottom surface of the upper test piece 10 to be tested is attached to the top surface of the boss of the lower test piece 10 to be tested; in order to provide a normal force along the vertical direction to the tested upper test piece 10, the force application piece 2 is placed on the top surface of the tested upper test piece 10, the shape of one end, contacting the force application piece 2 with the tested upper test piece 10, of the force application piece 2 can be designed to be spherical, semi-cylindrical or planar in consideration of the diversity of the normal load, so that the force application piece 2 can apply point load, line load or surface load to the tested upper test piece 10, and a guide structure such as a guide sleeve or a guide opening is arranged at the top of the fixing frame 1, so that the force application piece 2 can provide the normal load along the vertical direction to the tested upper test piece 10 through the guide structure, and in order to make the experimental device simple in structure, as shown in fig. 2, a guide structure with an opening at the top of the fixing frame 1 is selected; in order to provide a tangential force along the horizontal direction for the tested upper test piece 10, an elastic piece 12 is fixedly arranged on one side of the tested upper test piece 10, the other end of the elastic piece 12 is fixedly connected with the output end of a first vibration exciter 5 through a connecting rod 4 arranged along the horizontal direction, the elastic piece 12 is arranged, the rigidity of the elastic piece is far smaller than the tangential rigidity of a contact surface, and the first vibration exciter 5 only provides a tangential load with adjustable size along the horizontal direction for the tested upper test piece 10 and has no displacement effect on the tested upper test piece 10, so that the accuracy of a measuring result of the experimental device is improved; as shown in fig. 3 and 4, in order to convert the mechanical energy generated by the relative motion between the upper test piece 10 and the lower test piece 6 into an electrical signal, the friction nanogenerator 9 is fixedly installed on one side surface of the upper test piece 10 and the lower test piece 6, and the data collector 8 is connected with the friction nanogenerator 9 through a wire 16 and is used for collecting the electrical signal generated by the friction nanogenerator;
as shown in fig. 4, the friction nano-generator 9 includes a substrate 13, a conductive layer 14, a positive friction layer 15, and a negative friction layer 17; wherein the substrate 13 is the basis of the friction nano-generator 9 and mainly plays a role of supporting other components of the friction nano-generator 9; in order to ensure that the energy source of the friction nano-generator 9 continuously generates an electric signal, the substrate 13 is made of an insulating material, and if the two substrates can be made of acrylic plates with low price, good insulating property and wide source, in the experimental device, the substrate 13 is divided into a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein the first substrate is adhered to one side surface of the tested test piece 10, the second substrate and the first substrate are oppositely adhered to one side surface of the tested lower test piece 10 along the vertical direction, and in order to facilitate the adhesion of the substrate 13 and ensure the reliability of the connection between the substrate 13 and the tested lower test piece 10 as well as the tested upper test piece 10, the first substrate and the second substrate are both made into an L shape; the conductive layer 14 is mainly used for conducting electricity, so the material of the conductive layer can be aluminum, copper or other metal materials with good conductivity, the conductive layer 14 is divided into a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer, wherein the first conductive layer is laid on the surface of one side of the first substrate facing the second substrate and is connected with the data collector 8 through a lead 16; the second conducting layer is laid on the surface of one side of the second substrate, which faces the first substrate, and is connected with the data collector 8 through a wire 16; the main function of the positive friction layer 15 and the negative friction layer 17 is to generate electricity by friction, so the positive friction layer 15 is made of volatile electronic materials such as polyamide, polyformaldehyde, polyurethane and the like, for example: the material can be made of polyamide, polyformaldehyde or polyurethane, or two materials of polyamide and polyformaldehyde, polyformaldehyde and polyurethane, or polyamide and polyurethane, or three materials of polyamide, polyformaldehyde and polyurethane; the negative friction layer 17 is made of readily available electronic materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide, polyethylene glycol terephthalate and the like, for example, the negative friction layer can be made of polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide or polyethylene glycol terephthalate, or the negative friction layer can be made of polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane and polyimide simultaneously, or polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide and polyethylene glycol terephthalate simultaneously, and nanostructures are etched on the surfaces of the positive friction layer 15 and the negative friction layer 17, so that the strength of the triboelectrification effect of the triboelectric nanogenerator 9 can be improved through the nanostructures, and the sensitivity of measurement of an experimental device is enhanced; the positive friction layer 15 is laid on the surface of the first conducting layer facing to the second substrate, the negative friction layer 17 is laid on the surface of the second conducting layer facing to the first substrate, and the outermost positive friction layer 15 of the friction nano-generator 9 is tightly attached to the negative friction layer 17, so that the positive friction layer 15 and the negative friction layer 17 can rub with each other along with the relative motion of the tested upper test piece 10 and the tested lower test piece 6 to generate electric signals, the electric signals are transmitted to the data acquisition unit 8 through the conducting layer 14 and the conducting wire 16, and the displacement and the speed of the relative motion between the contact surfaces of the tested upper test piece 10 and the tested lower test piece 6 can be obtained after the acquired signals are analyzed;
considering the magnitude of the normal force along the vertical direction of the tested upper test piece 10, weights 3 with different masses can be placed at the top of the force application piece 2, so that the magnitude of the normal force along the vertical direction of the tested upper test piece 10 can be adjusted by adjusting the mass of the weights 3, and the measurement range of the experimental device is widened; in order to improve the measurement accuracy of the experimental device, lubricating grease is coated on the lower end surface of the force application member 2 and the top surface of the tested upper test piece 10 so as to reduce the friction force between the force application member 2 and the tested upper test piece 10; in order to enable the experimental device to measure the sliding or separating movement between the contact surfaces under the action of the dynamic normal force, a second vibration exciter connected with the force application part 2 can be additionally arranged, so that the second vibration exciter can apply the dynamic normal load to the tested test piece, and the practicability of the experimental device is enhanced.
The magnitude of the electric signal output between the positive friction layer and the negative friction layer of the experimental device is related to the relative slippage between the contact surfaces and the magnitude of the displacement value of the relative separation, and the larger the displacement value is, the larger the generated electric signal is correspondingly. Taking voltage as an example, the relationship between voltage and relative separation displacement is shown in formula (1):
wherein: vOCIs an open circuit voltage; x is the separation between the contact surfaces; epsilon0Is the relative dielectric constant of air; sigma is the charge density on each belt after the positive and negative friction layers are separated;
the relationship between the voltage and the slip displacement is shown in formula (2):
wherein: vOCIs an open circuit voltage; x is the displacement value between the contact surfaces; l is the length of the positive and negative friction layers, and>>x； d0the effective thickness of the positive and negative friction layers; epsilon0Is the relative dielectric constant of air; sigma is the charge density on each belt after the positive and negative friction layers are separated;
order to
The voltage versus displacement relationship can be expressed as:
VOC＝Aix(t) (3)
wherein i is 1, 2.
When the experimental device is used, the first vibration exciter 5 is closed, the upper test piece 10 to be tested and the lower test piece 6 to be tested move relative to each other for a preset distance along the vertical direction, the data of the data acquisition unit 8 are read and calibrated, and the ratio A between the separation amount and the measured electrical quantity is obtained according to the formula (3)1；
The measured pieces are moved relatively along the horizontal direction by a preset distance, the data of the data acquisition unit 8 are read and calibrated, and the ratio A between the slippage and the measured electric quantity is obtained according to the formula (3)2；
When the contact surfaces are separated under the action of static force to be measured, closing the first vibration exciter 5, changing the size of the normal load by adjusting the mass of the weight 3, using the force application pieces 2 with different shapes to provide the normal loads in the forms of surface load, linear load and point load, reading the data of the data collector 8, analyzing by the formula (1) to obtain the relative separation displacement between the contact surfaces of the tested upper test piece 10 and the tested lower test piece 6 under the action of different loads, then opening the first vibration exciter 5 to enable the contact surfaces of the tested upper test piece 10 and the tested lower test piece 6 to relatively slide, reading the data of the data collector 8, and analyzing by the formula (2) to obtain the partial separation, such as the relative sliding displacement between the contact surfaces when the tested upper test piece tilts relative to one end of the tested lower test piece;
when the contact surfaces are separated under the action of dynamic force, closing the first vibration exciter 5, starting the additionally arranged second vibration exciter, applying a normal load along the vertical direction to the tested upper test piece 10 through the second vibration exciter, using the force application pieces 2 in different shapes to provide normal loads in the forms of surface load, linear load and point load, reading data of the data collector 8, analyzing by a formula (1) to obtain the relative separation displacement between the contact surfaces of the tested upper test piece 10 and the tested lower test piece 6 under the action of different loads, opening the first vibration exciter 5 to enable the contact surfaces to relatively slide, reading the data of the data collector 8, and analyzing by the formula (2) to obtain the relative sliding displacement between the separated contact surfaces;
when measuring the slippage between the contact surfaces which are not separated, starting the first vibration exciter 5 to provide a tangential load in the horizontal direction for the tested test piece 10, providing a normal load in the vertical direction for the tested test piece 10 by the weight 3 through the force application piece 2, adjusting a set value of the vibration exciter 5 to change the size of the tangential load in the horizontal direction, adjusting the mass of the weight 3 to change the size of the normal load in the vertical direction, using the force application pieces 2 in different shapes to change the normal load form in the vertical direction, reading the data of the data collector 8, and analyzing by the formula (2) to obtain the relative slippage displacement between the contact surfaces which are not separated.
The experimental device comprises: the size of the normal load can be changed by adjusting the weight 3; the tangential loads with different sizes can be provided by adjusting the set value of the first vibration exciter 5; and reading the data of the data acquisition unit 8, and analyzing to obtain the relative displacement between the contact surfaces of the upper test piece 10 and the lower test piece 6 under different loads. The experimental device is simple and convenient to use, can measure the relative slippage or the separation motion between the contact objects under different contact loads, and converts the relative motion between the tested pieces into an electric signal through the friction nano generator 8 without external energy.
In summary, the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An experimental device for measuring sliding or separating motion between contact surfaces is characterized by comprising a fixed frame (1), a force application part (2), a connecting rod (4), a first vibration exciter (5), a base (7), a data acquisition device (8), a friction nanometer generator (9) and an elastic part (12);
the top of the base (7) is fixedly provided with the fixing frame (1), and an experimental space is formed between the fixing frame (1) and the base (7);
the fixed frame (1) is provided with a guide structure for vertically guiding the force application piece (2); an upper test piece (10) to be tested and a lower test piece (6) to be tested are arranged in the experiment space, the lower test piece (6) to be tested is fixedly arranged on the top surface of the base (7), and the upper test piece (10) to be tested is arranged on the top surface of the lower test piece (6) to be tested;
the force application piece (2) is arranged on the top surface of the upper test piece (10) to be tested through the guide structure and is used for applying a normal load along the vertical direction to the upper test piece (10) to be tested;
one end of the elastic piece (12) is fixedly connected to one side surface of the tested upper test piece (10), the other end of the elastic piece is fixedly connected with the output end of the first vibration exciter (5) through the connecting rod (4) arranged along the horizontal direction, and the first vibration exciter (5) is used for providing a tangential load along the horizontal direction for the tested upper test piece (10);
the friction nanometer generator (9) is fixedly arranged on one side surface of the tested upper test piece (10) and one side surface of the tested lower test piece (6) and is used for generating an electric signal under the driving of the tested upper test piece (10) and the tested lower test piece (6);
the data collector (8) is electrically connected with the friction nano generator (9) and is used for collecting an electric signal generated by the friction nano generator (9).
2. Experimental device according to claim 1, characterized in that said triboelectric nanogenerator (9) comprises a first substrate, a second substrate, a first conducting layer, a second conducting layer, a positive friction layer (15) and a negative friction layer (17);
the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged oppositely along the vertical direction, the first substrate is fixedly connected to one side surface of the upper test piece (10) to be tested, and the second substrate is fixedly connected to one side surface of the lower test piece (6) to be tested;
the first substrate, the first conducting layer and the positive friction layer (15) are sequentially stacked along the direction from the first substrate to the second substrate, and the negative friction layer (17), the second conducting layer and the second substrate are sequentially stacked;
the positive friction layer (15) is tightly attached to the negative friction layer (17), and generates charges along with the relative movement of the upper test piece (10) and the lower test piece (6);
the first substrate and the second substrate are made of insulating materials;
the positive friction layer (15) is made of volatile electronic materials;
the negative friction layer (17) is made of an easily available electronic material;
the first conducting layer and the second conducting layer are connected with a data collector (8) through a wire (16).
3. The experimental device of claim 2, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are made of acrylic plates;
the first conducting layer and the second conducting layer are both metal layers;
the material of the positive friction layer (15) is one or any combination of polyamide, polyformaldehyde and polyurethane;
the material of the negative friction layer (17) is one or any combination of polytetrafluoroethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate.
4. The experimental device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the surface of the positive friction layer (15) and the surface of the negative friction layer (17) are both etched with nano-structures, which can enhance the intensity of the triboelectric effect of the triboelectric nanogenerator (9);
the first substrate and the second substrate are both L-shaped acrylic plates and are convenient to adhere.
5. The assay device of claim 1, wherein the guide structure is an opening;
the tested upper test piece (10) is a flat plate;
the tested lower test piece (6) is a flat plate with a boss;
the lower surface of the tested upper test piece (10) is attached to the top surface of the boss.
6. The experimental device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the end of the force application member (2) contacting the upper test piece (10) is spherical, semi-cylindrical or rectangular in shape for applying a point load, a line load or a surface load to the upper test piece (10).
7. The experimental device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a weight (3) disposed on top of said force-applying member (2), said weight (3) being adapted to adjust a normal load in a vertical direction.
8. A laboratory device according to claim 1, characterized in that said elastic element (12) is a spring;
the tested lower test piece (6) is clamped between the fixing frame (1) and the base (7), the fixing frame (1) and the tested lower test piece (6) are fixedly connected together through fasteners.
9. The test device according to claim 1, wherein a lubricating substance is applied to both the lower end surface of the force application member (2) and the top surface of the upper test piece (10) to be tested.
10. Experimental set according to one of claims 1, 2, 5, 7-9, characterized in that it comprises a second exciter connected to said forcing member (2);
and the second vibration exciter provides a normal load which dynamically changes in the vertical direction for the tested upper test piece.
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