CN113707402B - MgB2Preparation method of superconducting solenoid coil - Google Patents
MgB2Preparation method of superconducting solenoid coil Download PDFInfo
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- CN113707402B CN113707402B CN202111009633.5A CN202111009633A CN113707402B CN 113707402 B CN113707402 B CN 113707402B CN 202111009633 A CN202111009633 A CN 202111009633A CN 113707402 B CN113707402 B CN 113707402B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
- H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing coils
- H01F41/048—Superconductive coils
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing coils
- H01F41/12—Insulating of windings
- H01F41/122—Insulating between turns or between winding layers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
Abstract
The invention discloses MgB2A method of making a superconducting solenoid coil, the method comprising: one, adopting high silica glass fiber pair MgB2The raw wire is subjected to insulation weaving to obtain insulated MgB2A wire rod; secondly, processing a coil supporting framework; thirdly, insulating MgB2Winding the wire rods on the coil supporting framework layer by layer, and reinforcing to obtain a coil prefabricated body; fourthly, obtaining MgB through heat treatment of phase formation2A superconducting coil preform; fifthly, mounting current lead connectors and respectively welding MgB2The MgB is obtained by curing the head and tail ends of the superconducting wire2A superconducting solenoid coil. The invention relates to MgB prepared by in-situ powder tube filling process2The raw wire adopts the process of winding first and then phase-forming heat treatment, thereby avoiding the brittle MgB2Destruction of superconducting phase to obtain MgB2The superconducting solenoid coil ensures the superconducting performance of the coil, and further effectively exerts MgB in the coil2Current transmission advantages of superconducting wires.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of superconducting magnets, and particularly relates to MgB2A method for preparing a superconducting solenoid coil.
Background
Magnesium diboride (MgB)2) Is a brittle metal compound similar to ceramics, and the superconductivity of the brittle metal compound is firstly discovered in 2001 by the professor Akimitsu of the university of the Qingshan college of Japan, and then causes great enthusiasm of scientists and engineers in the research fields of theoretical physics, material science and the like of all countries in the world. Through research in the last two decades, rapid technical breakthrough is made in the aspects of basic research, material preparation technology and practical application field. International companies such as Hyper tech corporation, Italy ASG corporation, Sam Dong corporation and Hitachi Japan have begun to perform MgB2CommodityProduction and sale of wire, and MgB is currently being produced2The superconducting material is successfully applied to the application fields of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Fault Current Limiters (FCL), superconducting wind power motors, superconducting transmission cables and the like. But domestic MgB2The research on superconducting materials mainly focuses on basic theory research, performance improvement and improvement, optimization of material forming technology and the like, and has a little lag in application.
From MgB2The material is also competitive in view of its intrinsic properties. MgB is superior to Bi-based, YBCO-based, copper oxide high-temperature superconductors (OHTS)2The material has many advantages: the coherence length is longer, and a pinning center is easy to introduce so as to improve the superconducting transmission performance of the magnetic field; the grain boundary has no weak connection phenomenon, and larger current can be transmitted in the polycrystalline system; the preparation process is relatively simple, the preparation flow is short, and the cost of raw materials is low. With conventional NbTi, Nb3MgB, compared to Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS) such as Sn2The material has higher superconducting critical transition temperature (T)c) The method can be applied in a liquid hydrogen temperature zone without an expensive and complicated liquid helium refrigerating system. Comprehensive analysis of MgB2The material has various characteristics, and the material is found to have obvious technical advantages when applied in a 20K temperature zone and a medium-low magnetic field, for example, the material can be prepared into a movable vehicle-mounted MRI system. The first MgB-based product was prepared by ASG of Italy2The 0.6T open MRI system of the superconducting material proves the feasibility of the material in MRI application. Wherein the source of the magnetic field is high-performance MgB2Superconducting wire and coil winding thereof. Currently, the national MgB2Great progress has been made in the preparation of long wires, and practical multicore MgB has been made by the units of the northwest institute of nonferrous metals and the west Limited corporation of superconducting materials science and technology2Reports of superconducting wires (ZL 201711039227.7; "rare metal materials and engineering" 2019,48(10):3320, 2020,49(8):2825, etc.) can prepare kilometer-scale practical multicore MgB2Superconducting wire but for MgB2Research on superconducting coils has also been less involved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention is to solveThe technical problem is to provide a MgB aiming at the defects of the prior art2A method for preparing a superconducting solenoid coil. The method is used for preparing MgB by in-situ powder tube filling process2The raw wire adopts the process of winding first and then phase-forming heat treatment, thereby avoiding the brittle MgB2Destruction of superconducting phase to obtain MgB2The superconducting solenoid coil ensures the superconducting performance of the coil, and further effectively exerts MgB in the coil2Current transmission advantages of superconducting wires.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: MgB2A method of making a superconducting solenoid coil, the method comprising the steps of:
step one, adopting high silica glass fiber pair MgB2The raw wire is insulated and woven on the MgB2Forming an insulating braid layer on the outer peripheral surface of the raw wire to obtain insulating MgB2A wire rod; the MgB2The raw wire is MgB which is prepared by adopting an in-situ powder tube filling process and is not subjected to phase heat treatment2A wire rod;
designing and processing a coil supporting framework with a central hole according to the requirements of a target product, and reserving a pair of mounting positions of current lead connectors at the end part of the coil supporting framework;
step three, the insulating MgB obtained in the step one2Tightly winding the wire on the winding column of the coil support framework obtained in the step two layer by layer along the circumferential direction, and then reinforcing to obtain a coil prefabricated body;
step four, carrying out phase-forming heat treatment on the coil prefabricated body obtained in the step three to ensure that the MgB2Production of MgB in wire2Conversion of superconducting phase into MgB2Superconducting wire to obtain MgB2A superconducting coil preform;
step five, mounting a pair of current lead connectors at the mounting positions reserved in the step two, arranging a mica insulating layer between the pair of current lead connectors and the end part of the coil supporting framework, and then soldering the MgB obtained in the step four2MgB in superconducting coil preform2Of superconducting wireWelding the head end and the tail end on a pair of current lead connectors respectively, and then carrying out curing treatment to obtain MgB2A superconducting solenoid coil.
In the first step of the invention, the high silica glass yarn with good thermal stability, good strength and toughness is used as the insulating woven material, the insulating property is good, the winding is easy, the process requirement of phase heat treatment after subsequent winding is met, and the contact and adhesion of wires are avoided; generally, the insulating braiding process is done on a braiding machine, and the thickness of the insulating braid is adjusted by the number of fiber strands of the high silica glass filaments and the running speed parameters of the braiding machine. MgB2The raw wire is MgB which is prepared by adopting an in-situ powder tube filling process and is not subjected to phase heat treatment2The preparation process of the wire is described in patent application No. 201711039227.7A multicore MgB2Method for preparing superconducting wire or 37-core MgB by in-situ powder tube-filling method2Preparation of wire and Property Studies (rare metals materials and engineering 2020,49(8):2825 and 2829), or 19-core MgB2Preparation and performance research of/NbCu/Monel wire (rare metal materials and engineering 2019,48(10): 3320-3324).
In the second step of the invention, a coil supporting framework with a central hole is added as a matrix for subsequent winding, and the generated MgB is subjected to2Supporting and protecting the superconducting wire; meanwhile, a central hole is formed in the coil supporting framework to provide a region where coil loading current is generated, a wire groove is machined in the end portion of the coil supporting framework, and a current lead installation position is reserved.
In the third step of the invention, insulating MgB is added2The wire rod is wound on a winding column of the coil supporting framework through the winding machine, specifically, the wire rod is wound from one side with a wire guide groove on the coil supporting framework, a section of wire rod is reserved at the head end to be connected with a current lead connector subsequently, then the wire rod is wound in a close-packed manner layer by layer, gaps are not left between the wire rods and between the wire rods until the number of layers is designed, and a section of wire rod is reserved at the tail end and is led out from the wire guide groove to be connected with the current lead connector. In the winding process, in order to ensure insulation MgB2The wires are closely arranged and need to be alignedA certain tension is applied, and the winding tension of 5 kg-10 kg is usually selected according to the cross section area of the wire. Meanwhile, the product MgB of the invention2MgB in superconducting solenoid coil2The current density that the superconducting wire can transmit is far greater than that of a conventional conductor, so the MgB2The superconducting solenoid coil carries a large current during operation, while the MgB2The superconducting wire is subjected to a large electromagnetic force, and thus, reinforcement is performed after winding.
The current lead connector installed in the fifth step is usually made of an oxygen-free copper material with good heat conduction and electricity conduction, is processed into an L shape, is processed with a screw hole and a wire welding hole, and is insulated and isolated by arranging a mica sheet as an insulating layer between the current lead connector and the end part of the coil supporting framework; then adopting curing treatment, filling MgB by impregnating compound2The holes among the superconducting wires avoid wire disturbance caused by current loading in the use process of the coil, and further ensure MgB2The superconducting transmission performance of the superconducting solenoid coil.
In the winding process of the third step of the invention, the MgB is usually insulated2And 5cm or more of wire rods are reserved at the head end and the tail end of the wire rod to facilitate the welding operation on the pair of current lead connectors in the step five and avoid the volatilization loss of Mg steam in the subsequent phase-forming heat treatment process.
In the preparation process of the invention, insulating MgB is carried out2MgB before and after heat treatment for phase formation of coil preform in wire winding process2The head end and the tail end of the superconducting wire are welded on the current lead joint and in the curing process, and the insulation performance of a processed object is detected respectively, so that the coil supporting framework and the wire are ensured to be in an insulation state.
Due to MgB2The superconductive phase is a brittle intermetallic compound phase and is easy to damage, and the invention firstly prepares MgB by powder tube-filling technology by an in-situ method2The raw wire surface insulating braided layer is used for ensuring the insulating property of the wire, then the raw wire surface insulating braided layer is wound on the coil supporting framework to form a solenoid coil structure, and then phase forming heat treatment is carried out, so that the MgB is formed2Production of MgB in wire2Conversion of superconducting phase into MgB2The superconducting wire is prepared by adopting a process of winding first and then reacting, and then carrying out superconducting phase-forming heat treatment after winding is finished, so that brittle MgB in the wire is formed2The superconducting core wire can not be subjected to additional stress such as bending, stretching, twisting, shearing and the like, the superconducting transmission performance of the wire is completely kept in the coil, and the direct winding of brittle MgB is avoided2Destruction of superconducting phase to obtain MgB2The superconducting solenoid coil ensures the superconducting performance of the coil, and further effectively exerts MgB in the coil2Current transmission advantages of superconducting wires.
Meanwhile, the superconducting coil is wound by a solenoid or a pancake coil, the pancake coil is generally wound by a strip, and the solenoid coil is generally wound by a round wire or a rectangular wire, so that the winding method is selected according to different wire shapes and purposes. The spiral tube coil of the invention is composed of insulating MgB2The wire is wound, and the method can be popularized and applied to other wires.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the thickness of the insulating braided layer in the step one is 0.1mm +/-0.02 mm. Usually MgB2The diameter of the raw wire is 1.0mm, and the thickness of the optimized insulating braided layer not only ensures the insulating effect, but also is beneficial to the smooth proceeding of subsequent winding, so that the obtained insulating MgB2The diameter of the wire rod is 1.2mm plus or minus 0.04 mm.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that in the step two, the coil supporting framework is in an I-shaped structure. The coil supporting framework with the I-shaped structure has stable structure and is opposite to MgB2The superconducting wire has good supporting and protecting effects and is easy to process.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the coil supporting framework in the step two is made of austenitic stainless steel. The strength of the austenitic stainless steel is high, the strength of the coil support framework processed by the austenitic stainless steel is also high, and MgB is favorably realized2The supporting and protecting functions of the superconducting wire.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the insulating MgB is prepared in the third step2The number of the wires is single. Adopts single insulated MgB without joint in the middle2The wire is wound, so that the defects of influence of resistance of a subsequently formed superconducting joint and poor mechanical property of the joint part are avoided.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the reinforcing material adopted in the step three is stainless steel wire. Insulating MgB usually after winding23-5 layers of stainless steel wires with higher strength are wound on the outer layer of the wire to form effective reinforcement protection, so that the coil preform is ensured not to deform in the subsequent phase-forming heat treatment process.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the system of the phase forming heat treatment in the step four is as follows: and (3) putting the coil preform into a heat treatment furnace, heating to 630 +/-5 ℃ under the protection of Ar gas in inert atmosphere, preserving heat for 1.5-3 h, and cooling along with the furnace. Because of the difference of the forms, the heat treatment process of the coil and the heat treatment process of the wire have larger difference, the MgB of the invention2The superconducting solenoid coil is formed by winding a layer-by-layer close-packed process, and a temperature gradient exists between wire rods in the heat treatment process if the temperature gradient is MgB2The heat treatment process of the wire cannot ensure that the core wires in the inner and outer layers of the superconducting wire are in uniform phase, so the invention preferably adopts the phase heat treatment system to ensure that the MgB on the inner and outer layers in the coil preform2The superconducting wire is uniformly heated, thereby ensuring MgB2The uniform phase formation of the superconducting phase can obtain the best superconducting transmission performance. At the same time, MgB2Compared with other high-temperature superconducting materials, the superconducting material has relatively wider reaction phase forming temperature and time window, the wire can be completely formed after heat treatment at the temperature of 630 ℃ for 1.5 hours generally, the coil preform has a longer temperature zone balancing process due to more layers, and the superconducting phase forming phase reaction process can be ensured to be completed within 3 hours.
An MgB as described above2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the curing treatment in the fifth step is carried out under the vacuum condition and adoptsEpoxy resin is used as an impregnant.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention relates to MgB prepared by in-situ powder tube filling process2The raw wire adopts the process of winding first and then phase-forming heat treatment, thereby avoiding the brittle MgB2Destruction of superconducting phase to obtain MgB2The superconducting solenoid coil ensures the superconducting performance of the coil, and further effectively exerts MgB in the coil2Current transmission advantages of superconducting wires.
2. The invention adopts the insulation weaving process and adjusts the thickness of the insulation weaving layer to ensure the insulation performance of the wire rod, thereby avoiding MgB in the winding process2The wires are contacted with each other to cause mutual adhesion in the subsequent phase-forming heat treatment process, thereby further ensuring the MgB2The superconducting transmission performance of the superconducting solenoid coil.
3. The parameters of the phase forming heat treatment process of the invention ensure that MgB is arranged at the inner layer and the outer layer of the coil preform2The superconducting wire is uniformly heated, thereby ensuring MgB2The uniform phase formation of the superconducting phase can obtain the best superconducting transmission performance.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the accompanying drawings and examples.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is MgB of the present invention2A front view of the structure of the superconducting solenoid coil.
FIG. 2 is MgB of the present invention2Structural top view of the superconducting solenoid coil.
Description of reference numerals:
1-a coil support armature; 2-central hole; 3-MgB2A superconducting wire;
4-current lead wire joint; 5-a reinforcing layer; 6-mica insulation layer.
Detailed Description
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, MgB of the present invention2The superconducting solenoid coil comprises a coil supporting framework 1 and MgB wound on the coil supporting framework 12A superconducting wire 3, a central hole 2 is arranged at the center of the coil supporting framework 1And the end of the coil supporting framework 1 is provided with a pair of current lead connectors 4, mica insulation layers 6 are arranged between the current lead connectors 4 and the end of the coil supporting framework, and the MgB is arranged2The superconducting wire 3 is provided with a reinforcing layer 5 on the outside.
Example 1
The embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, adopting high silica glass fiber to align MgB with the diameter of 1.0mm2The raw wire is insulated and woven on the MgB2Forming an insulating braid layer on the outer peripheral surface of the raw wire to obtain insulating MgB2A wire rod; the MgB2The raw wire is MgB which is prepared by adopting an in-situ powder tube filling process and is not subjected to phase heat treatment2A wire rod; the thickness of the insulating braided layer is 0.1mm +/-0.02 mm;
secondly, according to the requirements of target products, adopting austenitic stainless steel as a material, designing and processing to obtain an I-shaped structure coil supporting framework with a central hole, processing a wire guide groove at the end part of the coil supporting framework, and reserving a pair of current lead joint mounting positions at the end part of the coil supporting framework;
step three, insulating MgB obtained in the single step one2The wire rod is tightly wound on the winding column of the coil supporting framework obtained in the step two layer by layer along the circumferential direction through a winding machine, the winding is started from one side of the coil supporting framework with the wire groove, and 5cm of insulating MgB is reserved at the head end2Applying 5kg of winding tension in the winding process of the wire, and reserving 5cm of insulating MgB at the tail end after the winding is finished2Wire, then insulating MgB after winding24 layers of stainless steel wires with the diameter of 0.8mm are wound on the outer layer of the wire to be reinforced, and a coil prefabricated body is obtained;
step four, carrying out phase-forming heat treatment on the coil prefabricated body obtained in the step three to ensure that the MgB2Generation of MgB in wire2Conversion of superconducting phase into MgB2Superconducting wire to obtain MgB2A superconducting coil preform; the system of the phase forming heat treatment comprises the following steps: putting the coil preform into a heat treatment furnace, heating to 630 +/-5 ℃ under the protection of Ar gas in inert atmosphere, and preserving heat for 2.5h +/-0.5h, cooling along with the furnace;
step five, adopting fastening screws to fasten and install a pair of oxygen-free copper current lead connectors at the installation positions reserved in the step two, arranging a mica insulation layer between the pair of current lead connectors and the end part of the coil supporting framework, and then adopting a soldering process to obtain MgB in the step four2MgB in superconducting coil preform2The head and the tail of the superconducting wire are respectively welded on a pair of oxygen-free copper current lead connectors, and then the superconducting wire is soaked in epoxy resin and treated for 12 hours under the vacuum condition of 120 ℃ to obtain MgB2A superconducting solenoid coil.
The MgB prepared by the embodiment can be known by direct cooling test of a refrigerating machine2When the superconducting solenoid coil is at 4.2K temperature and the coil current is loaded to 316A, the central magnetic field strength reaches 1.5T, which shows that the MgB prepared by the invention2The superconducting solenoid coil ensures the superconducting performance of the coil, and further effectively exerts MgB in the coil2Current transmission advantages of superconducting wires.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modification, change and equivalent changes of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the invention are still within the protection scope of the technical solution of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. MgB2The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, adopting high silica glass fiber to couple MgB2The raw wire is insulated and woven on the MgB2Forming an insulating braid layer on the outer peripheral surface of the raw wire to obtain insulating MgB2A wire rod; the MgB2The raw wire is MgB which is prepared by adopting an in-situ powder tube filling process and is not subjected to phase heat treatment2A wire rod;
designing and processing a coil supporting framework with a central hole according to the requirements of a target product, and reserving a pair of mounting positions of current lead connectors at the end part of the coil supporting framework;
step three, obtaining the product in the step oneTo insulating MgB2Tightly winding the wire on the winding column of the coil support framework obtained in the step two layer by layer along the circumferential direction, and then reinforcing to obtain a coil prefabricated body;
step four, carrying out phase-forming heat treatment on the coil prefabricated body obtained in the step three to ensure that the MgB2Production of MgB in wire2Conversion of superconducting phase into MgB2Superconducting wire to obtain MgB2A superconducting coil preform;
step five, mounting a pair of current lead connectors at the mounting positions reserved in the step two, arranging a mica insulating layer between the pair of current lead connectors and the end part of the coil supporting framework, and then soldering the MgB obtained in the step four2MgB in superconducting coil preform2The head and tail ends of the superconducting wire are respectively welded on a pair of current lead connectors, and then solidification treatment is carried out to obtain MgB2A superconducting solenoid coil.
2. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the thickness of the insulating braided layer in the step one is 0.1mm +/-0.02 mm.
3. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that in the step two, the coil supporting framework is in an I-shaped structure.
4. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the coil supporting framework in the step two is made of austenitic stainless steel.
5. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the insulating MgB is prepared in the third step2The number of the wires is single.
6. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the reinforcing material adopted in the step three is stainless steel wire.
7. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the system of the phase forming heat treatment in the step four is as follows: and (3) putting the coil preform into a heat treatment furnace, heating to 630 +/-5 ℃ under the protection of Ar gas in inert atmosphere, preserving heat for 1.5-3 h, and cooling along with the furnace.
8. MgB according to claim 12The preparation method of the superconducting solenoid coil is characterized in that the curing treatment in the step five is carried out under vacuum conditions, and epoxy resin is adopted as an impregnant.
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