CN113155347A - Bolt pretightening force loading method - Google Patents
Bolt pretightening force loading method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113155347A CN113155347A CN202110280893.XA CN202110280893A CN113155347A CN 113155347 A CN113155347 A CN 113155347A CN 202110280893 A CN202110280893 A CN 202110280893A CN 113155347 A CN113155347 A CN 113155347A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/24—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for determining value of torque or twisting moment for tightening a nut or other member which is similarly stressed
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D17/00—Control of torque; Control of mechanical power
- G05D17/02—Control of torque; Control of mechanical power characterised by the use of electric means
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Abstract
The invention discloses a bolt pretightening force loading method, which comprises the following steps: s1, obtaining the pre-tightening force F of the joint point by using a tool boltb(ii) a S2, acquiring a loading rotation angle delta alpha; s3, acquiring a joint point corner A1 by using a working bolt; and S4, rotating the working bolt by delta alpha degrees to finish loading. The invention weakens the nonlinear influence of the torsion-tension relationship caused by uncertain friction coefficient in the traditional torque method or torque-angle method loading, so that the target pretightening force has higher control precision and better loading consistency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bolt assembly, in particular to a bolt pretightening force loading method.
Background
Bolt connection cooperation is a common connection mode in the technical field of assembly; the bolt pretightening force is the pretightening force generated between the bolt and the connected piece along the axial lead direction of the bolt under the action of the tightening torque in the bolt screwing process. For a specific bolt, the pre-tightening force is related to the tightening torque of the bolt, the friction energy consumption between the thread pairs and the friction energy consumption between the screwing nut and the supporting surface of the connected piece.
The control of the pretightening force of the bolt can improve the reliability and the anti-loosening capability of bolt connection and the fatigue strength of the bolt, and enhance the tightness and the rigidity of the connection. In fact, a great deal of experimentation and use experience has shown that a higher pre-load is beneficial to the reliability of the connection and to the lifetime of the connection, especially necessary for connections with sealing requirements. However, too high a pretension, for example if it is not properly controlled or accidentally overloaded, can often lead to failure of the connection. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the pretension of the bolt.
In the existing bolt assembly technology, when a bolt is loaded, the bolt is loaded to a target torque or a target corner only by adopting a torque wrench or other loading equipment; and the relationship between the torque and the pretightening force is influenced by friction to generate larger fluctuation, so that the consistency of the obtained pretightening force is poorer.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a bolt pretightening force loading method which is more accurate in pretightening force and higher in consistency.
A bolt pretightening force loading method comprises the following steps:
s1, placing the tool bolt in a bolt loading position for loading, monitoring in real time to obtain a fitting point, and simultaneously obtaining a pretightening force F corresponding to the fitting pointbThen, the tool bolt is taken down;
s2, acquiring a loading rotation angle delta alpha, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, FtTarget pre-tightening force; k1 is the slope of the linear segment on the actual loading curve when the actual loading is carried out;
s3, placing the working bolt in a bolt loading position for loading, monitoring in real time to obtain an attaching point, and obtaining a corner A1 corresponding to the attaching point;
s4, on the basis of the corner A1, the working bolt is rotated by delta alpha degrees, the bolt is tightened, and loading is completed.
The principle of the application lies in that when a bolt (no matter a tool bolt or a working bolt) is loaded to an attaching point (namely, a joint surface between two connected pieces is approximately completely contacted) on a bolt loading position, the connection rigidity is basically constant, and at the moment, a quasi-linear relation is formed between a pretightening force and a corner.
Therefore, the application monitors and obtains the pretightening force of the attachment point by using the tool bolt to load, the pretightening force of the attachment point is the pretightening force of the attachment point when the working bolt is loaded, so that the target pretightening force can be reached by calculating the angle of loading after the working bolt is loaded to the attachment point, and the target pretightening force can be reached by loading delta alpha by using a turning method on the basis of the angle corresponding to the monitored attachment point; after the bolt is completely attached by the connecting piece, the pretightening force and the corner are in a quasi-linear relation, the linear relation is not influenced by a friction coefficient, and the bolt has good stability, so that the bolt pretightening force is loaded more accurately and has higher consistency.
Further, the calculation formula of the slope K1 is as follows:
wherein, KmFor rigidity of the connected member, KbThe stiffness of the bolt used when loaded.
As an alternative, before calculating the fitting pre-tightening force of the threaded connection part or before loading the rotation angle Δ α to the working bolt, the fitting point needs to be positioned first, and in order to position the fitting point more accurately, the invention also provides an obtaining method of the fitting point, which comprises the following steps:
s11, loading the bolt, and acquiring the rotation angle data and the torque data in the loading process in real time by using the sensor to obtain alphaiAnd Ti；
Wherein i is a sampling sequence of the sensor, and i is 1,2,3 …; the initial value of i is 1;
s12, when i ═ d, performing linear fitting on the acquired data, and obtaining a fitted linear function T ═ linear (i);
where d is a preset number of data samples.
And performing real-time linear fitting on the data acquired in real time to obtain a corner-torque curve, so that the corner-torque curve meets the requirement of actual loading, the attachment points can be quickly positioned, and the calculation amount is reduced.
And S13, evaluating the linear goodness of fit of the obtained linear function, wherein the evaluation index is the square of the distance from each data point to the fitted linear function, and then summing, namely:
and recording the evaluated function value;
wherein n is i-d + 1.
The goodness evaluation is carried out on the linear functions synthesized by the d data in a fitting mode, the calculation evaluation mode is insensitive to noise points, the interference of the noise points on the operation result is reduced, the anti-interference capability is strong, and the output result is more accurate.
S14, after i +1, d consecutive data are taken from i +1 onward, linear fitting is performed to obtain a linear function T (i +1), and then S13 is repeated. After a set of data (d data) is collected by the sensor, operation is carried out in real time every time data is collected, the same number (d data) of continuous data points is calculated every time, the influence of noise points can be reduced by calculation every time, the operation amount every time can be reduced, the operation efficiency is higher, attachment points can be found timely, and the loading precision and consistency are guaranteed.
S15, judging the function value, wherein the judging condition is as follows:
cost(i-1)＞cost(i)＞1。
that is, when the secondary calculated value is smaller than the previous calculated value and the secondary calculated value is greater than 1, it is indicated that the fitting point is monitored, and the judgment condition greater than 1 eliminates the interference of noise points, so that the judgment result is more accurate.
S16, if the condition in S15 is not satisfied, the fitting point is not monitored, and the steps S14 and S15 are repeated;
s17, if the condition in S15 is true, the fitting point is monitored, and the final result is output: the rotation angle at the joint point is alphai-1。
Further, reconstructing the data collected in S11, interpolating and arranging the torque data and the rotation angle data according to the equal angle delta beta sequence to obtain alphaxAnd TxWhen X is the reconstructed data sequence, the steps S12-S18 are performed.
Further, the data acquired in S11 is subjected to filtering processing.
The alternatives of the invention can be either as separate solutions or in combination with each other. The structure in any aspect of the present invention may be used as an independent technical aspect or may be combined with other technical aspects.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. after the fitting point is found, the subsequent loading adopts a corner method from the fitting point, force control is realized, the conversion relation of force control through torque in the loading of the traditional torque method and the torque corner method is changed, and therefore the influence of the pretightening force conversion nonlinear section caused by the uncertainty of the friction coefficient due to the individual difference, uneven lubrication and different use states of the bolt is avoided.
2. Because the force control mode is adopted, under the same working condition, only one measurement of the pre-tightening force of the laminating point is needed, and high-precision loading can be realized while high-efficiency loading can be still kept.
3. When actual conditions changed, only need change the instrument bolt that corresponds the specification carry out the measurement of laminating point pretightning force can for the homoenergetic realizes the high accuracy loading of target pretightning force under the different operating modes, satisfies different user demands.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a laminating point and a linear section in the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a tool bolt according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the tool bolt of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a matching diagram of the working bolt, the force ring sensor and the connected piece in the invention.
Fig. 6 is a flow chart of obtaining the attachment point of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a linear goodness diagram of the corner-to-torque curve of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of the method for obtaining the pretightening force of the joint.
FIG. 9 is a graph comparing the preload loading method with the torque method and the torque-angle method.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solution of the present invention better understood, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, a method for loading bolt pretension includes the following steps:
s1, placing the tool bolt in a bolt loading position for loading, monitoring in real time to obtain a fitting point, and simultaneously obtaining a pretightening force F corresponding to the fitting pointbThen, the tool bolt is taken down;
s2, acquiring a loading rotation angle delta alpha, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, FtTarget pre-tightening force; k1 is the slope of the linear segment on the actual loading curve when the actual loading is carried out;
s3, placing the working bolt in a bolt loading position for loading, monitoring in real time to obtain an attaching point, and obtaining a corner A1 corresponding to the attaching point;
s4, on the basis of the corner A1, the working bolt is rotated by delta alpha degrees, the bolt is tightened, and loading is completed.
The loading bolt adopts the existing loading equipment, such as a torque wrench, which is the prior art and can be purchased and obtained directly from the market, so that the detailed description is omitted, and the loading data can be conveniently obtained in real time.
Wherein, fitting means that the joint surfaces are approximately completely fitted (mainly, the joint surfaces of the connected piece are the joint surfaces of two plates connected by a bolt, for example, and the rigidity of the connected piece can be constant when the surfaces of the two plates are approximately completely contacted).
The working bolt is used for actual loading and fixing; the tool bolt is used for measuring the pretightening force of the attaching point and is equivalent to a measuring scale, the size specification of the tool bolt is the same as that of the working bolt, and the manufacturing process and the material of the tool bolt can be the same as or different from those of the working bolt.
The tool bolt is a set of prefabricated bolts with various standard sizes, such as M8, M16 and the like, and the rigidity K2 of the tool bolt is a known quantity and is convenient to use directly.
Because the force control mode is adopted, under the same working condition, only one measurement of the pre-tightening force of the laminating point is needed, and high-precision loading can be realized while high-efficiency loading can be still kept. When actual conditions change, only the tool bolt of the corresponding specification needs to be replaced to measure the pre-tightening force of the attaching point, so that high-precision loading of the target pre-tightening force can be achieved under different conditions, and different use requirements are met.
Because the loading is carried out under the real working condition, the pretightening force of the sexual attaching point is measured without needing each hole site (for example, a ring of the flange plate has a plurality of holes) or tightening each time (the bolts of the same hole site are tightened for a plurality of times). As long as the connected piece (supposing two plates) has a certain working condition, the pressing force required for pressing the connected piece to be in an approximate joint state is basically consistent, under the condition of determining the working condition, in order to improve the working efficiency, only a tool bolt is needed to obtain the pretightening force of the joint point once, and when other hole sites are loaded or one hole site is screwed down for multiple times and other operations are carried out subsequently, the pretightening force calibration of the joint point is not needed to be carried out repeatedly, because the pretightening force of the joint point is determined as long as the state of the connected piece is determined, and the bolt has difference or the friction coefficient changes every time, and the variables do no effect on the pretightening force of the joint point.
In S2, the slope K1 is calculated as:
wherein, KmFor rigidity of the connected member, KbThe stiffness of the bolt used when loaded.
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, in some embodiments, a deep hole 22 is formed in the tool bolt 21, a laser displacement sensor 23 is installed at an opening of the deep hole 22, and the laser displacement sensor 23 is a conventional art and can be purchased and obtained directly from the market, so that details thereof are not repeated herein. The manufacturing method of the tool bolt 21 comprises the following steps:
randomly selecting one bolt from the same batch of bolts as a tool bolt 21, punching along the axial direction of the tool bolt 21 to form a deep hole 22, installing a laser displacement sensor 23 at the opening of the deep hole 22, and obtaining initial distance data L0。
According to the method, the bolt is axially punched, and the sensor is arranged in the hole, so that the variable is conveniently measured, more importantly, the surface contact between the bolt and the loading position is ensured to be closer to the actual working condition, and the method is not interfered by the sensor and is more accurate.
In other embodiments, as shown in fig. 5, the tool bolt may also be formed by mounting a force ring sensor 13 on the working bolt 11, and the force ring sensor 13 is pressed by the connecting member 12 and the working bolt 11, so as to directly measure the pretension data.
As can be seen from the above description, before calculating the joint pretightening force of the two connected components or before applying the rotation angle Δ α to the working bolt, the joint point needs to be located first, and in order to be able to locate the joint point more accurately, the present application further provides a method for obtaining the joint point, which is shown in fig. 6 and 7, and in some embodiments, the method for obtaining the joint point includes the following steps:
s11, loadingThe bolt acquires the corner data and the torque data in the loading process in real time by using a sensor to obtain alphaiAnd Ti；
Wherein i is a sampling sequence of the sensor, and i is 1,2,3 …; the initial value of i is 1;
s12, when i ═ d, performing linear fitting on the acquired data, and obtaining a fitted linear function T ═ linear (i);
where d is a preset number of data samples.
And performing real-time linear fitting on the data acquired in real time to obtain a corner-torque curve, so that the corner-torque curve meets the requirement of actual loading, the attachment points can be quickly positioned, and the calculation amount is reduced.
And S13, evaluating the linear goodness of fit of the obtained linear function, wherein the evaluation index is the square of the distance from each data point to the fitted linear function, and then summing, namely:
and recording the evaluated function value;
wherein n is i-d + 1.
The goodness evaluation is carried out on the linear functions synthesized by the d data in a fitting mode, the calculation evaluation mode is insensitive to noise points, the interference of the noise points on the operation result is reduced, the anti-interference capability is strong, and the output result is more accurate.
S14, after i +1, d consecutive data are taken from i +1 onward, linear fitting is performed to obtain a linear function T (i +1), and then S13 is repeated. After a set of data (d data) is collected by the sensor, operation is carried out in real time every time data is collected, the same number (d data) of continuous data points is calculated every time, the influence of noise points can be reduced by calculation every time, the operation amount every time can be reduced, the operation efficiency is higher, attachment points can be found timely, and the loading precision and consistency are guaranteed.
S15, judging the function value, wherein the judging condition is as follows:
cost(i-1＞cost(i)＞1。
that is, when the secondary calculated value is smaller than the previous calculated value and the secondary calculated value is greater than 1, it is indicated that the fitting point is monitored, and the judgment condition greater than 1 eliminates the interference of noise points, so that the judgment result is more accurate.
S16, if the condition in S15 is not satisfied, the fitting point is not monitored, and the steps S14 and S15 are repeated;
s17, if the condition in S15 is true, the fitting point is monitored, and the final result is output: the rotation angle at the joint point is alphai-1。
The sensors include a rotation angle sensor, a torque sensor, etc., which are all in the prior art and can be obtained by direct purchase in the market, and therefore, the details are not repeated herein.
In other embodiments, the data collected in S11 may be reconstructed, and the torque data and the rotation angle data may be interpolated and arranged according to the sequence of equal angles Δ β to obtain αxAnd TxWhen X is the reconstructed data sequence, the steps S12-S18 are performed.
In other embodiments, the data collected in S11 may be filtered. Interference is reduced.
In order to more accurately obtain the pre-tightening force F corresponding to the attaching point after the attaching point is positionedbAnd calculating to obtain a loading corner after fitting, and before actually loading by using a working bolt, firstly loading by using a tool bolt to obtain a fitting point pretightening force, as shown in fig. 8, in some embodiments, the method for obtaining the fitting point pretightening force is as follows:
1) when loading the tool bolt, real-time distance data L is acquired by a laser displacement sensor in the tool boltiMeanwhile, the real-time rotation angle data alpha is obtained through a sensor in the loading equipmentiAnd torque data Ti；
Wherein i is a sampling sequence of the sensor, and i is 1,2,3 …; the initial value of i is 1;
2) when the laminating point is monitored, calculating the pretightening force of the laminating point, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
Fb＝K2×(Lb-L0)
wherein, b is a sampling sequence corresponding to the joint point; k2 is the stiffness of the tool bolt; l is0Is the initial distance data of the laser displacement sensor.
Because the pretightening force of the fitting point is smaller, the deformation quantity generated by the tool bolt at the moment is acquiescent, and no plastic deformation is generated, even if slight plastic deformation is generated, the influence on the rigidity of the tool bolt is smaller, and the tool bolt is the calculated elongation quantity, namely the length variable, when used every time, so that the tool bolt can be repeatedly used for many times without influencing the measurement precision.
As shown in fig. 9, it can be known from a comparison experiment that under different experimental conditions of bolt lubrication only, full lubrication, nut lubrication only, no lubrication, and the like, no matter a torque method or a torque-angle method is adopted, due to the introduction of errors of the torque method, the difference between the final loaded pretightening force and the target pretightening force (30/KN) is large, that is, the accuracy is low, and the difference between the pretightening forces obtained by loading under different conditions is large, that is, the loading consistency is poor; as is obvious from the figure, the loading is carried out by adopting the method, the final loaded pretightening force is very close to the target pretightening force, the accuracy is high, and the difference between the pretightening forces obtained by loading under different conditions is small, namely the loading consistency is high.
Any embodiment of the invention can be taken as an independent technical scheme, and can also be combined with other embodiments. All patents and publications mentioned in the specification of the invention are indicative of the techniques disclosed in the art to which this invention pertains and are intended to be applicable. All patents and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The invention herein may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, which limitation or limitations is not specifically disclosed herein. The terms and expressions which have been employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described, but it is recognized that various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the invention and the claims which follow. It is to be understood that the embodiments described herein are examples and features of some embodiments and that modifications and variations may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this disclosure, and are to be considered within the purview of this disclosure and scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. A loading method of bolt pretightening force is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, placing the tool bolt in a bolt loading position for loading, monitoring in real time to obtain a fitting point, and simultaneously obtaining a pretightening force F corresponding to the fitting pointbThen, the tool bolt is taken down;
s2, acquiring a loading rotation angle delta alpha, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, FtTarget pre-tightening force; k1 is the slope of the linear segment on the actual loading curve when the actual loading is carried out;
s3, placing the working bolt in a bolt loading position for loading, monitoring in real time to obtain an attaching point, and obtaining a corner A1 corresponding to the attaching point;
s4, on the basis of the corner A1, the working bolt is rotated by delta alpha degrees, the bolt is tightened, and loading is completed.
2. The bolt pretensioning force loading method according to claim 1, wherein: the calculation formula of the slope K1 is as follows:
wherein, KmFor rigidity of the connected member, KbFor bolts used during loadingThe rigidity of (2).
3. The bolt preload force loading method according to claim 1, wherein before acquiring the preload force corresponding to the abutment point or before loading the working bolt with the rotation angle Δ α, the abutment point is positioned, and the method is characterized in that: the method for acquiring the attachment point comprises the following steps:
s11, loading the bolt, and acquiring the rotation angle data and the torque data in the loading process in real time by using the sensor to obtain alphaiAnd Ti；
Wherein i is a sampling sequence of the sensor, and i is 1,2,3 …; the initial value of i is 1;
s12, when i ═ d, performing linear fitting on the acquired data, and obtaining a fitted linear function T ═ linear (i);
wherein d is a preset number of data samples;
and S13, evaluating the linear goodness of fit of the obtained linear function, wherein the evaluation index is the square of the distance from each data point to the fitted linear function, and then summing, namely:
and recording the evaluated function value;
wherein n is i-d + 1;
s14, after i +1, taking d consecutive data from i +1 onward, performing linear fitting to obtain a linear function T ═ linear (i +1), and then repeating S13;
s15, judging the function value, wherein the judging condition is as follows:
cost(i-1)＞cost(i)＞1；
s16, if the condition in S15 is not satisfied, the fitting point is not monitored, and the steps S14 and S15 are repeated;
s17, if the condition in S15 is true, the fitting point is monitored, and the final result is output: the rotation angle at the joint point is alphai-1。
4. Root of herbaceous plantThe method for loading bolt pretension according to claim 3, characterized in that: reconstructing the data collected in S11, interpolating and arranging the torque data and the corner data according to the equal angle delta beta sequence to obtain alphaxAnd TxWhen X is the reconstructed data sequence, the steps S12-S18 are performed.
5. The bolt pretensioning force loading method according to claim 3, wherein: the data acquired in S11 is subjected to filtering processing.
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