CN113104837B - Preparation method and application of monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanoribbon - Google Patents

Preparation method and application of monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanoribbon Download PDF

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CN113104837B
CN113104837B CN202110438250.3A CN202110438250A CN113104837B CN 113104837 B CN113104837 B CN 113104837B CN 202110438250 A CN202110438250 A CN 202110438250A CN 113104837 B CN113104837 B CN 113104837B
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fiber
dicyandiamide
melamine
doped carbon
carbon
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CN113104837A (en
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李加杰
邹善宝
鲁跃
刘训道
董德华
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University of Jinan
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
    • H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of battery catalysts, in particular to a preparation method and application of a monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanobelt. The method comprises the following steps: (1) Mixing melamine or dicyandiamide with ethylene glycol, stirring and dripping a nitric acid solution, and separating a solid product after the reaction is finished to obtain melamine fiber or dicyandiamide fiber; (2) And soaking the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber in ethanol, then continuously adding a carbon source, a heteroatom source and a metal source into the ethanol, uniformly stirring, and standing to obtain the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber coated by the ternary element precursor. (3) And carbonizing the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber coated with the three-element precursor to obtain the cellulose fiber. The carbon nanobelts prepared by the method are uniformly doped with various elements, are in monoatomic dispersion, have controllable content and types of the doped elements, and can be used in the fields of batteries, photocatalysis, catalytic oxidation, gas sensors and drug delivery.

Description

Preparation method and application of single-atom dispersed ternary element doped carbon nanoribbon
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of battery catalysts, in particular to a preparation method and application of a single-atom dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt.
Background
The information in this background section is disclosed to enhance understanding of the general background of the invention and is not necessarily to be construed as an admission or any form of suggestion that this information forms part of the prior art already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
The global pollution is becoming more serious due to the massive combustion of fossil fuels, and the development of new environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources is expected to alleviate the problem. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, fresh air cells and the like draw wide attention due to the characteristics of high theoretical energy density and low emission, however, the overall performance of the cathode oxygen reduction reaction is severely restricted by the slow dynamic process of the cathode oxygen reduction reaction. Platinum-based materials can efficiently catalyze oxygen reduction reactions, however, their high price and low stability have hindered large-scale commercialization. Therefore, the development of a novel catalyst with high activity and low cost is of great significance.
The metal monatomic catalyst is a novel catalyst with great potential, and takes isolated metal atoms fixed on a specific carrier as catalytic active sites. Among many monatomic carriers, carbon materials represented by graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanoribbons have been the focus of research on monatomic carriers in recent years because of their excellent conductivity and stability, and among them, carbon nanoribbons have been drawing attention because of their advantages such as large specific surface area and chemical stability. In addition, nitrogen atoms are introduced into the carbon material to form double-element doping, so that an anchoring site can be brought, and a metal single atom is fixed to form an M-N-C site; research shows that the M-N-C site shows excellent catalytic performance in the aspect of electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. However, the stability of M-N-C is not ideal and cannot meet the increasing requirements of practical application. Researches show that the precise regulation and control of the catalytic activity sites can further optimize the catalytic activity, for example, the surface of the M-N-C catalyst is doped with heteroatoms to form three-element doping, so that the electronic structure can be regulated and controlled, and the catalytic performance is improved. However, the current process for preparing the monatomic dispersion tri-element doped carbon nanobelt is complex, the preparation cost is high, the types and the content of the doped elements are not controllable, and the further development of the metal monatomic catalyst is seriously hindered.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems that the existing preparation process of the monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanoribbon is complex, the preparation cost is high, the industrialization is difficult, and the content and the types of various elements in the prepared monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanoribbon are uncontrollable. Therefore, the invention provides a simple, convenient and universal preparation method of the monatomic dispersed three-element doped carbon nanoribbon. In order to achieve the purpose, the invention discloses the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a monatomic dispersion three-element-doped carbon nanoribbon is provided, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing melamine or dicyandiamide with ethylene glycol, stirring and dripping nitric acid solution, and separating out a solid product after the reaction is finished to obtain the melamine fiber or dicyandiamide fiber.
(2) And soaking the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber in ethanol, then continuously adding a carbon source, a heteroatom source and a metal source into the ethanol, stirring uniformly, and standing to obtain the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber coated with the ternary element precursor by an impregnation method.
(3) And carbonizing the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber coated by the three-element precursor to obtain the cellulose.
Further, in the step (1), the proportion of the melamine or dicyandiamide, the glycol and the nitric acid is 1 to 25g in sequence: 50 to 1000ml: 0.25X 10 -3 ~1mol。
Further, in the step (1), the solid product in the reaction solution may be separated by any one of suction filtration, centrifugation and the like.
Further, in the step (2), the addition amount of the carbon source is 50 to 95%, the heteroatom source is 10 to 45%, and the metal source is 0.1 to 5% by mass.
Optionally, in the step (2), the carbon source includes at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyaniline, boric acid, triethylborane, and the like.
Optionally, in step (2), the heteroatom source comprises at least one of boric acid, phytic acid, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, thioacetamide, and the like.
Optionally, in the step (2), the metal source includes any one of iron ions, cobalt ions, nickel ions, manganese ions, ruthenium ions, and the like. Specifically, these metal ion salts may be added in the form of, for example, nitrates, hydrochlorides, and the like.
Further, in the step (2), the standing environment is at a temperature of 20 to 60 ℃ for 10 to 24 hours.
Further, in the step (3), the carbonization is performed in vacuum and protective atmosphere, optionally, vacuumThe void degree is 8 multiplied by 10 -4 ~9×10 -4 Pa, and the protective atmosphere comprises nitrogen, inert gas and the like.
Further, in the step (3), the carbonization mode is as follows: the temperature is kept at 450 to 550 ℃ for 60 to 120min, and then the temperature is kept at 800 to 1000 ℃ for 60 to 120min, thus obtaining the product.
In the second aspect of the invention, the application of the monatomic dispersed ternary doped carbon nanoribbon obtained by the preparation method in the fields of catalysis, fuel cells, metal-air batteries and the like is disclosed. When the monoatomic dispersion three-element doped carbon nanobelt prepared by the method is applied to the catalytic oxygen reduction reaction of a zinc-air battery, the catalytic activity is equivalent to that of commercial platinum-carbon, but the catalytic stability is better than that of a commercial platinum-carbon catalyst.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The invention takes melamine fiber or dicyandiamide fiber as a sacrificial template, has high nitrogen content, can provide a nitrogen doping source for the obtained carbonized material, can be completely decomposed at high temperature, can be directly carbonized by introducing a metal source, a heteroatom source and a supplementary carbon source through impregnation, and can obtain a carbon nanobelt with large specific surface area, the element doping is uniform, and the metal active sites are in single atom level dispersion. When the prepared single-atom dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt is applied to catalytic oxygen reduction reaction, the catalytic activity of the carbon nanobelt is equivalent to that of commercial platinum carbon. Because platinum is easy to generate methanol or carbon monoxide poisoning reaction in the oxygen reduction catalysis process, and the carbon material doped with non-noble metal is not easy to generate the poisoning reaction, the prepared three-element doped monatomic catalyst has stability superior to that of a commercial platinum-carbon catalyst while ensuring high activity. The monoatomic dispersion tri-element doped carbon nanobelt prepared by the invention has higher power density than commercial platinum carbon when being applied to a zinc-air battery.
(2) The invention can change the doped element types by adjusting the types of the carbon source, the heteroatom source and the metal source added into the ethanol, can controllably prepare the doped carbon nanobelt with the metal atoms in a monodisperse state by adjusting the amount of the metal source, can realize the preparation of gram-level or more, and is suitable for large-scale production.
(3) The raw materials used in the invention are nontoxic and harmless, and the method is an environment-friendly method for preparing the monatomic dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. Embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:
fig. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of melamine fiber prepared according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a transmission electron microscope image of the monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a spherical aberration electron microscope image of the monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is an X-ray diffraction image of the monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is an XPS spectrum of the monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanobelt prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is polarization curves of the monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon and commercial platinum carbon prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention, respectively, for an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst; wherein: 1 is a polarization curve of the monoatomic dispersed iron-boron-nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon; and 2 is the polarization curve of commercial platinum carbon.
Fig. 8 is a stability curve of a monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared in the first embodiment of the present invention, commercial platinum carbon as an oxygen reduction catalyst; wherein: 1 is the stability curve of the monoatomic dispersion iron boron nitrogen doped carbon nanobelt, and 2 is the stability curve of the commercial platinum carbon catalyst.
Fig. 9 is a power density curve of a monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared according to the first embodiment of the present invention, commercial platinum carbon as a cathode of a zinc-air battery; wherein: 1 is the power density curve of the monoatomic dispersion iron boron nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon, and 2 is the power density curve of the commercial platinum carbon catalyst.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental procedures, in which specific conditions are not noted in the following examples, are generally carried out according to conventional conditions or according to conditions recommended by the manufacturers.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The reagents or starting materials used in the present invention can be purchased from conventional sources, and unless otherwise specified, the reagents or starting materials used in the present invention can be used in a conventional manner in the art or in accordance with the product specifications. In addition, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the methods of the present invention. The preferred methods and materials described in this invention are exemplary only.
As described above, the current process for preparing the monatomic dispersed three-element doped carbon nanoribbon is complex, the preparation cost is high, and the types and the content of the doped elements are not controllable, which seriously hinders the further development of the metal monatomic catalyst. Therefore, the invention provides a preparation method and application of a single-atom-dispersed three-element-doped carbon nanoribbon, and the invention is further explained according to the drawings and the specific implementation mode of the specification.
First embodiment
A preparation method of a single-atom dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 2.5g of melamine with 100ml of ethylene glycol, stirring for 2 hours, dropwise adding 100ml of nitric acid solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L while stirring, gradually precipitating along with the reaction, and filtering out the precipitate after the precipitate is completely precipitated to obtain melamine fiber;
(2) Soaking the melamine fiber in 20ml of alcohol, adding 1.2mg of boric acid, 1mg of ferric nitrate and 0.8g of polyacrylonitrile into the alcohol, and standing for 15 hours in an environment at 25 ℃ to obtain the melamine fiber coated with the ferric nitrate and the polyvinylidene fluoride, wherein the mark of the melamine fiber is precursor 1.
(3) Putting the precursor 1 into a tube furnace, and vacuumizing the tube furnace to 9 x 10 -4 Pa, and then introducing argon with the flow rate of 80sccm into the tubular furnace; heating the tube furnace to 550 ℃ at the speed of 3.5 ℃/min and heating for 120min; and then, continuously heating the tube furnace to 900 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 120min, and naturally cooling to room temperature after the heat preservation is finished to obtain the monoatomic dispersion iron, fluorine and nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon.
Second embodiment
A preparation method of a monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanobelt comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 1.0g of melamine with 50ml of ethylene glycol, stirring for 2 hours, dropwise adding 50ml of nitric acid solution with the concentration of 0.05mol/L while stirring, gradually precipitating along with the reaction, and filtering out the precipitate after the precipitate is completely precipitated to obtain melamine fiber;
(2) Soaking the melamine fiber in 20ml of alcohol, adding 1.2mg of phytic acid, 1mg of cobalt nitrate and 0.8g of polyacrylonitrile into the alcohol, and standing for 15 hours at 25 ℃ to obtain the melamine fiber coated with the phytic acid, the cobalt nitrate and the polyacrylonitrile, wherein the name of the melamine fiber is expressed as a precursor 2.
(3) The precursor 2 is placed in a tube furnace, and then the tube furnace is vacuumized to 9 x 10 -4 Pa, then introducing argon with the flow rate of 80sccm into the tubular furnace; heating the tube furnace to 500 ℃ at the speed of 3.5 ℃/min and heating for 110min; and then, continuously heating the tube furnace to 800 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 110min, and naturally cooling to room temperature after the heat preservation is finished to obtain the monoatomic dispersion cobalt-phosphorus-nitrogen doped carbon nanobelt.
Third embodiment
A preparation method of a monatomic dispersion ternary element doped carbon nanobelt comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 25g of melamine with 1000ml of ethylene glycol, stirring for 2 hours, dropwise adding 1000ml of nitric acid solution with the concentration of 0.005mol/L while stirring, gradually precipitating along with the reaction, and filtering out the precipitate after the precipitation is completely precipitated to obtain melamine fiber;
(2) The melamine fiber is soaked in 200ml of alcohol, 10mg of triethylborane, 10mg of manganese nitrate and 8g of polyvinylpyrrolidone are added into the alcohol, and then the mixture is kept stand for 24 hours in an environment with the temperature of 20 ℃ to obtain the melamine fiber coated with the triethylborane, the manganese nitrate and the polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the melamine fiber is marked as a precursor 3.
(3) The precursor 3 is placed in a tube furnace, and then the tube furnace is vacuumized to 8 x 10 -4 Pa, and then introducing argon with the flow rate of 80sccm into the tubular furnace; heating the tube furnace to 450 ℃ at the speed of 3.5 ℃/min and heating for 60min; and then continuously heating the tube furnace to 800 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 60min, and naturally cooling to room temperature after heat preservation is finished to obtain the monoatomic dispersion manganese boron nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon.
Fourth embodiment
A preparation method of a single-atom dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 2.5g of melamine with 100ml of ethylene glycol, stirring for 2 hours, dropwise adding 100ml of nitric acid solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L while stirring, gradually precipitating along with the reaction, and filtering out the precipitate after the precipitate is completely precipitated to obtain melamine fiber;
(2) Soaking the melamine fiber in 20ml of alcohol, adding 1.2mg of polyvinylidene fluoride, 1mg of nickel nitrate and 0.8g of polyaniline into the alcohol, and standing for 20 hours at 45 ℃ to obtain the melamine fiber containing the polyvinylidene fluoride, the nickel nitrate and the polyaniline, wherein the melamine fiber is marked as a precursor 4.
(3) Putting the precursor 4 into a tube furnace, and vacuumizing the tube furnace to 9 x 10 -4 Pa, then introducing argon with the flow rate of 80sccm into the tubular furnace; heating the tube furnace to 550 ℃ at the speed of 3.5 ℃/min and keeping the temperature for 100min; and then, continuously heating the tube furnace to 1000 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 80min, and naturally cooling to room temperature after the heat preservation is finished to obtain the monoatomic dispersion nickel-fluorine-nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon.
Fifth embodiment
A preparation method of a single-atom dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing 2.5g of melamine with 100ml of ethylene glycol, stirring for 2 hours, dropwise adding 100ml of nitric acid solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L while stirring, gradually precipitating along with the reaction, and filtering out the precipitate after the precipitate is completely precipitated to obtain melamine fiber;
(2) Soaking the melamine fiber in 20ml of alcohol, adding 1.2mg of thioacetamide, 1mg of ruthenium chloride and 0.8g of polyacrylonitrile into the alcohol, and standing for 10 hours in an environment at 60 ℃ to obtain the melamine fiber coated with the thioacetamide, the ruthenium chloride and the polyacrylonitrile, wherein the mark is a precursor 5.
(3) The precursor 5 is placed in a tube furnace, and then the tube furnace is vacuumized to 8 x 10 -4 Pa, then introducing argon with the flow rate of 80sccm into the tubular furnace; heating the tube furnace to 550 ℃ at the speed of 3.5 ℃/min and heating for 120min; and then, continuously heating the tube furnace to 900 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 120min, and naturally cooling to room temperature after the heat preservation is finished to obtain the monoatomic dispersion ruthenium sulfur nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon.
Performance test
The results of testing various properties of the monoatomic dispersion iron boron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon prepared in the first embodiment are shown in fig. 1 to 9, wherein a scanning electron microscope picture of the melamine fiber shown in fig. 1, and fig. 2 to 4 are a scanning electron microscope picture, a transmission electron microscope picture and a spherical aberration electron microscope picture of the iron boron nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon respectively, and it can be seen from the results of the scanning electron microscope and the transmission electron microscope shown in fig. 4 that the obtained carbonized product is a nanoribbon with a diameter of 5 to 50 microns and a diameter of 10 to 50nm; as can be seen from the image of the spherical aberration electron microscope, the doped metal elements are in a monoatomic dispersion state.
Fig. 5 and 6 are X-ray diffraction patterns of monoatomic dispersion ferroboron nitrogen-doped carbon nanobelts, respectively, and it can be seen that the prepared nanobelts are carbon materials, and no diffraction peak related to metal is found, which indicates that the metal state in the prepared nanobelts is relatively dispersed. The XPS spectrum shows that boron, nitrogen and iron exist in the prepared nanobelt, and the fact that the three elements are successfully doped in the carbon nanobelt is proved.
Fig. 7 to 9 are polarization curves, stability curves, and power density curves of the monoatomic dispersion iron-boron-nitrogen-doped carbon nanoribbon and the commercial platinum-carbon catalyst, respectively. As can be seen from fig. 7, the prepared monatomic iron boron nitrogen-doped carbon nanobelt has catalytic activity equivalent to that of commercial platinum carbon, and can be used as a substitute of a high-cost catalyst, namely commercial platinum carbon. Fig. 8 shows that under the same conditions, the prepared iron-boron-nitrogen doped carbon nanobelt can still maintain higher current density after long-time circulation, and is obviously superior to the stability of commercial platinum carbon. As can be seen from fig. 9, when the prepared iron-boron-nitrogen doped carbon nanoribbon is used in a zinc-air battery, the power density is significantly better than that of commercial platinum-carbon.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made in the embodiments and/or equivalents thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A preparation method of a single-atom dispersed three-element doped carbon nanobelt comprises the following steps:
(1) Mixing melamine or dicyandiamide with ethylene glycol, then dropwise adding a nitric acid solution while stirring, and separating out a solid product after the reaction is finished to obtain melamine fiber or dicyandiamide fiber;
(2) Soaking the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber in ethanol, then continuously adding a carbon source, a heteroatom source and a metal source into the ethanol, uniformly stirring, and standing to obtain the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber coated by the ternary element precursor;
according to the mass percentage, the adding amount of the carbon source is 50 to 95 percent, the heteroatom source is 10 to 45 percent, and the metal source is 0.1 to 5 percent;
the heteroatom source comprises at least one of boric acid, phytic acid, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and thioacetamide;
the metal source comprises any one of iron ions, cobalt ions, nickel ions and manganese ions;
the standing environment temperature is 20 to 60 ℃, and the standing time is 10 to 24 hours;
(3) Carbonizing the melamine fiber or the dicyandiamide fiber coated with the three-element precursor, obtaining the product;
the carbonization mode is as follows: the temperature is firstly preserved for 60 to 120min at 450 to 550 ℃, and then preserved for 60 to 120min at 800 to 1000 ℃.
2. The method for preparing the monoatomic dispersion trielement-doped carbon nanoribbon as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the proportions of the melamine or dicyandiamide, the glycol and the nitric acid are 1 to 25g:50 to 1000ml: 0.25X 10 -3 ~1mol；
Or in the step (1), separating the solid product in the reaction solution by any one of suction filtration, filtration and centrifugation methods.
3. The method for preparing the monoatomic dispersion trielement-doped carbon nanoribbon according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the carbon source includes at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyaniline, boric acid, and triethylborane.
4. The method for preparing a monoatomic dispersion trielement-doped carbon nanoribbon according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (3), the carbonization is performed in a vacuum and a protective atmosphere; wherein the degree of vacuum is 8X 10 -4 ~9×10 -4 Pa, the protective atmosphere comprises nitrogen or inert gas.
5. The use of the monatomic dispersed tri-element doped carbon nanoribbon obtained by the preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in the fields of catalysis, fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
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