CN113718250A - Method for manufacturing tungsten-copper electrical contact material - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing tungsten-copper electrical contact material Download PDFInfo
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- CN113718250A CN113718250A CN202111026438.3A CN202111026438A CN113718250A CN 113718250 A CN113718250 A CN 113718250A CN 202111026438 A CN202111026438 A CN 202111026438A CN 113718250 A CN113718250 A CN 113718250A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H1/021—Composite material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H11/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches
- H01H11/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts
- H01H11/048—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts by powder-metallurgical processes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a tungsten-copper electrical contact material, which comprises the following steps: (1) cleaning a steel substrate material; (2) wrapping tungsten powder with red copper sheet to prepare flux-cored wires; (3) and (3) mounting the flux-cored wire on a welding robot, and depositing a tungsten-copper alloy layer on the surface of the steel substrate in an arc deposition mode. The manufacturing method realizes the metallurgical bonding of the tungsten-copper alloy and the steel substrate by a method of depositing the tungsten-copper alloy layer on the surface of the steel plate by electric arc. Compared with a sintering method and an infiltration method, the preparation method of the tungsten-copper electrical contact material provided by the invention has the advantages of high production efficiency and high material utilization rate, and the prepared electrical contact material has higher bonding strength and tensile strength, so that the service life of the contact is prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of a tungsten-copper electrical contact material, belonging to the technical field of material preparation.
Background
The high-voltage switch is the junction of the power grid, the connection and disconnection of the power grid are realized by the switch, and the main component for implementing the important function is the electric contact. The tungsten-copper alloy has good arc ablation resistance, is a key material of a switch arc contact of a capacitor group for an extra-high voltage system, and is also widely applied to occasions such as a high-temperature-resistant throat insert of a rocket nozzle, an electromagnetic ejection guide rail and the like.
When the contacts are switched on and switched off each time in the working process, electric arcs are generated among the contacts, the electric arcs generate a large amount of heat to melt the contact materials, when the melted contacts are switched on in a contact mode, the movable and fixed joints are welded, and when the contacts are switched off again, the contact materials are easily pulled off from the substrate. Therefore, the interface bonding force of the tungsten-copper alloy layer and the substrate is an important quality index of the reliability of the electrical contact, and poor bonding force or defects of the interface often cause the copper alloy layer to crack or even peel off due to repeated pressure in the use process of the electrical contact, so that the electrical contact fails. At present, the methods for producing the tungsten-copper alloy mainly comprise an infiltration method and a sintering method, but the prepared tungsten-copper alloy has low bonding strength with a substrate, long preparation time and high cost, and is difficult to adapt to the current requirements.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a tungsten-copper electrical contact material based on an arc additive manufacturing technology.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
a method for manufacturing a tungsten-copper electrical contact material comprises the following steps:
1) degreasing and cleaning the surface of a steel substrate material;
2) installing the flux-cored wire on a welding robot, and depositing a tungsten-copper alloy layer on the surface of a steel substrate by using an arc deposition mode;
the arc deposition mode in the step 2 comprises the following specific processes:
2-1) melting the flux-cored wire into molten drops under the action of electric arc, and uniformly dropping the molten drops on the surface of the steel substrate;
2-2) melting the surface of the steel substrate and forming a molten pool by molten drops;
2-3) cooling and solidifying the molten pool to form a tungsten-copper alloy layer.
And in the step 2-3, a protective atmosphere is used for protection in the cooling process, wherein the protective atmosphere is argon, and the gas flow is 15-20L/min.
The welding current range is 100-200A, the welding voltage is 10-25V, the welding speed is 15-25 mm/min, and the swing amplitude is 5-10 mm.
The total thickness of the electrical contact material is 3.5-5mm, wherein the thickness of the tungsten copper deposition layer is 2-3mm, and the thickness of the steel plate is 1.5-2 mm.
The flux core is prepared by wrapping tungsten powder by using a red copper sheet, and the granularity of the tungsten powder for preparing the flux-cored wire is 6-10 microns.
The tungsten-copper alloy layer comprises 25-35wt% of W, 4-8wt% of Fe and the balance of Cu.
The thickness of the steel substrate is 2-3mm, the steel substrate is made of low-carbon steel, and the carbon content is 0.1-0.3 wt%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages: (1) the electric contact manufactured by the electric arc additive has high production efficiency and high material utilization rate; (2) the tungsten-copper alloy layer and the steel substrate have high bonding strength and tensile strength, the highest bonding strength can reach 273MPa, and the highest tensile strength can reach 333 MPa.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing stress-strain curves of samples of examples 1-5;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the distribution of W particles in a copper matrix at 200 times magnification;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of the distribution of austenite in a copper matrix at 500 x magnification.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the drawings of the specification:
the invention relates to a manufacturing method of a tungsten-copper electrical contact material, which specifically comprises the following steps:
1) degreasing and cleaning the surface of a steel substrate material;
2) installing the flux-cored wire on a welding robot, and depositing a tungsten-copper alloy layer on the surface of a steel substrate by using an arc deposition mode;
the arc deposition mode in the step 2 comprises the following specific steps:
2-1) the flux-cored wire is melted into molten drops under the action of electric arc and then uniformly dropped on the surface of a steel substrate;
2-2) melting the surface of the steel substrate and forming a molten pool by molten drops;
2-3) cooling and solidifying the molten pool to form a tungsten-copper alloy layer.
Specifically, in the step 2-3, a protective atmosphere is used for protection in the cooling process, wherein the protective atmosphere is argon, and the gas flow is 15-20L/min.
Specifically, the welding current range is 100-200A, the welding voltage is 10-25V, the welding speed is 15-25 mm/min, and the swing amplitude is 5-10 mm.
Specifically, the total thickness of the electrical contact material is 3.5-5mm, wherein the thickness of the tungsten copper deposition layer is 2-3mm, and the thickness of the steel plate is 1.5-2 mm.
The flux core is prepared by wrapping tungsten powder by using a red copper sheet, the granularity of the tungsten powder used for preparing the flux-cored wire is 6-10 microns, and the components of a tungsten-copper alloy layer comprise 25-35wt% of W, 4-8wt% of Fe and the balance of Cu.
The thickness of the steel substrate is 2-3mm, the steel substrate is made of low-carbon steel, and the carbon content is 0.1-0.3 wt%.
The principle of the invention is as follows: in the electric arc deposition process, a flux-cored wire is melted into molten drops under the action of electric arc heat, meanwhile, the surface layer of a substrate is partially melted under the action of the electric arc heat, the flux-cored wire and the substrate form a molten pool, the molten pool contains tungsten, copper and iron in the substrate from the wire, the molten pool forms a tungsten phase, a solid solution copper phase and an iron phase after being solidified under a protective atmosphere, and the three phases are respectively in mass fraction: 25-35wt% of W, 4-8wt% of Fe and the balance of Cu. The reaction temperature of tungsten and copper is 3200 ℃, and the reaction hardly occurs; tungsten particles are wrapped by copper droplets, and the iron content in a molten pool is low, so that a reactant of tungsten and iron is not found in an XRD detection result; copper and iron are infinitely mutually soluble in a liquid state, so molten iron is uniformly distributed in copper, and because copper and iron are limitedly mutually soluble in a solid state, part of iron is dissolved into copper in a solid state to form an iron alpha copper phase in the solidification process of a deposited layer, and the rest of iron is precipitated from copper in an austenite form and uniformly distributed in a copper matrix.
The following is a detailed description of several examples:
example 1
(1) And (3) wrapping tungsten metal powder into a flux-cored welding wire rough blank by using a red copper sheet, and hot-drawing the welding wire rough blank into a flux-cored welding wire with the diameter of 1.2 mm.
(2) Pretreatment of a steel plate: selecting low-carbon steel with the carbon content of not more than 0.3wt%, the mark Q235, the wall thickness of 2mm, the length of 200mm and the width of 20mm, and carrying out oil removal treatment on the surface;
(3) after the steel substrate is clamped and fixed, a copper alloy layer is arc-deposited on the steel substrate through a welding robot, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted under the action of high-temperature arc to form a molten pool, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted, and the molten pool is solidified to realize metallurgical bonding, so that the required tungsten-copper electrical contact material can be obtained. Wherein the current is 100A, the voltage and the wire feeding speed are automatically matched with the current, the voltage is 10V, the welding speed is 15cm/min, and the swing amplitude is 5 mm; high-purity argon is used as a protective gas, the gas flow is 18L/min, and the surface of the alloy is prevented from being oxidized in the deposition process. A test piece having a total thickness of 3.5mm and a thickness of a steel plate after deposition of 1.85mm was prepared.
Example 2
(1) And (3) wrapping tungsten metal powder into a flux-cored welding wire rough blank by using a red copper sheet, and hot-drawing the welding wire rough blank into a flux-cored welding wire with the diameter of 1.2 mm.
(2) Pretreatment of a steel plate: selecting low-carbon steel with the carbon content of not more than 0.3wt%, the mark Q235, the wall thickness of 2mm, the length of 200mm and the width of 20mm, and carrying out oil removal treatment on the surface;
(3) after the steel substrate is clamped and fixed, a copper alloy layer is arc-deposited on the steel substrate through a welding robot, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted under the action of high-temperature arc to form a molten pool, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted, and the molten pool is solidified to realize metallurgical bonding, so that the required tungsten-copper electrical contact material can be obtained. Wherein the current is 120A, the voltage and the wire feeding speed are automatically matched with the current, the voltage is 15V, the welding speed is 18cm/min, and the swing amplitude is 5 mm; high-purity argon is used as a protective gas, the gas flow is 16L/min, and the surface of the alloy is prevented from being oxidized in the deposition process. A test piece having a total thickness of 3.8mm and a thickness of a steel plate after deposition of 1.82mm was prepared.
Example 3
(1) And (3) wrapping tungsten metal powder into a flux-cored welding wire rough blank by using a red copper sheet, and hot-drawing the welding wire rough blank into a flux-cored welding wire with the diameter of 1.2 mm.
(2) Pretreatment of a steel plate: selecting low-carbon steel with the carbon content of not more than 0.3wt%, the mark Q235, the wall thickness of 2mm, the length of 200mm and the width of 20mm, and carrying out oil removal treatment on the surface;
(3) after the steel substrate is clamped and fixed, a copper alloy layer is arc-deposited on the steel substrate through a welding robot, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted under the action of high-temperature arc to form a molten pool, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted, and the molten pool is solidified to realize metallurgical bonding, so that the required tungsten-copper electrical contact material can be obtained. Wherein the current is 140A, the voltage and the wire feeding speed are automatically matched with the current, the voltage is 18V, the welding speed is 20cm/min, and the swing amplitude is 5 mm; high-purity argon is used as a protective gas, the gas flow is 18L/min, and the surface of the alloy is prevented from being oxidized in the deposition process. A sample having a total thickness of 4.3mm and a thickness of a steel plate after deposition of 1.71mm was prepared.
Example 4
(1) And (3) wrapping tungsten metal powder into a flux-cored welding wire rough blank by using a red copper sheet, and hot-drawing the welding wire rough blank into a flux-cored welding wire with the diameter of 1.2 mm.
(2) Pretreatment of a steel plate: selecting low-carbon steel with the carbon content of not more than 0.3wt%, the mark Q235, the wall thickness of 2mm, the length of 200mm and the width of 20mm, and carrying out oil removal treatment on the surface;
(3) after the steel substrate is clamped and fixed, a copper alloy layer is arc-deposited on the steel substrate through a welding robot, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted under the action of high-temperature arc to form a molten pool, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted, and the molten pool is solidified to realize metallurgical bonding, so that the required tungsten-copper electrical contact material can be obtained. Wherein the current is 160A, the voltage and the wire feeding speed are automatically matched with the current, the voltage is 20V, the welding speed is 25cm/min, and the swing amplitude is 10 mm; high-purity argon is used as a protective gas, the gas flow is 18L/min, and the surface of the alloy is prevented from being oxidized in the deposition process. A sample having a total thickness of 4.7mm and a thickness of a steel plate after deposition of 1.57mm was prepared.
Example 5
(1) And (3) wrapping tungsten metal powder into a flux-cored welding wire rough blank by using a red copper sheet, and hot-drawing the welding wire rough blank into a flux-cored welding wire with the diameter of 1.2 mm.
(2) Pretreatment of a steel plate: selecting low-carbon steel with the carbon content of not more than 0.3wt%, the mark Q235, the wall thickness of 2mm, the length of 200mm and the width of 20mm, and carrying out oil removal treatment on the surface;
(3) after the steel substrate is clamped and fixed, a copper alloy layer is arc-deposited on the steel substrate through a welding robot, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted under the action of high-temperature arc to form a molten pool, the welding wire and the surface layer of the steel substrate are melted, and the molten pool is solidified to realize metallurgical bonding, so that the required tungsten-copper electrical contact material can be obtained. Wherein the current is 180A, the voltage and the wire feeding speed are automatically matched with the current, the voltage is 25V, the welding speed is 25cm/min, and the swing amplitude is 10 mm; high-purity argon is used as protective gas, the gas flow is 20L/min, and the surface of the alloy is prevented from being oxidized in the deposition process. A sample having a total thickness of 5mm and a thickness of a steel plate after deposition of 1.55mm was prepared.
For a better illustration of the invention, two comparative examples are introduced below:
comparative example 1
The tungsten-copper electrical contact material is prepared by a sintering method. Respectively weighing 74-micron copper powder and 6-8-micron tungsten powder with the average particle size according to the mass percentages of Cu 80% and W20%, and uniformly mixing the powder with an additive to obtain a tungsten-copper alloy end; using 6 t/cm2Pressing and cold pressing into a green body with the diameter of 16 mm multiplied by 45 mm; the tungsten-copper alloy end and the chromium-bronze substrate are in contact with each other mechanically and are in contact with each other at N2Sintering at 1300 ℃ for 2h under protection.
Comparative example 2
And preparing the tungsten-copper electrical contact material by an infiltration method and a hot isostatic pressing method. Weighing and mixing the induced copper powder and tungsten powder with the Fisher size of 3 microns, and wet-mixing the mixture in a three-roller mixer for 8-12 h; and pressing the tungsten skeleton by adopting a hydraulic press at a pressing pressure, wherein the size of a pressed compact is 50 x 10 x 5 (mm). Pressing time is 20s, and dwell time is 15 s; preserving heat of the tungsten green compact at 1100 ℃ for 1h for degreasing, and performing framework sintering at 1250 ℃; placing the copper blank on a tungsten framework, carrying out infiltration for 60min at 1300 ℃ in a self-made aluminum wire furnace in a hydrogen atmosphere, and carrying out annealing treatment for 1h at the annealing temperature of 700 ℃ after infiltration to obtain a W60Cu40 alloy; the prepared tungsten-copper alloy and chromium-bronze bonding surfaces are respectively subjected to finish turning and then are in mechanical contact, and are packaged into a steel sheath in a vacuum state; and placing the packaged sample into a hot isostatic pressing machine for diffusion connection, wherein the hot isostatic pressing condition is 1000 ℃, 90MPa and the temperature is kept for 2 h.
The materials prepared in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 2 were subjected to a performance test in which the tensile strength and the bonding strength were measured on a microcomputer-controlled electronic universal tester of the type CMT5105 at a test speed of 1.5mm/min for the tensile strength test and at a test speed of 1mm/min for the bonding strength test. The hardness test was carried out on an automatic microhardness measuring system of type FM-100 with a load of 300gf and a dwell time of 15 s.
As shown in table 1, the Fe content in the copper layer gradually increased with the increase of the current and voltage, and the tensile strength, bonding strength and hardness tended to increase and decrease. As shown in fig. 3, when the iron content is appropriate, austenite is dispersed in copper in the form of particles, so that the tensile strength and the bonding strength can be improved, and the reinforcing effect increases with the increase of the iron content. However, when the iron content is too high, the precipitated austenite becomes concentrated, which deteriorates the continuity of the copper matrix and lowers the tensile strength and bonding strength.
TABLE 1
Claims (8)
1. A method for manufacturing a tungsten-copper electrical contact material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) degreasing and cleaning the surface of a steel substrate material;
2) installing the flux-cored wire on a welding robot, and depositing a tungsten-copper alloy layer on the surface of a steel substrate by using an arc deposition mode;
the arc deposition mode in the step 2 comprises the following specific processes:
2-1) melting the flux-cored wire into molten drops under the action of electric arc, and uniformly dropping the molten drops on the surface of the steel substrate;
2-2) melting the surface of the steel substrate and forming a molten pool by molten drops;
2-3) cooling and solidifying the molten pool to form a tungsten-copper alloy layer.
2. The method for preparing the tungsten-copper electrical contact material according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2-3, a protective atmosphere is used for protection in the cooling process, the protective atmosphere is argon, and the gas flow is 15-20L/min.
3. The method for preparing the tungsten-copper electrical contact material according to claim 1, wherein the welding current is in a range of 100-200A, the welding voltage is 10-25V, the welding speed is 15-25 mm/min, and the oscillation amplitude is 5-10 mm.
4. The method for preparing a tungsten-copper electrical contact material according to claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the electrical contact material is 3.5-5mm, wherein the thickness of the tungsten-copper deposition layer is 2-3mm, and the thickness of the steel plate is 1.5-2 mm.
5. The method for preparing the tungsten-copper electrical contact material according to claim 1, wherein the flux core is prepared by wrapping tungsten powder by using a red copper sheet, and the granularity of the tungsten powder for preparing the flux-cored wire is 6-10 microns.
6. The electrical contact material of claim 1, wherein the tungsten-copper alloy layer comprises W25-35 wt%, Fe 4-8wt%, and the balance Cu.
7. The electrical contact material of claim 1, wherein the steel substrate has a thickness of 2 to 3 mm.
8. The tungsten-copper electrical contact material of claim 1, wherein: the steel substrate is made of low-carbon steel, and the carbon content is 0.1-0.3 wt%.
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| CN114107726A (en) * | 2021-12-06 | 2022-03-01 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司丹阳市供电分公司 | Magnesium-enhanced tungsten-copper electrical contact material and preparation method thereof |
| CN115194146A (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-10-18 | 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室) | Functional gradient layer material suitable for fusion reactor tungsten and steel connection |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114107726A (en) * | 2021-12-06 | 2022-03-01 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司丹阳市供电分公司 | Magnesium-enhanced tungsten-copper electrical contact material and preparation method thereof |
| CN114107726B (en) * | 2021-12-06 | 2022-06-24 | 国网江苏省电力有限公司丹阳市供电分公司 | Magnesium-enhanced tungsten-copper electrical contact material and preparation method thereof |
| CN115194146A (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2022-10-18 | 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室) | Functional gradient layer material suitable for fusion reactor tungsten and steel connection |
| CN115194146B (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2023-11-17 | 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室) | Functionally graded layer material suitable for fusion reactor tungsten and steel connection |
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