CN113302343B - 滑动构件 - Google Patents
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- CN113302343B CN113302343B CN201980089551.0A CN201980089551A CN113302343B CN 113302343 B CN113302343 B CN 113302343B CN 201980089551 A CN201980089551 A CN 201980089551A CN 113302343 B CN113302343 B CN 113302343B
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001152 Bi alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001245 Sb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910017932 Cu—Sb Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 3
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003405 preventing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
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Abstract
本发明提供一种能够降低覆盖层中的Cu‑Sb化合物的生成和层间的剥离的产生的可能性的技术。本发明的滑动构件是具备由Bi和Sb的合金镀敷覆膜形成的覆盖层的滑动构件,所述滑动构件具备:衬层,其由Al合金形成;第一中间层,其以Cu为主成分并层叠于衬层上;以及第二中间层,其以Ag为主成分并将所述第一中间层与所述覆盖层接合。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具备Bi和Sb的合金镀敷覆膜的覆盖层的滑动构件。
背景技术
已知具备由Bi的包覆层和Ag的中间层构成的覆盖层的滑动构件(参照专利文献1)。在专利文献1中,通过对中间层中的Ag的晶粒的尺寸进行调整,使覆盖层的层间的密接性提高。进一步地,通过对包覆层中的Bi的晶粒的尺寸进行调整,使覆盖层的层间的密接性和耐疲劳性提高。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开第3693256号
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
然而,在专利文献1中,在由Al合金形成轴承合金层的情况下,存在Al合金的轴承合金层与Ag的中间层之间产生剥离的问题。这是因为Al合金与Ag的镀敷皮膜之间的密接性较差。
进一步地,如专利文献1那样,若采用在覆盖层中Cu和Sb并存的构成,则在覆盖层中形成Cu-Sb化合物,存在该Cu-Sb化合物使耐疲劳性变差的问题。
本发明是鉴于上述问题而完成的,其目的在于提供一种能够降低覆盖层中的Cu-Sb化合物的生成和层间的剥离的产生的可能性的技术。
用于解决问题的手段
为了实现上述目的,本发明的滑动构件是具备由Bi和Sb的合金镀敷覆膜形成的覆盖层的滑动构件,所述滑动构件具备:衬层,其由Al合金形成;第一中间层,其以Cu为主成分并层叠于衬层上;以及第二中间层,其以Ag为主成分并将第一中间层与所述覆盖层接合。
在上述的构成中,覆盖层不仅含有软质的Bi,还含有硬质的Sb,因此能够通过硬质的Sb提高耐疲劳性、耐磨损性。在此,Cu具有比Bi更容易向Sb扩散的性质。若使覆盖层中的Sb的平均浓度越高(例如3质量%以上),则产生从第一中间层扩散到覆盖层中的Cu使耐疲劳性降低的可能性。
与此相对,通过使成为Cu的扩散势垒的以Ag为主成分的第二中间层介于第一中间层与覆盖层之间,能够减少从以Cu为主成分的第一中间层向覆盖层扩散的Cu的量,能够降低使耐疲劳性降低的可能性。另外,通过使以Cu为主成分的第一中间层介于以Ag为主成分的第二中间层与由Al合金形成的衬层之间,能够降低发生第二中间层与衬层之间的层间的剥离的可能性。
附图说明
图1是本发明的实施方式所涉及的滑动构件的立体图。
图2是滑动构件的剖面示意图。
图3是疲劳试验的说明图。
具体实施方式
在此,按照下述顺序对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
(1)第一实施方式:
(1-1)滑动构件的构成:
(1-2)滑动构件的制造方法:
(2)实验结果:
(3)其他实施方式:
(1)第一实施方式:
(1-1)滑动构件的构成:
图1是本发明的一个实施方式所涉及的滑动构件1的立体图。滑动构件1包括里衬金属10、衬层11、中间层12和覆盖层13。滑动构件1是将中空状的圆筒沿直径方向二等分而成的对开形状的金属构件,截面为半圆弧状。通过将两个滑动构件1组合为圆筒状,由此形成滑动轴承A。滑动轴承A在形成于内部的中空部分对圆柱状的对象轴2(发动机的曲轴)进行轴承支承。对象轴2的外径形成为比滑动轴承A的内径略小。向形成于对象轴2的外周面与滑动轴承A的内周面之间的间隙供给润滑油(发动机油)。此时,对象轴2的外周面在滑动轴承A的内周面上滑动。
图2是滑动构件1的剖面示意图。滑动构件1具有按照距曲率中心从远到近的顺序依次层叠有里衬金属10、衬层11、中间层12和覆盖层13的构造。因而,里衬金属10构成滑动构件1的最外层,覆盖层13构成滑动构件1的最内层。里衬金属10、衬层11、中间层12和覆盖层13分别在圆周方向上具有大致恒定的厚度。里衬金属10的厚度为1.8mm,衬层11的厚度为0.2mm,中间层12的厚度为6.0μm,覆盖层13的厚度为15μm。覆盖层13的曲率中心侧的表面的半径的2倍(滑动构件1的内径)为40mm。滑动轴承A的宽度为20mm。以下,内侧是指滑动构件1的曲率中心侧,外侧是指与滑动构件1的曲率中心相反的一侧。覆盖层13的内侧的表面构成对象轴2的滑动面。
里衬金属10由含有0.15质量%的C、含有0.06质量%的Mn、余量由Fe构成的低碳钢形成。此外,里衬金属10只要由能够经由衬层11和覆盖层13对来自对象轴2的载荷进行支承的材料形成即可,也可以不必由低碳钢形成。
衬层11是层叠于里衬金属10的内侧的层。衬层11由Al合金形成,含有7质量%的Sn、3质量%的Si,余量由Al和不可避免的杂质构成。衬层11的不可避免的杂质是Mg、Ti、B、Pb、Cr等,是在精炼或废料中混入的杂质。衬层11中的不可避免的杂质的含量整体为0.5质量%以下。衬层11只要由以Al为主成分的Al合金形成即可,Al合金的组成没有特别限定。
中间层12由第一中间层12A和第二中间层12B构成。第一中间层12A以Cu为主成分,层叠在衬层11上。第二中间层12B以Ag为主成分,将第一中间层12A与覆盖层13接合。在本实施方式中,第一中间层12A由纯Ag形成,第二中间层12B由纯Cu形成。中间层12中的不可避免的杂质的含量整体为0.5质量%以下。第一中间层12A的厚度为1μm,第二中间层12B的厚度为5μm。
覆盖层13是层叠在中间层12的内侧的表面上的层。覆盖层13是Bi和Sb的合金镀敷覆膜。另外,覆盖层13由Bi、Sb和不可避免的杂质构成。覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为5.5质量%,余量由Bi和不可避免的杂质构成。覆盖层13中的Sb的浓度使用电子射线显微分析仪(日本电子制造的JMS-6610A),通过能量色散型X射线光谱法进行测量。覆盖层13中的不可避免的杂质的含量整体为0.5质量%以下。
制作与以上说明的滑动构件1同样地形成的疲劳试验片(连杆R)并对疲劳试验后的疲劳面积率进行测量,疲劳面积率为4%,是良好的。连杆R的内径为40mm,宽度为20mm。
疲劳面积率按照以下的步骤进行测量。图3是滑动试验机的说明图。首先,如图3所示,准备在长度方向的两端形成有圆柱状的贯通孔的连杆R,通过一端的贯通孔对试验轴H(阴影线)进行轴承支承。
此外,在连杆R的贯通孔中装配滑动构件1(黑色)并对试验轴H进行轴承支承。在试验轴H的轴向上的连杆R的两外侧对试验轴H进行轴承支承,以滑动速度为7m/秒的方式使试验轴H旋转。滑动速度是覆盖层13的表面与试验轴H之间的相对速度。将与试验轴H相反的一侧的连杆R的端部与在连杆R的长度方向上往复移动的移动体F连结,将该移动体F的往复载荷设为90MPa。另外,向装配于连杆R的滑动构件1与试验轴H之间供给约140℃的发动机油。
通过使以上的状态持续50小时,由此进行覆盖层13的疲劳试验。然后,在疲劳试验后,对覆盖层13的内侧的表面(滑动面),从与该表面正交的直线上的位置以将该直线作为主光轴的方式进行拍摄,得到作为该拍摄到的图像的评价图像。然后,通过双目镜(放大镜)观察并确定评价图像中映出的覆盖层13的表面中的损伤的部分,将该损伤的部分的面积即损伤部面积除以评价图像中映出的覆盖层13的表面整体的面积而得到的值的百分率作为疲劳面积率进行测量。
另外,制作与本实施方式的滑动构件1同样地形成的磨损试验片(连杆R),并对磨损试验后的磨损量进行测量,磨损量为0.7mm3,是良好的。磨损试验也通过图3的滑动试验机进行。在磨损试验中,以10小时(1800个循环)持续进行如下操作:交替地重复以10秒钟滑动速度为3m/秒的状态、和以10秒钟滑动速度为0m/秒的状态。将移动体F的往复载荷设为3kPa。另外,向装配于连杆R的滑动构件1与试验轴H之间供给约100℃的发动机油。连杆R的内径为50mm,宽度为20mm。
在对以上说明的疲劳试验后和磨损试验后的试验片进行观察时,衬层11、第一中间层12A、第二中间层12B和覆盖层13之间的镀敷密接性良好。镀敷密接性良好是指第一中间层12A、第二中间层12B和覆盖层13均未剥离。
在以上说明的本实施方式中,覆盖层13不仅含有软质的Bi,还含有硬质的Sb,因此能够通过硬质的Sb提高耐疲劳性、耐磨损性。在此,Cu具有比Bi更容易向Sb扩散的性质。若使覆盖层13中的Sb的平均浓度越高(例如3质量%以上),则产生从第一中间层12A向覆盖层13扩散的Cu使耐疲劳性降低的可能性。
与此相对,通过使成为Cu的扩散势垒的以Ag为主成分的第二中间层12B介于第一中间层12A与覆盖层13之间,能够减少从以Cu为主成分的第一中间层12A向覆盖层13扩散的Cu的量,能够降低使耐疲劳性降低的可能性。另外,通过使以Cu为主成分的第一中间层12A介于以Ag为主成分的第二中间层12B与由Al合金形成的衬层11之间,能够降低发生第二中间层12B与衬层11之间的层间的剥离的可能性。
(1-2)滑动构件的制造方法:
首先,将衬层11的熔融材料注入铸模,从该铸模的开口将衬层11的熔融材料向铸造方向拉拔,由此形成衬层11的连续铸造板。接着,将衬层11的连续铸造板冷轧至衬层11的厚度。进一步地,也一并对里衬金属10的低碳钢板(市售品)进行冷轧,由此在中间层12的Al合金板侧压接里衬金属10的低碳钢板。通过以上操作,形成衬层11的连续铸造板与里衬金属10的低碳钢板压接而成的滑动构件1的轧制板。
接着,将滑动构件1的轧制板按规定的大小切断。规定的大小是指通过进行后述的机械加工而能够形成滑动构件1的大小,是由安装滑动构件1的连杆R的形状决定的大小。进一步地,通过对切断后的滑动构件1的轧制板进行冲压加工,形成对开形状。
接着,在衬层11的表面上通过电镀层叠1μm的厚度的Cu,由此形成第一中间层12A。接着,在第一中间层12A的表面上通过电镀层叠5μm的厚度的Ag,由此形成第二中间层12B。
接着,在第二中间层12B的表面上通过电镀层叠15μm的厚度的Bi-Sb,由此形成覆盖层13。电镀的步骤如下所述。首先,对第二中间层12B的表面进行水洗。进一步地,通过对第二中间层12B的表面进行酸洗,从第二中间层12B的表面去除不需要的氧化物。之后,对第二中间层12B的表面再次进行水洗。
若以上的预处理完成,则通过向浸渍于镀浴的衬层11供给电流来进行电镀。设为含有甲磺酸:150g/L、Bi离子:30g/L、Sb离子:1g/L和有机系表面活性剂:25g/L的镀浴的浴组成。将镀浴的浴温度设为30℃。进一步地,将向衬层11供给的电流设为直流电流,将其电流密度设为3A/dm2。
如上所述,在进行电镀后,进行水洗和干燥。由此,完成滑动构件1。进一步地,通过将两个滑动构件1组合成圆筒状,由此形成滑动轴承A,并将其安装于发动机。
(2)实验结果:
表1是对本发明的实施例1~6和比较例7~14的构成进行比较的表。实施例1~6和比较例7~14的试验片是使覆盖层13中的Sb的含量、第一中间层12A和第二中间层12B的厚度产生变化的滑动构件1。
针对实施例1~6和比较例7~14,通过上述方法对磨损量和疲劳面积率进行测量。第一实施方式相当于实施例2。在实施例1~6中,耐磨损性、耐疲劳性和镀敷密接性均很良好。在比较例1~6中,耐磨损性、耐疲劳性和镀敷密接性中的任一者不良好。此外,耐磨损性良好是指磨损量为1.0mm3以下,耐疲劳性良好是指疲劳面积率为10%以下。
如表1所示,在比较例13、14中,镀敷密接性不良好。这是因为,在比较例13、14中,第一中间层12A的厚度为0μm、0.1μm,第一中间层12A的厚度不足。另一方面,在第一中间层12A的厚度为0.3μm的实施例6中,镀敷密接性良好。能够确认通过将第一中间层12A的厚度设为0.3μm以上,镀敷密接性变得良好。
在比较例9、12中,耐疲劳性不良好。这是因为,在比较例9、12中,第二中间层12B的厚度为0μm、1μm,第二中间层12B的厚度不足。另一方面,在第二中间层12B的厚度为3μm的实施例5中,耐疲劳性良好。
表2是表示在热处理的前后对覆盖层13中的Cu的扩散浓度进行测量而得到的结果的表。实施例A是将厚度为2μm的纯Ag的第二中间层12B层叠在Cu的基底上的例子。实施例B是将厚度为2μm的Ag-Sn的第二中间层12B层叠在Cu的基底上的例子。比较例C是省略了第二中间层12B、且在Cu的基底上直接层叠覆盖层13的例子。在实施例A、B和比较例C中,覆盖层13中的Sn的含量为5质量%。另外,热处理通过在150℃的大气中保持50小时来进行。
如表2所示,在将覆盖层13直接层叠在Cu的基底上的比较例C中,距离覆盖层13的下界面的距离越短的测定部位,热处理后的Cu的浓度越大。这是因为在热处理中Cu从基底向覆盖层13扩散。另一方面,能够确认,通过如实施例A、B那样将由纯Ag或Ag-Sn形成的第二中间层12B的厚度设为2μm以上,能够充分发挥第二中间层12B对覆盖层13的Cu的扩散防止效果。
另外,在表1的比较例7、8中,耐磨损性和耐疲劳性均不良好。这是因为,在比较例7、8中,覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为0质量%、2.1质量%,硬质的Sb的含量不足。另一方面,能够确认,在覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为3质量%的实施例1中,耐磨损性和耐疲劳性均很良好。通过使覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为3质量%以上,能够对覆盖层13进行强化,使耐磨损性和耐疲劳性变得良好。
进一步地,在比较例10、11中,耐疲劳性不良好。这是因为,覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为11.5质量%、13.7质量%,由于过剩的Sb而使覆盖层13的镀敷皮膜的品质降低。另一方面,在覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为10质量%的实施例4中,耐磨损性和耐疲劳性均很良好。能够确认,通过使覆盖层13中的Sb的含量为10质量%以下,能够维持覆盖层13的镀敷皮膜的品质,使耐磨损性和耐疲劳性变得良好。
(3)其他实施方式:
在上述实施方式中,举例示出了构成对发动机的曲轴进行轴承支承的滑动轴承A的滑动构件1,但也可以利用本发明的滑动构件1形成其他用途的滑动轴承A。例如,也可以利用本发明的滑动构件1形成变速器用的齿轮衬套、活塞销衬套、轮毂衬套等向心轴承。进一步地,本发明的滑动构件可以是推力轴承,也可以是各种垫圈,还可以是汽车空调压缩机用的斜板。另外,衬层11的基体不限于Cu合金,根据对象轴2的硬度来选择基体的材料即可。另外,里衬金属10不是必须的,也可以省略。
附图标记说明
1:滑动构件;2:对象轴;10:里衬金属;11:衬层;12:中间层;12A:第一中间层;12B:第二中间层;13:覆盖层;A:滑动轴承;F:移动体;H:试验轴;R:连杆。
Claims (2)
1.一种滑动构件,其是具备由Bi和Sb的合金镀敷覆膜形成的覆盖层的滑动构件,其特征在于,
所述滑动构件具备:
衬层,其由Al合金形成;
第一中间层,其以Cu为主成分并层叠于所述衬层上;以及
第二中间层,其以Ag为主成分并将所述第一中间层与所述覆盖层接合,
所述第一中间层的厚度为0.3μm以上,
所述第二中间层的厚度为2μm以上且小于5μm,
所述覆盖层中的Sb的含量为3质量%以上且10质量%以下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动构件,其特征在于,
所述第二中间层由纯Ag或Ag-Sn形成。
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