CN113273454A - Winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method - Google Patents
Winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113273454A CN113273454A CN202110316098.1A CN202110316098A CN113273454A CN 113273454 A CN113273454 A CN 113273454A CN 202110316098 A CN202110316098 A CN 202110316098A CN 113273454 A CN113273454 A CN 113273454A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
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- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method, which comprises the following steps: firstly, seed selection: selecting a low-temperature-resistant and soft rot-resistant early-maturing variety with a growth period of 50-60 days, soaking the Chinese cabbage seeds in water at 30 ℃ for 25-30 minutes, and draining off water for later use; secondly, seedling culture: uniformly distributing seedling culture media with the thickness of 10-20 cm in a seedling culture plate, uniformly spreading the drained seeds of the Chinese cabbages on the seedling culture plate, covering the seedling culture media with the thickness of 1cm after sowing, uniformly distributing a plurality of grid plates with the same size in the seedling culture plate, and watering thoroughly; thirdly, determining the sowing time: selecting the time of one week before and after the eighty-five month of the lunar calendar; fourthly, seedling management: the germination needs 3-4 days, the proper temperature is 20-25 ℃, and the germination is finished. The invention reduces the using amount of pesticide, reduces the pollution to the environment, leads the vegetable production to be more efficient, high-quality and safe, has stronger residue removing effect on the vegetables and the heavy metal of the soil by the pesticide residue purificant, and also has improvement effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of Chinese cabbage planting, in particular to a winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method.
Background
Chinese cabbage is native to northern China, is a leaf vegetable of Brassica of Brassicaceae, and is commonly referred to as Chinese cabbage; also included are pakchoi and head cabbage, i.e. "cabbage" or "cabbage", which is a cultivar of cabbage. The seeds are introduced to the south and cultivated in the south and the north. The nineteenth century was introduced into Japan, Europe and America. The Chinese cabbage is of various types, and the northern Chinese cabbage includes Shandong Jiaozhou Chinese cabbage, Beijing Qingbai, Tianjin Qingma leaf Chinese cabbage, northeast dwarf Chinese cabbage, and rough selvedge of Shanxi Yangcheng. The Chinese cabbage is an important vegetable indispensable to the life of people, has delicious taste and rich nutrition, is a good name of 'king of vegetables', and is popular with the masses. Evolved from a brassica. Tender leaves, rosette leaves or flower stalks are used for eating. The cultivation area and the consumption are the first of all kinds of vegetables in China.
The winter storage type Chinese cabbage is a vegetable variety traditionally planted in autumn in Beijing, and according to incomplete statistics, the total seeding area of the Chinese cabbage planted in Beijing in the autumn of 2015 is about 6.18 ten thousand mu, so that the winter storage type Chinese cabbage is a vegetable crop with the largest planting area in the open field of Beijing. With the increase of the centralized area of suburb land circulation, the aggravation of rural labor force aging and the rapid rise of labor cost, the demand for the mechanized production of open-field vegetables is further increased. In addition, the Beijing area is short of water resources for a long time, and the development of water-saving and efficient urban agriculture is urgently needed.
The Chinese cabbages are suitable for climates which are fond of warm and cool, belong to semi-cold resistant plants, are storage-resistant, can be stored and eaten after being cultivated in open fields in autumn and the spring of the next year, but the condition of yield reduction is caused by improper large-area planting and management, so that a lot of loss is brought. Therefore, the improvement is made, and a mechanized production method of the winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a mechanized production method of winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, seed selection: selecting a low-temperature-resistant and soft rot-resistant early-maturing variety with a growth period of 50-60 days, soaking the Chinese cabbage seeds in water at 30 ℃ for 25-30 minutes, and draining off water for later use;
secondly, seedling culture: uniformly distributing seedling culture media with the thickness of 10-20 cm in a seedling culture plate, uniformly spreading the drained seeds of the Chinese cabbages on the seedling culture plate, covering the seedling culture media with the thickness of 1cm after sowing, uniformly distributing a plurality of grid plates with the same size in the seedling culture plate, and watering thoroughly;
thirdly, determining the sowing time: selecting the time of one week before and after the eighty-five month of the lunar calendar;
fourthly, seedling management: the germination needs 3-4 days, the proper temperature is 20-25 ℃, sufficient water needs to be supplemented after the germination, when the surface of a seedling culture substrate is white, the water needs to be supplemented, the mixed liquid of an imported compound fertilizer of thirteen yuan of urea is applied for 3 times in a spraying mode during the seedling culture period, the mixed liquid is applied once every 7 days, the concentration of 0.6% is used for the first time, and the concentration of 1% is used for the second time; transplanting when the seedling age reaches 28-30 days and 4-5 true leaves exist;
fifthly, transplanting: after a planting ditch is dug, applying an organic fertilizer, selecting seedlings with the seedling age of about 30 days, planting the seedlings with soil, wherein the suitable temperature is 22-25 ℃, the temperature in the early autumn is high, the water in the soil is quickly evaporated, the seedlings need to be watered regularly with little water, the soil is kept moist, thinning is carried out for the 1 st time when 2-3 leaves of the seedlings are planted, and 3-4 seedlings are left in each hole; thinning for the 2 nd time when 5-6 leaves exist, and reserving 2-3 seedlings in each hole; setting seedlings when 8-9 leaves are planted, reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling in each hole, reserving 2500-2600 strong seedlings per mu, and timely intertilling and weeding;
sixthly, field management: fertilizing decomposed farmyard manure 500 kg in fine and whole land per mu of land, wherein 40M of seedling growing land is needed in each mu of land, installing an arched shed on each ridge platform, covering a white film on the surface of the arched shed, arranging a large arched shed on each small arched shed of 20 ridges, and covering the white film on the large arched shed;
seventhly, pest management: biologically preventing and controlling artificial propagation, releasing and introducing predatory natural enemies; in addition, various polyhedrosis viruses of bacillus thuringiensis can be used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and medicines can be coordinately used for preventing and treating; plant preparations, vinegar and other substances are used for preventing and treating fungal diseases of vegetables; rotenone, pyrethrins of plant origin, emulsified vegetable oils and diatomaceous earth can be used with limited success to kill pests;
eighthly, collecting and storing: and (3) binding leaves 10-15 days before harvesting, stopping watering 5-7 days before harvesting, airing, trimming, stacking in a shade place, and storing when the temperature is reduced to the suitable storage temperature of 1-2 ℃.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the seedling substrate comprises the following dry materials in parts by weight: 50-65 parts of straw; 25-35 parts of chicken manure; 1:1 of seedling culture substrate peat perlite; 15 parts of soybean meal, plant ash, biogas slurry and mineral fertilizer.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, during seedling culture, the volume of each small lattice plate in the seedling culture plate is 100ml, the specification of the seedling culture plate is 50 x 80cm, and 4 rows of seedling culture plates can be placed side by side on each ridge; the bottom of each small lattice plate of the seedling-raising plate is provided with a bottom hole.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, after the seedlings are transplanted, watering and fertilizing are required to be combined in the rosette stage, 10kg of urea and 8kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu, water and fertilizer are required to be increased in the nodulation stage, the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is required to be applied, and 15kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with watering.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, during insect pest management, the medicament can be selected from bisultap, chlorfenapyr, phoxim, dichlorvos, Shengshifeng fungicide No. 1, ridiomol, green coppery and OS-Shiteling.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the mechanical production method of the winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage, through the mechanical management method, workers can conveniently work according to the steps, large errors and errors are not prone to occurring, and the working efficiency can be improved. The method is reasonable, convenient to implement and convenient to operate; the labor force is greatly saved, the planting cost of the organic Chinese cabbages is reduced, the quality of the Chinese cabbages is improved, the benefit of planting the Chinese cabbages is enhanced, the disease resistance and the insect resistance of the Chinese cabbages are enhanced, the purposes of high yield and high quality are achieved, and the popularization value is high;
the invention reduces the using amount of pesticide, reduces the pollution to the environment, leads the vegetable production to be more efficient, high-quality and safe, has stronger residue removing effect on vegetables and soil heavy metal by pesticide residue purificant, also improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, adopts the seedling culture method combining a greenhouse and a small arched shed, leads the whole seedling period of the Chinese cabbage to grow in a constant temperature environment, and improves the yield and the quality.
Detailed Description
The description is given in conjunction with the embodiments, it being understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are only for illustrating and explaining the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention.
Example (b): the invention relates to a mechanized production method of winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, seed selection: selecting a low-temperature-resistant and soft rot-resistant early-maturing variety with a growth period of 50-60 days, soaking the Chinese cabbage seeds in water at 30 ℃ for 25-30 minutes, and draining off water for later use;
secondly, seedling culture: uniformly distributing seedling culture media with the thickness of 10-20 cm in a seedling culture plate, uniformly spreading the drained seeds of the Chinese cabbages on the seedling culture plate, covering the seedling culture media with the thickness of 1cm after sowing, uniformly distributing a plurality of grid plates with the same size in the seedling culture plate, and watering thoroughly;
thirdly, determining the sowing time: selecting the time of one week before and after the eighty-five month of the lunar calendar;
fourthly, seedling management: the germination needs 3-4 days, the proper temperature is 20-25 ℃, sufficient water needs to be supplemented after the germination, when the surface of a seedling culture substrate is white, the water needs to be supplemented, the mixed liquid of an imported compound fertilizer of thirteen yuan of urea is applied for 3 times in a spraying mode during the seedling culture period, the mixed liquid is applied once every 7 days, the concentration of 0.6% is used for the first time, and the concentration of 1% is used for the second time; transplanting when the seedling age reaches 28-30 days and 4-5 true leaves exist;
fifthly, transplanting: after a planting ditch is dug, applying an organic fertilizer, selecting seedlings with the seedling age of about 30 days, planting the seedlings with soil, wherein the suitable temperature is 22-25 ℃, the temperature in the early autumn is high, the water in the soil is quickly evaporated, the seedlings need to be watered regularly with little water, the soil is kept moist, thinning is carried out for the 1 st time when 2-3 leaves of the seedlings are planted, and 3-4 seedlings are left in each hole; thinning for the 2 nd time when 5-6 leaves exist, and reserving 2-3 seedlings in each hole; setting seedlings when 8-9 leaves are planted, reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling in each hole, reserving 2500-2600 strong seedlings per mu, and timely intertilling and weeding;
sixthly, field management: fertilizing decomposed farmyard manure 500 kg in fine and whole land per mu of land, wherein 40M of seedling growing land is needed in each mu of land, installing an arched shed on each ridge platform, covering a white film on the surface of the arched shed, arranging a large arched shed on each small arched shed of 20 ridges, and covering the white film on the large arched shed;
seventhly, pest management: biologically preventing and controlling artificial propagation, releasing and introducing predatory natural enemies; in addition, various polyhedrosis viruses of bacillus thuringiensis can be used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and medicines can be coordinately used for preventing and treating; plant preparations, vinegar and other substances are used for preventing and treating fungal diseases of vegetables; rotenone, pyrethrins of plant origin, emulsified vegetable oils and diatomaceous earth can be used with limited success to kill pests;
eighthly, collecting and storing: and (3) binding leaves 10-15 days before harvesting, stopping watering 5-7 days before harvesting, airing, trimming, stacking in a shade place, and storing when the temperature is reduced to the suitable storage temperature of 1-2 ℃.
The seedling culture substrate comprises the following dry materials in parts by weight: 50-65 parts of straw; 25-35 parts of chicken manure; 1:1 of seedling culture substrate peat perlite; 15 parts of soybean meal, plant ash, biogas slurry and mineral fertilizer.
When in seedling culture, the volume of each small lattice plate in the seedling culture plate is 100ml, the specification of the seedling culture plate is 50 multiplied by 80cm, and 4 rows of seedling culture plates can be placed side by side on each ridge; the bottom of each small lattice plate of the seedling-raising plate is provided with a bottom hole.
After the seedlings are transplanted, watering and fertilizing are combined, 10kg of urea and 8kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in a lotus-seat period, water and fertilizer are increased in a nodulation period, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is additionally applied, and 15kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are additionally applied to each mu in combination with watering.
Wherein, when managing insect pest, the pesticide can be selected from bisultap, chlorfenapyr, phoxim, dichlorvos, prosperous and rich bactericide No. 1, Radomil, green copper, OS-Shiteling.
According to the mechanical production method of the winter storage type open-field Chinese cabbage, through the mechanical management method, workers can conveniently work according to the steps, large errors and errors are not prone to occurring, and the working efficiency can be improved. The method is reasonable, convenient to implement and convenient to operate; the labor force is greatly saved, the planting cost of the organic Chinese cabbages is reduced, the quality of the Chinese cabbages is improved, the benefit of planting the Chinese cabbages is enhanced, the disease resistance and the insect resistance of the Chinese cabbages are enhanced, the purposes of high yield and high quality are achieved, and the popularization value is high;
the invention reduces the using amount of pesticide, reduces the pollution to the environment, leads the vegetable production to be more efficient, high-quality and safe, has stronger residue removing effect on vegetables and soil heavy metal by pesticide residue purificant, also improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, adopts the seedling culture method combining a greenhouse and a small arched shed, leads the whole seedling period of the Chinese cabbage to grow in a constant temperature environment, and improves the yield and the quality.
In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "disposed," "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly and may, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made in the embodiments and/or equivalents thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage mechanized production method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, seed selection: selecting a low-temperature-resistant and soft rot-resistant early-maturing variety with a growth period of 50-60 days, soaking the Chinese cabbage seeds in water at 30 ℃ for 25-30 minutes, and draining off water for later use;
secondly, seedling culture: uniformly distributing seedling culture media with the thickness of 10-20 cm in a seedling culture plate, uniformly spreading the drained seeds of the Chinese cabbages on the seedling culture plate, covering the seedling culture media with the thickness of 1cm after sowing, uniformly distributing a plurality of grid plates with the same size in the seedling culture plate, and watering thoroughly;
thirdly, determining the sowing time: selecting the time of one week before and after the eighty-five month of the lunar calendar;
fourthly, seedling management: the germination needs 3-4 days, the proper temperature is 20-25 ℃, sufficient water needs to be supplemented after the germination, when the surface of a seedling culture substrate is white, the water needs to be supplemented, the mixed liquid of an imported compound fertilizer of thirteen yuan of urea is applied for 3 times in a spraying mode during the seedling culture period, the mixed liquid is applied once every 7 days, the concentration of 0.6% is used for the first time, and the concentration of 1% is used for the second time; transplanting when the seedling age reaches 28-30 days and 4-5 true leaves exist;
fifthly, transplanting: after a planting ditch is dug, applying an organic fertilizer, selecting seedlings with the seedling age of about 30 days, planting the seedlings with soil, wherein the suitable temperature is 22-25 ℃, the temperature in the early autumn is high, the water in the soil is quickly evaporated, the seedlings need to be watered regularly with little water, the soil is kept moist, thinning is carried out for the 1 st time when 2-3 leaves of the seedlings are planted, and 3-4 seedlings are left in each hole; thinning for the 2 nd time when 5-6 leaves exist, and reserving 2-3 seedlings in each hole; setting seedlings when 8-9 leaves are planted, reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling in each hole, reserving 2500-2600 strong seedlings per mu, and timely intertilling and weeding;
sixthly, field management: fertilizing decomposed farmyard manure 500 kg in fine and whole land per mu of land, wherein 40M of seedling growing land is needed in each mu of land, installing an arched shed on each ridge platform, covering a white film on the surface of the arched shed, arranging a large arched shed on each small arched shed of 20 ridges, and covering the white film on the large arched shed;
seventhly, pest management: biologically preventing and controlling artificial propagation, releasing and introducing predatory natural enemies; in addition, various polyhedrosis viruses of bacillus thuringiensis can be used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and medicines can be coordinately used for preventing and treating; plant preparations, vinegar and other substances are used for preventing and treating fungal diseases of vegetables; rotenone, pyrethrins of plant origin, emulsified vegetable oils and diatomaceous earth can be used with limited success to kill pests;
eighthly, collecting and storing: and (3) binding leaves 10-15 days before harvesting, stopping watering 5-7 days before harvesting, airing, trimming, stacking in a shade place, and storing when the temperature is reduced to the suitable storage temperature of 1-2 ℃.
2. The mechanized production method of winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage according to claim 1, wherein the seedling substrate comprises the following dry materials in parts by weight: 50-65 parts of straw; 25-35 parts of chicken manure; 1:1 of seedling culture substrate peat perlite; 15 parts of soybean meal, plant ash, biogas slurry and mineral fertilizer.
3. The mechanized production method of winter storage type open field Chinese cabbage according to claim 1, wherein during seedling cultivation, the volume of each small lattice plate in a seedling cultivation plate is 100ml, the specification of the seedling cultivation plate is 50 x 80cm, and 4 rows of seedling cultivation plates can be placed side by side on each ridge; the bottom of each small lattice plate of the seedling-raising plate is provided with a bottom hole.
4. The mechanized production method of Chinese cabbage in winter storage type open field according to claim 1, wherein after transplanting the seedlings, watering and fertilizing are needed in a lotus seedpod stage, 10kg of urea and 8kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu, water and fertilizer are needed to be added in a balling stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are needed to be added, and 15kg of urea and potassium sulfate are applied per mu in combination with watering.
5. The mechanized production method of Chinese cabbage of winter storage type open field according to claim 1, wherein during pest management, pesticides can be selected from bisultap, chlorfenapyr, phoxim, dichlorvos, shengyibofeng 1#, ridiom, coppery, OS-sterling.
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