CN112927956A - Electric contact material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Electric contact material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112927956A CN112927956A CN202110088002.0A CN202110088002A CN112927956A CN 112927956 A CN112927956 A CN 112927956A CN 202110088002 A CN202110088002 A CN 202110088002A CN 112927956 A CN112927956 A CN 112927956A
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- contact material
- grid
- electrical contact
- reinforced
- electric contact
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
- H01H1/021—Composite material
- H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/02—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments
- C22C47/06—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments by forming the fibres or filaments into a preformed structure, e.g. using a temporary binder to form a mat-like element
- C22C47/062—Pretreatment of the fibres or filaments by forming the fibres or filaments into a preformed structure, e.g. using a temporary binder to form a mat-like element from wires or filaments only
- C22C47/066—Weaving wires
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C47/00—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C47/08—Making alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments by contacting the fibres or filaments with molten metal, e.g. by infiltrating the fibres or filaments placed in a mould
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/02—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the matrix material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C49/00—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
- C22C49/14—Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the fibres or filaments
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H11/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches
- H01H11/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts
- H01H11/048—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture of electric switches of switch contacts by powder-metallurgical processes
Abstract
The invention relates to an electric contact material and a preparation method thereof, relating to the technical field of electric contact materials. The main technical scheme adopted is as follows: the electric contact material is provided with a grid-shaped wear-resistant structure; wherein, the latticed wear-resistant structure is only positioned on the surface of the electric contact material; the latticed wear-resistant structure comprises a single-layer or multi-layer grid and a matrix distributed in pores of the grid; wherein the mesh number of the mesh is 10-900 meshes, the filament diameter is 5-900 μm, and the pore diameter is 5-850 μm. The electric contact material is a copper-based electric contact material or a silver-based electric contact material. The electric contact material is prepared by adopting an infiltration process or a casting molding process. The invention is mainly used for improving the surface wear resistance of the electric contact material and ensuring that the electric contact material also has higher conductivity and electric shock resistance so as to finally realize the effect of remarkably improving the service of the electric contact and prolong the service life of the electric contact.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electric contact materials, in particular to an electric contact material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The electric contact part is an important contact part of electric appliances such as a relay, a breaker, an isolating switch and the like, is mainly responsible for the tasks of switching on and off, carrying current and isolating a circuit, and the performance of the electric contact part directly influences the performance of the switch, so that the safety and normal operation of the whole circuit and a system are related. The electric contact material often needs to be accompanied by long-time and high-frequency friction in the service process, and has a serious abrasion effect on the surface of the electric contact material, which directly influences the service life of the electric contact material and even the whole equipment. Therefore, the wear resistance of the electric contact material is improved, and the electric contact material has important significance for prolonging the service life of electric equipment and improving the service safety of the electric equipment.
At present, common electrical contact materials are mainly divided into two main categories, namely copper-based electrical contact materials and silver-based electrical contact materials. The copper-based electric contact material generally takes copper or copper alloy as a matrix phase and takes high-melting-point metal or compound such as tungsten, tungsten carbide and the like as a second phase; the silver-based electric contact material is generally prepared and molded by taking silver or silver alloy as a matrix phase and metals or compounds such as tungsten, nickel or graphite as a second phase by adopting an infiltration framework or a casting process. The structure is that a matrix phase is distributed in gaps in a continuous porous framework, and the surface of the material is represented by small blocks of the matrix and the framework phase which are distributed in an intermingled manner. Such a structure allows the material to maintain high conductivity, but since the skeletal phase has a small area and is dispersed between the matrices, the reinforcing effect cannot be fully exerted, and the effect of enhancing the wear resistance of the material is limited.
In the prior art, a related technology is that tungsten fibers are three-dimensionally woven to prepare a woven body, and then copper infiltration is performed in a high-temperature environment, so that a tungsten-copper composite material with uniform tissue is obtained; that is, the technology is mainly to improve the performance of the material through the support of the tungsten mesh in the matrix. The other related technology is that the mixed tungsten-copper powder and tungsten net are layered and laid, and then hot pressed and infiltrated with copper in a high-temperature atmosphere sintering furnace, so that the fiber net plays a role of reinforcing ribs, and the high-temperature strength of the composite material is obviously improved; the technology is mainly used for layering, laying and sintering the tungsten mesh and the powder to improve the performance of the material.
However, the inventors of the present invention have found that the above-mentioned prior art has at least the following technical problems:
(1) the abrasion of the electric contact material is limited to the surface, and the surface structure of the electric contact material is not pertinently strengthened by the surface of the material prepared by the prior art, so that the surface abrasion resistance is insufficient;
(2) the grids (or woven bodies) in the prior art are distributed in the whole base body; the grid content in the interior of the matrix is high, and the problems of reduced conductivity, electrical shock resistance and the like can occur;
(3) the prior art has the defects that the selected process is limited, only the infiltration method can be selected for preparation, and the method cannot be applied to the preparation method of the composite material with higher matrix content;
(4) only the tungsten mesh is selected as the reinforcing phase, and the process can only be applied to the copper-based composite material, so that the applicability is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides an electrical contact material and a method for preparing the same, and the main objective of the present invention is to provide or prepare an electrical contact material with excellent wear resistance while ensuring electrical conductivity.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention mainly provides the following technical scheme:
in one aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide an electrical contact material, wherein the electrical contact material has a wear-resistant structure in a grid shape; wherein the latticed wear-resistant structure is located only on the surface of the electrical contact material; the latticed wear-resistant structure comprises a single-layer or multi-layer grid and a matrix distributed in pores of the grid; preferably, the mesh number of the meshes is 10-900 meshes, the filament diameter is 5-900m, and the mesh aperture of the meshes is 5-850 mu m; preferably, the grid is formed by weaving a plurality of transverse filaments and a plurality of longitudinal filaments; the grid is compiled in the following way:
the transverse yarns are alternately woven up and down in an inserting manner by taking N1 longitudinal yarns as a period; preferably, the N1 is 1-3, preferably 2; and/or
The longitudinal yarns are woven in an up-and-down alternate penetrating manner by taking N2 transverse yarns as a period; preferably, the number of N2 is 1-3, preferably 2.
Preferably, the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, wherein the substrate is copper or a copper alloy; preferably, the copper alloy is a copper chromium zirconium alloy, and more preferably a C18150 copper chromium zirconium alloy; preferably, the silk diameter of the grid is 10-800 μm, and the mesh aperture of the grid is 5-750 μm. Preferably, the grid is a tungsten mesh.
Preferably, the electrical contact material is a silver-based electrical contact material, wherein the matrix is silver or a silver alloy; preferably, the silver alloy is silver-nickel alloy or silver-iron alloy (preferably AgFe7 alloy). Preferably, the mesh is any one of a tungsten mesh, a stainless steel mesh and a nickel mesh.
On the other hand, the embodiment of the invention also provides a preparation method of the electrical contact material, wherein the electrical contact material is prepared by adopting an infiltration process, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
preparing a reinforced framework: preparing a reinforcing skeleton having a mesh at least at a part of a surface thereof;
and (3) high-temperature infiltration: infiltrating a matrix into the reinforced framework by adopting a high-temperature infiltration method, and cooling to obtain a composite material; then, removing the redundant matrix to expose the latticed wear-resistant structure on the surface of the composite material, so as to obtain the electric contact material.
Preferably, in the step of preparing the reinforced skeleton:
sintering the reinforced powder into a reinforced framework body; attaching the grid to the surface of the reinforced framework body to obtain a reinforced framework;
preferably, the step of attaching the grid to the surface of the reinforcing skeleton body specifically includes: coating the grid on the reinforced framework body, and attaching the grid to the reinforced framework body;
preferably, the step of sintering the reinforcing powder into the reinforcing skeleton body includes: pressing the reinforced powder into a compact, and then sintering the compact to obtain a reinforced framework body; further preferably, the step of sintering the compact includes: in a protective atmosphere, heating the compact to 750-1600 ℃ at the speed of 5-12 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min-1h to obtain the reinforced framework body.
Preferably, in the step of preparing the reinforced skeleton:
pressing the reinforced powder into a compact; attaching the grid bag to the surface of the compact, and then sintering the compact with the grid attached to the surface to obtain an enhanced framework;
preferably, the step of applying a grid to the surface of the compact comprises: coating a grid on the compact or on the lower surface of the compact, and attaching the grid to the compact;
preferably, the step of sintering the surface-fitted mesh-containing compact includes: in a protective atmosphere, heating the compact attached with the grid to 750-1600 ℃ at the speed of 5-12 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 20min-1h to obtain the reinforced framework.
Preferably, if the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, the reinforced powder is tungsten powder or tungsten carbide powder, and preferably, the particle size of the reinforced powder is 30-50 μm; if the electric contact material is a silver-based electric contact material, the enhanced powder is nickel powder or iron powder, and preferably, the particle size of the enhanced powder is 30-50 mu m.
Preferably, the high-temperature infiltration step includes: placing the matrix and the reinforcing framework together; heating the base body and the reinforcing framework which are placed together under a protective atmosphere until the temperature is a set temperature, preserving the heat at the set temperature for a set time, and cooling to obtain a composite material; wherein the set temperature is higher than the melting point of the matrix and lower than the melting point of the reinforced framework; preferably, the set temperature is 1050-; preferably, the set time is 30min-1.5 h; preferably, the substrate is placed on the reinforcing cage, or the reinforcing cage is placed on the substrate.
Preferably, in the high-temperature infiltration step: placing a base body and a reinforcing framework on a crucible, wherein the base body is placed on the reinforcing framework; then placing the crucible in a furnace chamber of heating equipment; vacuumizing, filling protective gas, heating to 1050-.
In another aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides another preparation method of the electrical contact material, where the electrical contact material is prepared by a cast molding process, where the preparation method includes the following steps:
placing the grid at the bottom of the crucible or placing the grid in a coating structure in the crucible, then casting the molten matrix in the crucible, and cooling to obtain a casting piece; removing the redundant matrix on the casting piece to expose the latticed wear-resistant structure on the surface of the casting piece to obtain an electric contact material;
preferably, the casting temperature of the matrix is 100-200 ℃ higher than the melting point of the matrix;
preferably, a gap of 5-15mm is left between the grid and the crucible;
preferably, if the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, wherein the substrate is a copper alloy; if the electric contact material is a silver-based electric contact material, the substrate is silver alloy.
Compared with the prior art, the electric contact material and the preparation method thereof have the following beneficial effects:
in one aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide an electrical contact material, which has a grid-shaped wear-resistant structure, and the grid-shaped wear-resistant structure is only located on a surface of the electrical contact material; the latticed wear-resistant structure comprises a single-layer or multi-layer grid and a matrix distributed in pores of the grid; preferably, the mesh number of the mesh is 10-900 mesh, the filament diameter is 5-900m, and the pore diameter is 5-850 μm. Here, the electrical contact material provided by the embodiment of the invention has the latticed wear-resistant structure with the characteristics, so that the electrical contact material has excellent wear resistance; and because the grid is only positioned on the surface of the material, the conductivity of the electric contact material is not influenced.
On the other hand, the embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of an electrical contact material, which can adopt an infiltration process, and specifically, the electrical contact material with a wear-resistant surface can be obtained only by pressing the reinforced powder into a compact, coating a grid on the surface of the sintered compact or integrally sintering the compact and the grid and infiltrating at a high temperature; therefore, the preparation method of the electric contact material provided by the invention not only can be used for preparing the electric contact material with excellent wear resistance, but also has the advantages of simple process, batch production and low cost.
In another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a method for preparing an electrical contact material, which may adopt a casting molding process, where the process is suitable for preparing an electrical contact material with a high matrix content, and only a melt needs to be cast into a mesh skeleton prepared in advance, so as to obtain an electrical contact material with a wear-resistant surface.
Therefore, the preparation method of the electric contact material provided by the invention has flexible process, can select different processes according to different matrix content requirements, and has wide applicability.
In addition, according to the preparation method of the electric contact material provided by the embodiment of the invention, the grids with the sizes of 10-900 meshes, 5-900 mu m of wire diameter and 5-850 mu m of pore diameter are adopted in the preparation process, and the grids with the sizes can be used for carrying out targeted reinforcement on the surface of the material, so that the surface wear resistance is improved, the service life of the electric contact material can be further prolonged, and the electric contact material has a better wear resistance reinforcement effect than that of a traditional electric contact material reinforcement method. And the mesh pore size in the range is beneficial to infiltration of the melt, and simultaneously, the matrix content on the surface of the material can be effectively controlled, and higher conductivity is kept. Furthermore, the grid in the electrical contact material provided by the embodiment of the invention is formed by weaving a plurality of transverse wires and a plurality of longitudinal wires; the grid is compiled in the following way: the transverse yarns are alternately woven up and down in an inserting manner by taking N1 longitudinal yarns as a period; preferably, the N1 is 1-3, preferably 2; and/or the longitudinal yarns are alternately woven up and down in an inserting way by taking N2 transverse yarns as a period; preferably, the number of N2 is 1-3, preferably 2. The weaving mode is favorable for maintaining the stability of the grid and is not easy to damage in the processing process.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly understood and to implement them in accordance with the contents of the description, the following detailed description is given with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention for preparing an electrical contact material by an infiltration process;
FIG. 2 is another schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention for preparing an electrical contact material by an infiltration process;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention for preparing an electrical contact material by using a cast molding process;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the topography of a tungsten mesh used in examples 1-3 of the present invention; wherein the wire diameter of the tungsten mesh is 50 μm;
FIG. 5 is a microstructure diagram of an electrical contact material prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the wear curves of the electrical contact material prepared in example 1 of the present invention, a prior art electrical contact material (an electrical contact material without introducing a wear-resistant lattice structure on the surface of the material), and a zirconium nitride ceramic ball;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the wear profile of the electric contact material prepared in example 1 of the present invention after being paired with a zirconium nitride ceramic ball;
FIG. 8 is a view showing the microstructure of an electric contact material prepared in example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the morphology of a nickel mesh used in example 4 of the present invention; wherein the wire diameter of the nickel screen is 50 μm;
FIG. 10 is a topographical view of a 316L stainless steel net used in example 5 of the present invention; wherein the wire diameter of the stainless steel net is 25 μm;
fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the wear profile of the electric contact material and the zirconium nitride ceramic ball after the counter-grinding in comparative example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
To further explain the technical means and effects of the present invention adopted to achieve the predetermined object, the following detailed description of the embodiments, structures, features and effects according to the present invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. In the following description, different "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" refers to not necessarily the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Based on the technical problems in the prior art mentioned in the background art, the invention provides an electric contact material and a preparation method thereof, which mainly introduces grids woven by continuous fibers with certain wire diameters on the surface of the electric contact material, and utilizes the continuously distributed grids to improve the wear resistance of the fibers. The lattice, which is continuously distributed over the surface of the material, has a larger fiber dimension than the skeleton and therefore macroscopically a larger frictional load is borne by the fibers, while the lattice itself has better wear resistance, since it is denser than the sintered skeleton structure. Therefore, the continuous grid is introduced to the surface of the material, which is beneficial to improving the wear resistance of the material and is an effective way for strengthening the electric contact material. The scheme of the invention is as follows:
in one aspect, the present invention provides an electrical contact material, wherein the electrical contact material has a wear-resistant structure in a grid shape; wherein, the latticed wear-resistant structure is only positioned on the surface of the electric contact material; the latticed wear-resistant structure comprises a single-layer or multi-layer grid and a matrix distributed in pores of the grid; wherein the mesh number of the grid is 10-900 mesh, the filament diameter is 5-900 μm, and the aperture of the grid is 5-850 μm (here, it should be noted that the holes can be round holes, rectangular holes, etc., and the holes are extremely irregular, and usually the holes are regarded as circles and the sizes of the holes are expressed by radii).
Preferably, the grid is woven by a plurality of transverse filaments and a plurality of longitudinal filaments; the grid is compiled in the following way: the transverse yarns are alternately woven up and down in an inserting manner by taking N1 longitudinal yarns as a period; preferably, the N1 is 1-3, preferably 2; and/or the longitudinal yarns are alternately woven up and down in an inserting way by taking N2 transverse yarns as a period; preferably, the number of N2 is 1-3, preferably 2. The weaving mode is favorable for maintaining the stability of the grid and is not easy to damage in the processing process.
If the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, the substrate is copper or copper alloy; the copper alloy is preferably copper chromium zirconium alloy, and is further preferably C18150 copper chromium zirconium alloy; the diameter of the mesh is 10-800 μm, and the aperture of the mesh is 5-750 μm; the grid is a tungsten mesh.
Here, if the electrical contact material is a silver-based electrical contact material, wherein the matrix is silver or a silver alloy; the silver alloy is silver-nickel alloy or silver-iron alloy, and more preferably AgFe7 alloy; the grid is any one of a tungsten net, a stainless steel net and a nickel net.
On the other hand, the invention also provides a preparation method of the electric contact material, and particularly, the preparation method can select any one of the two processes of the infiltration process and the casting forming process.
And (3) infiltration process: the electric contact material is prepared by adopting an infiltration process, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps (the specific schematic diagram is shown in figure 1 and figure 2):
in the following steps, if the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, the reinforced powder is tungsten powder, and preferably, the particle size of the tungsten powder is 30-50 μm. The substrate is copper or a copper alloy, preferably copper.
If the electric contact material is a silver-based electric contact material, the enhanced powder is nickel powder, and preferably, the particle size of the nickel powder is 30-50 mu m. The substrate is silver or silver alloy, preferably silver.
1) Preparing a reinforced framework: a reinforcing skeleton having a lattice at least at a part of the surface thereof is prepared. There are two schemes for the steps of making the reinforcing cage:
first scheme (see fig. 1): sintering the reinforced powder into a reinforced framework body; and attaching the grid to the surface of the reinforced framework body to obtain the reinforced framework. The method comprises the following specific steps:
pressing the reinforced powder into a billet, sintering the billet into a reinforced framework body (specifically, adopting a compression molding mode, firstly using absorbent cotton to dip a small amount of alcohol to wipe a mold, particularly the inner wall and the bottom, then adding the reinforced powder into an inner cavity of the mold, then adjusting the stroke of a hydraulic press to a complete mold opening state, placing the whole mold at the central position of the hydraulic press, finally, manually pressurizing to 30-40MPa, and after maintaining the pressure for 0.5-1.5h, unloading the load and taking out the mold and the billet.
And heating the compact to 750-1600 ℃ at the speed of 5-12 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min-1h to obtain the reinforced framework body.
Placing the grid in acetone, cleaning the surface of the grid in an ultrasonic mode, taking out the grid, placing the grid in a drying box for drying, and manually attaching one or more layers of grids on the surface of the reinforced framework body. Then, the grid is flattened to be closely attached to the reinforced framework body (i.e., the sintered compact) to obtain the reinforced framework.
Second scheme (see fig. 2): pressing the reinforced powder into a compact; and attaching the grid to the surface of the compact, and sintering the compact with the grid attached to the surface to obtain the enhanced framework. The method comprises the following specific steps:
pressing the reinforced powder into a billet, sintering the billet into a reinforced framework body (specifically, adopting a compression molding mode, firstly using absorbent cotton to dip a small amount of alcohol to wipe a mold, particularly the inner wall and the bottom, then adding the reinforced powder into an inner cavity of the mold, then adjusting the stroke of a hydraulic press to a complete mold opening state, placing the whole mold at the central position of the hydraulic press, finally, manually pressurizing to 30-40MPa, and after maintaining the pressure for 0.5-1.5h, unloading the load and taking out the mold and the billet.
And (3) placing the grid in acetone, cleaning the surface of the grid in an ultrasonic mode, taking out the grid, placing the grid in a drying box for drying, and manually coating one or more layers of grids on the surface of the billet or placing the grids below the billet to obtain the billet with the grid attached to the surface.
Sintering the blank with the grid attached to the surface, specifically: and in a protective atmosphere, heating the compact attached with the grid to 750-1600 ℃ at the speed of 5-12 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min-1h to obtain the reinforced framework.
2) And (3) high-temperature infiltration: infiltrating a matrix into the reinforced framework by adopting a high-temperature infiltration method, and cooling to obtain a composite material; then, removing the redundant matrix to expose the latticed wear-resistant structure to the surface of the composite material, thereby obtaining the electric contact material.
The method comprises the following steps: placing the matrix and the reinforcing framework together; heating the base body and the reinforcing framework which are placed together under a protective atmosphere until the temperature is a set temperature, preserving the heat at the set temperature for a set time, and cooling to obtain a composite material; wherein the set temperature is higher than the melting point of the matrix and lower than the melting point of the reinforcing framework. Preferably, the set temperature is 1050-; preferably, the matrix is placed on the reinforcing cage.
Preferably, in the high-temperature infiltration step: placing a base body and a reinforcing framework on a crucible, wherein the base body is placed on the reinforcing framework; then placing the crucible in a furnace chamber of heating equipment; vacuumizing, filling protective gas, heating to 1050-plus-one 1300 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min after the air pressure in the heating furnace is stable, preserving the heat for 30 minutes, cooling to 800-plus-one 900 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and cooling to the room temperature along with the furnace.
The casting molding process comprises the following steps: preparing the electrical contact material by adopting a casting molding process, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps as shown in figure 3:
paving the grid at the bottom of the mold or placing the grid in a coating structure in the mold, then casting the molten matrix in the mold, and cooling to obtain a casting piece; removing the redundant matrix on the casting piece to expose the latticed wear-resistant structure on the surface of the casting piece to obtain an electric contact material; preferably, the casting temperature of the matrix is 100-200 ℃ higher than the melting point of the matrix; preferably, if the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, wherein the substrate is a copper alloy; if the electric contact material is a silver-based electric contact material, the substrate is silver alloy.
Preferably, the steps are specifically: placing the grid serving as the reinforcing phase in acetone, cleaning the surface of the grid in an ultrasonic mode, taking out the grid, drying the grid in a drying oven, manually folding the grid into a required specific shape, then placing the prepared framework in a graphite crucible, or directly paving one or more layers of grids at the bottom of the graphite crucible to ensure that the edge of the grid framework is 5-15mm away from the inner wall of the crucible to prevent casting defects, and finishing the step. And casting the melt into a crucible with a grid in advance to prepare a casting piece, cooling to obtain an ingot, and removing the redundant metal matrix to obtain the surface-strengthened wear-resistant electrical contact material.
In conclusion, the scheme provided by the invention carries out targeted reinforcement on the surface of the electric contact material, has wide applicability, can be applied to different forming processes, and has lower grid content in the material while reinforcing, thereby ensuring higher conductivity and having important significance for improving the strength of the electric contact material, prolonging the service life and improving the quality stability of products.
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific experimental examples:
in examples 1 to 5, the same hot pressing apparatus and mold were used for press molding, the same heating furnace apparatus and graphite crucible with a diameter of 26mm were used for high temperature infiltration or cast molding, and the friction properties were measured by counter-grinding with zirconium nitride ceramic balls under cyclic load of 10N and 1 Hz.
Example 1
The embodiment prepares a copper-based electrical contact material, in particular to a copper-tungsten composite material, wherein the adopted raw materials comprise tungsten powder with the particle size of 30-50 μm, a tungsten mesh and a pure copper block. As shown in fig. 1, the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the preparation method of the reinforced skeleton body comprises the following steps: the mould is wiped by using absorbent cotton dipped with a small amount of alcohol, particularly the inner wall and the bottom of the mould in a compression molding mode. Then 20g of tungsten powder with the grain diameter of 30-50 mu m is added into the inner cavity of the mould. And then, adjusting the stroke of the hydraulic press to a complete die opening state, and placing the whole die at the center of the hydraulic press. And finally, manually pressurizing to 35MPa, and after maintaining the pressure for 1 hour, unloading the load and taking out the mold and the billet. In the nitrogen atmosphere, the billet is heated to 1470 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min and is kept warm for 1h to obtain a sintered billet, namely the reinforced framework body.
Covering grids, and preparing a reinforced framework: a single-layer tungsten mesh of 200 meshes, 50 μm in wire diameter and 60 μm in pore diameter was selected and placed in acetone (in this example, the microstructure of the tungsten mesh is shown in fig. 4, the surface of the mesh is smooth, and the pores are regular rectangles). The surface of the product is cleaned by an ultrasonic method and is placed in a drying box for drying. And then, the tungsten net is coated on the reinforced framework body, and the tungsten net is tightly attached to the reinforced framework body through manual extrusion. And then, tightly binding the joints of the tungsten nets by using tungsten wires with the wire diameter of 50 mu m, ensuring that the tungsten nets are not loosened in the binding process, and then shearing off the redundant tungsten nets by using scissors to obtain the reinforced framework.
And (3) high-temperature infiltration: weighing 120g of pure copper blocks, mechanically polishing to remove a surface oxide layer, then sequentially cleaning in acetone and alcohol, and blowing to dry by using a blower. Meanwhile, the graphite crucible is ultrasonically cleaned in absolute ethyl alcohol for 5 minutes and then dried. Then, the reinforcing framework and the copper block are placed in a crucible (wherein the reinforcing framework is arranged at the lower part, and the copper block is arranged at the upper part), and then the crucible is placed in a furnace chamber of heating equipment. After the pressure in the furnace is stabilized, the temperature is raised to 1300 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 30 minutes, then the temperature is lowered to 900 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and finally the furnace is cooled to the room temperature. And (3) closing the instrument after the preparation process is finished, taking out the sample, cutting off the redundant matrix by using an electric saw, and polishing by using abrasive paper until the surface of the tungsten mesh is exposed to obtain the copper-based electric contact material (copper-tungsten composite material).
Here, the surface micro-topography of the copper-based electrical contact material prepared in this example is shown in fig. 5, and it can be seen from fig. 5 that: the copper matrix with regular shape is distributed in the pores of the tungsten grid, the grid is uniformly coated on the surface of the matrix, no precipitated phase or crack appears at the interface, and the interface combination is good.
The following were analyzed by Image-pro plus software: the volume fraction of tungsten in the copper-based electrical contact material prepared in the embodiment is 72.14%.
The wear curve of the copper-based electrical contact material prepared in the present example, the copper-tungsten composite material of the prior art (i.e. the copper-tungsten composite material without introduced grid, wherein the volume fraction of tungsten is 70%) and the zirconium nitride ceramic ball under the cyclic load of 10N and 1Hz, respectively, is shown in fig. 6, and it can be seen from fig. 6 that: the friction coefficient of the copper-based electric contact material prepared by the embodiment is 0.11-0.49.
The wear morphology of the copper-based electrical contact material prepared in the embodiment and the zirconium nitride ceramic ball are shown in fig. 7, and it can be seen from fig. 7 that: the matrix and the grids in the material prepared by the embodiment have no large-area peeling phenomenon, the separation of the matrix at the interface is not generated, the number of cracks is small, and the complete integral structure can be reserved.
In addition, the copper-based electrical contact material of the present example was experimentally measured to have an electrical conductivity of 32% IACS and a surface wear rate of 0.29 × 10-5mm3/N·m。
Example 2
The embodiment prepares a copper-based electrical contact material, in particular to a copper-tungsten composite material, wherein the adopted raw materials comprise tungsten powder with the particle size of 30-50 μm, a tungsten mesh and a pure copper block. As shown in fig. 2, the preparation method comprises the following steps:
preparing a billet with a grid attached to the surface: the mould is wiped by using absorbent cotton dipped with a small amount of alcohol, particularly the inner wall and the bottom of the mould in a compression molding mode. Then 20g of tungsten powder with the grain diameter of 30-50 mu m is added into the inner cavity of the mould. And then, adjusting the stroke of the hydraulic press to a complete die opening state, and placing the whole die at the center of the hydraulic press. And finally, manually pressurizing to 35MPa, and after maintaining the pressure for 1 hour, unloading the load and taking out the mold and the billet. Selecting a 150-mesh single-layer tungsten net with the wire diameter of 10 mu m and the pore diameter of 23 mu m, placing the single-layer tungsten net in acetone, cleaning the surface of the single-layer tungsten net by using an ultrasonic method, and placing the single-layer tungsten net in a drying box for drying. And then wrapping the tungsten mesh on the billet, and ensuring the tungsten mesh to be tightly attached to the billet through manual extrusion. And then, tightly binding the joints of the tungsten nets by using a tungsten wire with the wire diameter of 100 mu m, ensuring that the tungsten nets are not loosened in the binding process, and then shearing off the redundant tungsten nets by using scissors to obtain a billet with the surface attached with grids.
Preparing a reinforced framework: in the nitrogen atmosphere, the billet with the grid attached to the surface is heated to 1470 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min and is kept for 1h to obtain the well sintered reinforced framework, and the step is completed.
And (3) high-temperature infiltration: weighing 120g of pure copper blocks, mechanically polishing to remove a surface oxide layer, then sequentially cleaning in acetone and alcohol, and blowing to dry by using a blower. Meanwhile, the graphite crucible is ultrasonically cleaned in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution for 5 minutes and then dried. Then, the reinforcing framework and the copper block are placed in a crucible (the reinforcing framework is arranged below and the copper block is arranged above), and then the crucible is placed in a furnace chamber of heating equipment. After the pressure in the furnace is stabilized, the temperature is raised to 1300 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 30 minutes, the temperature is lowered to 900 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and finally the furnace is cooled to the room temperature. And (3) closing the instrument after the preparation process is finished, taking out the sample, cutting off the redundant matrix by using an electric saw, and polishing by using abrasive paper until the surface of the tungsten mesh is exposed to obtain the copper-based electric contact material (copper-tungsten composite material).
Here, the following were analyzed by Image-pro plus software: the volume fraction of tungsten in the copper-based electrical contact material (copper-tungsten composite material) prepared in this example was 71.36%. The experiment shows that the composite material has the conductivity of 34% IACS, the friction coefficient of 0.09-0.46 and the surface wear rate of 0.31X 10-5mm3/N·m。
Example 3
In this embodiment, a copper-based electrical contact material (copper-tungsten composite material) is prepared, wherein the adopted raw materials include a tungsten mesh and a C18150 copper-chromium-zirconium alloy block (where the contents of chromium and zirconium both account for 0.65%), and as shown in fig. 3, the specific preparation steps are as follows:
grid preparation: firstly, a single-layer tungsten net with 200 meshes, the wire diameter of 50 mu m and the pore diameter of 60 mu m is placed in acetone for cleaning by using ultrasonic waves, and then the tungsten net is placed in a drying box for drying. Manually folding the dried tungsten mesh into a rectangle, then binding the joint of the folded tungsten mesh by using tungsten wires with the same wire diameter of 50 mu m, ensuring that no looseness occurs in the binding process, and then shearing off the redundant tungsten mesh by using scissors, thereby completing the step.
Casting and molding: weighing 120gC18150 copper-chromium-zirconium alloy blocks, mechanically polishing to remove surface oxide layers, then ultrasonically cleaning in acetone, putting the alloy blocks into a drying oven for drying, then putting the alloy blocks into a graphite crucible, putting the crucible into a furnace chamber of heating equipment, heating to 1300 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 1h to ensure that all solids are melted into a melt. And (2) selecting crucible tongs to clamp the crucible containing the melt, casting the melt into the crucible with the grid placed in advance at a slow speed at 1300 ℃, preventing the melt from splashing in the casting process, fully filling the melt into the gaps of the grid, taking out after the cast ingot is cooled to room temperature, cutting off the redundant matrix by using an electric saw, and polishing by using abrasive paper until the tungsten net is exposed on the surface to obtain the copper-based electric contact material (copper-tungsten composite material).
Here, the macro morphology of the copper-based electrical contact material (copper-tungsten composite material) prepared in this example is shown in fig. 8, and it can be seen from fig. 8 that: the pores of the tungsten grid are distributed with regular copper matrix, the grid is evenly coated on the interface of the matrix surface, no precipitated phase or crack occurs, and the interface combination is good.
The following were analyzed by Image-pro plus software: the volume fraction of tungsten in the copper-based electrical contact material (copper-tungsten composite) was 48.56%. The experiment shows that the composite material has the conductivity of 55% IACS, the friction coefficient of 0.15-0.53 and the surface wear rate of 0.38 multiplied by 10-5mm3/N·m。
Example 4
In this example, a silver-based electrical contact material (silver-nickel composite material) was prepared, wherein the raw materials used included nickel powder with a particle size of 30-50 μm, a nickel mesh, and pure silver blocks. As shown in fig. 1, the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the preparation method of the reinforced skeleton body comprises the following steps: the mould is wiped by using absorbent cotton dipped with a small amount of alcohol, particularly the inner wall and the bottom in a compression molding mode. Then 15g of nickel powder with the particle size of 30-50 mu m is added into the inner cavity of the mould. And then, adjusting the stroke of the hydraulic press to a complete die opening state, and placing the whole die at the center of the hydraulic press. And finally, manually pressurizing to 40MPa, maintaining the pressure for 1.5 hours, unloading the load, taking out the mold and the compact, heating the compact to 800 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min in a nitrogen atmosphere, and preserving the temperature for 30min to obtain a sintered blank, thereby obtaining the reinforced framework body.
Covering grids and preparing a reinforced framework: selecting a 200-mesh single-layer nickel screen with the wire diameter of 50 mu m and the pore diameter of 60 mu m, placing the single-layer nickel screen in acetone (the selected nickel screen is shown in figure 9, the surface of the grid is slightly rough, and the shape of pores is regular rectangular), cleaning the surface of the single-layer nickel screen by using an ultrasonic method, and placing the single-layer nickel screen in a drying box for drying. And then the nickel net is wrapped on the reinforced framework body, and the nickel net is tightly attached to the reinforced framework body through manual extrusion. And then, the connection parts between the nickel nets are tightly bound by using nickel wires with the wire diameter of 50 mu m, the nickel nets are ensured not to be loosened in the binding process, and then, the redundant nickel nets are cut off by using scissors, so that the reinforced framework is obtained.
And (3) high-temperature infiltration: weighing 100g of pure silver blocks, mechanically polishing to remove a surface oxide layer, then sequentially cleaning in acetone and alcohol, and blowing to dry by using a blower. Meanwhile, the graphite crucible is ultrasonically cleaned in an absolute ethyl alcohol solution for 5 minutes and then dried. Then, the reinforcing framework and the silver block are placed in a crucible (the reinforcing framework is arranged below and the silver block is arranged above), and then the crucible is placed in a furnace chamber of heating equipment. After the pressure in the furnace is stabilized, the temperature is raised to 1050 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, the temperature is maintained for 30 minutes, the temperature is lowered to 800 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and finally the furnace is cooled to room temperature. And (3) closing the instrument after the preparation process is finished, taking out the sample, cutting off the redundant silver matrix by using an electric saw, and polishing by using abrasive paper until the surface of the nickel screen is exposed to obtain the silver-based electric contact material (silver-nickel composite material).
Here, the following were analyzed by Image-pro plus software: the volume fraction of nickel in the silver-based electrical contact material (silver-nickel composite material) prepared in this example was 71.59%. The experiment shows that the composite material has the conductivity of 38% IACS, the friction coefficient of 0.21-0.63 and the surface wear rate of 0.89X 10-5mm3/N·m。
Example 5
This example prepares a silver-based electrical contact material (silver-iron composite) in which the raw materials used include a 316L stainless steel mesh and an AgFe7 alloy block. As shown in fig. 3, the specific preparation steps are as follows:
grid preparation: firstly, a single-layer 316L stainless steel net with 500 meshes, the wire diameter of 25 mu m and the pore diameter of 28 mu m is placed in acetone and cleaned by using ultrasonic waves, the structure of the 316L stainless steel net is shown in figure 10, the surface of the 316L stainless steel net is smooth, and pores are regular rectangles. And then placing the stainless steel mesh in a drying box for drying. And (3) manually folding the dried stainless steel mesh into a rectangle, then binding the joints of the folded stainless steel mesh by using stainless steel wires with the same wire diameter of 25 mu m, ensuring that no looseness occurs in the binding process, and then shearing off the redundant stainless steel mesh by using scissors, thereby completing the step.
Casting and molding: weighing 120g of AgFe7 alloy block, mechanically polishing to remove a surface oxide layer, ultrasonically cleaning in acetone, putting the copper block into a drying oven for drying, putting the AgFe7 alloy block into a graphite crucible, putting the crucible into a furnace chamber of heating equipment, heating to 1200 ℃ at the speed of 10 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 1h to ensure that all solids are melted into a melt. And (2) selecting crucible tongs to clamp the crucible containing the melt, casting the melt into the crucible with the grid placed in advance at a slow speed at 1200 ℃, preventing the melt from splashing in the casting process, fully filling the melt into the gap in the framework, taking out the melt after the cast ingot is cooled to room temperature, cutting off the redundant matrix by using an electric saw, and polishing by using abrasive paper until the surface of the stainless steel mesh is exposed to obtain the silver-based electric contact material (silver-iron composite material).
Here, the following were analyzed by Image-pro plus software: the volume fraction of the AgFe7 alloy in the silver-based electrical contact material (silver-iron composite material) of this example was 54.25%.
The silver-based electrical contact material (silver-iron composite material) of the present example has an electrical conductivity of 60% IACS, a friction coefficient of 0.27 to 0.72, and a surface wear rate of 1.12 × 10-5mm3/N·m。
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 lists the properties of the copper-tungsten electrical contact composite material in the prior art, and specifically refers to the properties shown in table 1:
table 1 shows the properties of the existing copper-tungsten electrical contact composite material
In addition, the wear profile of the conventional copper-tungsten electrical contact composite material Cu-W (30) after being ground with the zirconium nitride ceramic ball is shown in fig. 11, and it can be seen from fig. 11 that a large number of cracks and peeling of the matrix appear at the edge of the friction trace.
Comparative example 2
Comparative example 2 lists the properties of the silver-nickel electrical contact composite material in the prior art, and specifically refers to table 2:
table 2 shows the properties of the existing silver-nickel electrical contact composite material
From the data above for examples 1-5 and comparative examples, it can be derived:
(1) comparative examples 1-2 exemplify the conventional copper-tungsten/silver-nickel composite material and the relationship between the electrical conductivity and the wear resistance thereof and the percentage content of the matrix.
For both composites, the following law exists: as the percentage of the matrix increases, its electrical conductivity increases, while its wear resistance decreases.
(2) In examples 1 to 5 of the present application, the surface wear rate of the mesh of the copper-tungsten composite material prepared in the present application was 0.32X 10 at a wire diameter of 50 μm-5mm3N m, less than 0.54X 10 of the minimum wear rate of the copper-tungsten composite material in comparative example 1-5mm3/N·m。
When the wire diameter of the reinforcing grid of the silver-nickel composite material prepared by the method reaches 25 mu m, the surface wear rate is 0.89 multiplied by 10-5mm3N m, still less than the minimum wear rate of 0.96X 10 of the silver-nickel composite material in the comparative example-5mm3/N·m。
Therefore, the electric contact material prepared by the embodiment of the invention has excellent wear resistance.
(3) By comparing example 1 with example 2, it can be seen that: if the mesh wire diameter is properly increased, the wear resistance of the material is correspondingly increased, but the conductivity of the finally obtained composite material is slightly reduced due to the simultaneous reduction of the matrix content.
(4) As can be seen from examples 1, 3 and 4 and 5: if a casting molding process is adopted, the percentage content of the matrix in the material can be improved, and higher conductivity can be ensured while the wear resistance is enhanced.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention are still within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An electrical contact material, characterized in that the electrical contact material has a grid-like wear-resistant structure; wherein the latticed wear-resistant structure is located only on the surface of the electrical contact material; the latticed wear-resistant structure comprises a single-layer or multi-layer grid and a matrix distributed in pores of the grid; preferably, the mesh number of the mesh is 10-900 meshes, the silk diameter is 5-900 μm, and the pore diameter of the mesh is 5-850 μm;
preferably, the grid is formed by weaving a plurality of transverse filaments and a plurality of longitudinal filaments; the grid is compiled in the following way:
the transverse yarns are alternately woven up and down in an inserting manner by taking N1 longitudinal yarns as a period; preferably, the N1 is 1-3, preferably 2; and/or
The longitudinal yarns are woven in an up-and-down alternate penetrating manner by taking N2 transverse yarns as a period; preferably, the number of N2 is 1-3, preferably 2.
2. The electrical contact material of claim 1, wherein the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, wherein the substrate is copper or a copper alloy;
preferably, the silk diameter of the grid is 10-800 μm, and the pore diameter of the grid is 5-750 μm;
preferably, the grid is a tungsten mesh;
preferably, the copper alloy is copper-chromium-zirconium alloy.
3. The electrical contact material of claim 1, wherein the electrical contact material is a silver-based electrical contact material, wherein the matrix is silver or a silver alloy;
preferably, the grid is any one of a tungsten mesh, a stainless steel mesh and a nickel mesh;
preferably, the silver alloy is silver-nickel alloy or silver-iron alloy.
4. The method for preparing an electrical contact material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrical contact material is prepared by an infiltration process, wherein the preparation method comprises the steps of:
preparing a reinforced framework: preparing a reinforcing skeleton having a mesh at least at a part of a surface thereof;
and (3) high-temperature infiltration: infiltrating a matrix into the reinforced framework by adopting a high-temperature infiltration method, and cooling to obtain a composite material; then, removing the redundant matrix to expose the latticed wear-resistant structure on the surface of the composite material, so as to obtain the electric contact material.
5. The method for preparing an electrical contact material according to claim 4, wherein in the step of preparing the reinforced skeleton:
sintering the reinforced powder into a reinforced framework body; attaching the grid to the surface of the reinforced framework body to obtain a reinforced framework;
preferably, the step of attaching the grid to the surface of the reinforcing skeleton body specifically includes: coating the grid on the reinforced framework body, and attaching the grid to the reinforced framework body;
preferably, the step of sintering the reinforcing powder into the reinforcing skeleton body includes: pressing the reinforced powder into a compact, and then sintering the compact to obtain a reinforced framework body; further preferably, the step of sintering the compact includes: in a protective atmosphere, heating the compact to 750-1600 ℃ at the speed of 5-12 ℃/min, and preserving the heat for 20min-1h to obtain the reinforced framework body.
6. The method for preparing an electrical contact material according to claim 4, wherein in the step of preparing the reinforced skeleton:
pressing the reinforced powder into a compact; attaching the grid to the surface of the compact, and then sintering the compact with the grid attached to the surface to obtain an enhanced framework;
preferably, the step of applying a grid to the surface of the compact comprises: coating a grid on the compact or on the lower surface of the compact, and attaching the grid to the compact;
preferably, the step of sintering the surface-fitted mesh-containing compact includes: in a protective atmosphere, heating the compact attached with the grid to 750-1600 ℃ at the speed of 5-12 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 20min-1h to obtain the reinforced framework.
7. The preparation method of the electrical contact material according to claim 5 or 6, wherein if the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, the reinforced powder is tungsten powder or tungsten carbide powder, preferably, the particle size of the reinforced powder is 30-50 μm;
if the electric contact material is a silver-based electric contact material, the enhanced powder is nickel powder or iron powder, and preferably, the particle size of the enhanced powder is 30-50 mu m.
8. The method for preparing an electrical contact material according to claim 4, wherein the high-temperature infiltration step comprises:
placing the matrix and the reinforcing framework together; heating the base body and the reinforcing framework which are placed together under a protective atmosphere until the temperature is a set temperature, preserving the heat at the set temperature for a set time, and cooling to obtain a composite material; wherein the set temperature is higher than the melting point of the matrix and lower than the melting point of the reinforced framework;
preferably, the set temperature is 1050-;
preferably, the set time is 30min-1.5 h;
preferably, the matrix is placed on the reinforcing cage.
9. The method for preparing an electrical contact material according to claim 8, wherein, in the high-temperature infiltration step:
placing a base body and a reinforcing framework on a crucible, wherein the base body is placed on the reinforcing framework; then placing the crucible in a furnace chamber of heating equipment; vacuumizing, filling protective gas, heating to 1050-.
10. The method for preparing an electrical contact material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrical contact material is prepared by a cast molding process, wherein the preparation method comprises the steps of:
placing the grid at the bottom of the crucible or placing the grid in a coating structure in the crucible, then casting the molten matrix in the crucible, and cooling to obtain a casting piece; removing the redundant matrix on the casting piece to expose the latticed wear-resistant structure on the surface of the casting piece to obtain an electric contact material;
preferably, the casting temperature of the matrix is 100-200 ℃ higher than the melting point of the matrix;
preferably, a gap of 5-15mm is left between the grid and the crucible;
preferably, if the electrical contact material is a copper-based electrical contact material, wherein the substrate is a copper alloy; if the electric contact material is a silver-based electric contact material, the substrate is silver alloy.
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