CN112816332A - Test method for simulating tunnel to penetrate through columnar jointed rock mass - Google Patents
Test method for simulating tunnel to penetrate through columnar jointed rock mass Download PDFInfo
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- CN112816332A CN112816332A CN202011587778.9A CN202011587778A CN112816332A CN 112816332 A CN112816332 A CN 112816332A CN 202011587778 A CN202011587778 A CN 202011587778A CN 112816332 A CN112816332 A CN 112816332A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
- G01N3/12—Pressure testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention discloses a test method for simulating a tunnel to pass through a columnar jointed rock mass, which comprises the following steps of 1, adding a mixture of water and lime into a polygonal column mold to form a rock model; then adding a argillaceous filling material among the plurality of rock models to form a columnar jointed rock mass model; step 2, applying external load to the outer side of the columnar jointed rock mass model, and then performing simulated excavation on the columnar jointed rock mass model to form a simulated tunnel; step 3, arranging a displacement sensor and a stress sensor on the inner surface in the simulated tunnel, and continuously applying external load to the excavated columnar jointed rock mass model until the columnar jointed rock mass model is damaged; and 4, processing the measurement data of the displacement sensor and the stress sensor, and then exploring the damage mechanism and the mechanical property change of the columnar jointed rock mass tunnel surrounding rock. A test method for researching the mechanical property and the damage mechanism of the surrounding rock of the columnar jointed rock mass tunnel effectively reduces the possibility of accidents in the tunnel construction process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of geotechnical engineering, and particularly belongs to a test method for simulating a tunnel to penetrate through a columnar jointed rock mass.
Background
With the continuing development strategy in the west, the construction of rail transit is also gradually sloping up-to-west edge. Because the terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, and a large number of mountains are distributed in the west, when a tunnel is built, if the mountains meet the situation, the mountains are usually tunneled forwards by adopting a tunnel excavation method. In the rock mass tunnel excavation process, basalt is a common engineering rock mass, and the development of basalt rock mass all generally not equidimension has the column joint, and the column joint in the rock mass is that volcano class rock is formed through the cooling, therefore the column joint formation process is comparatively complicated in the rock mass, leads to the tunnel country rock of column joint rock mass to have complicated mechanical properties, generally can cause the difficulty of certain degree for the design and the construction of tunnel excavation. In the process of tunnel construction, the existence of the columnar joint surface in the rock body causes the reduction of the overall mechanical stability of the rock body. In addition, in the process of tunnel excavation, the stress redistribution phenomenon of tunnel surrounding rocks often occurs, and particularly when a columnar joint develops in a rock mass, the mechanical property of the rock mass is lower than that of a common rock, so that engineering accidents such as falling of a rock block, collapse of a tunnel and the like easily occur, and the risk of tunnel construction is increased.
Because the distribution range of the columnar jointed rock mass is wide, and when the tunnel construction is carried out in western mountain areas, most rock mass tunnels generally need to pass through and develop the columnar jointed rock mass with larger scale, when the tunnel construction passes through the broken columnar jointed rock mass, because the integral mechanical property of the columnar jointed rock mass is poor, the stability is poor, accidents such as broken stone falling and tunnel collapse can easily occur, although the existing indoor tunnel excavation simulation method has a plurality of methods, the influence of the columnar joint distribution on the mechanical property and displacement change of the tunnel surrounding rock is not considered when the columnar joint develops in the rock mass, and the influence of the tunnel excavation on the stability of the columnar jointed rock mass surrounding rock mass can not be well simulated. The method for simulating the tunnel to penetrate through the columnar jointed rock mass is lacked in the prior art, so that corresponding technical guidance cannot be provided for the design and construction of the tunnel to penetrate through the columnar jointed rock mass, the probability of construction risks when the tunnel penetrates through the columnar jointed rock mass is increased, the construction period of the whole project is prolonged, the construction cost is improved, and the project benefit is obviously reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a test method for simulating the mechanical property and the damage mechanism of the surrounding rock of a tunnel of a columnar jointed rock mass when the tunnel passes through the columnar jointed rock mass, which can assist engineering practice, effectively reduce the possibility of accidents in the tunnel construction process, increase the factors influencing the safety of constructors and equipment, accelerate the construction progress to a certain extent and reduce the construction cost; the tunnel construction is safer and more economical, and can obtain greater social benefits.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a test method for simulating a tunnel to pass through a columnar jointed rock mass comprises the following steps,
and 4, processing the measurement data of the displacement sensor and the stress sensor, and then exploring the damage mechanism and the mechanical property change of the columnar jointed rock mass tunnel surrounding rock.
Preferably, in step 1, the polygonal prism mold is formed by splicing colorless and transparent organic glass plates.
Preferably, in the step 1, rock models with different strength grades are formed by adjusting the mixing ratio of water and lime, and tunnel excavation under surrounding rocks with different grades is simulated.
Preferably, the overall section size of the columnar jointed rock mass model is not less than 1m × 1 m.
Preferably, in the step 2, the concrete method for simulating excavation is to perform pre-excavation on the columnar jointed rock mass model to form a tunnel, place a built-in air bag which is filled with gas and has the same size as the tunnel in the pre-excavation tunnel, then place the manufactured rock mass model in a double-shaft compression test device, apply external loads with certain size to the transverse direction and the vertical direction of the model to simulate confining pressure existing in the rock mass, and then release gas through the air bag which is filled with gas and is preset in the rock mass model to simulate excavation of the tunnel.
Preferably, in step 2, the size of the cross section of the simulated tunnel is not greater than 1/5 of the size of the columnar jointed rock mass model.
Preferably, in step 3, the telescopic rod of the hydraulic double-shaft compressor is adjusted to apply external loads to the columnar jointed rock mass models with different sizes.
Preferably, in step 3, a plurality of displacement sensors and stress sensors are uniformly arranged on the surface inside the simulated tunnel.
Preferably, a video measuring instrument is arranged outside the model loading test device for carrying out the simulation test.
Preferably, in step 4, data processing and analysis of displacement and stress are carried out through Origin software, so that a change curve of the displacement and the stress is obtained, and further, when the tunnel passes through the columnar jointed rock mass, the damage mechanism and the mechanical property change of the tunnel surrounding rock of the columnar jointed rock mass are explored.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the invention provides a test method for simulating a tunnel to pass through a columnar jointed rock mass, which is characterized in that a damage mechanism and mechanical properties of a tunnel surrounding rock of the columnar jointed rock mass are explored by simulating when the tunnel needs to pass through the columnar jointed rock mass during tunnel excavation, so that a reliable basis is provided for an excavation design scheme of the tunnel, and the probability of risks encountered in the tunnel excavation process is reduced. The model containing the columnar joints is manufactured to be similar to the actual columnar joint rock mass in mechanical property, and a certain external load is applied to the columnar joint rock mass model. Placing a stress and displacement sensor in a pre-excavated tunnel model, installing the displacement sensor around surrounding rocks of a tunnel excavation section, performing a biaxial compression test on the columnar joint model subjected to tunnel excavation, monitoring data changes of the displacement and stress sensor, and then processing the monitoring data of the displacement and stress; in actual engineering, when a tunnel passes through a columnar jointed rock mass, the damage mechanism and the mechanical property change of tunnel surrounding rocks are researched, engineering practice is assisted, the possibility of accidents in the tunnel construction process is effectively reduced, factors influencing the safety of constructors and equipment are increased, the construction progress can be accelerated to a certain extent, and the construction cost is reduced; the tunnel construction is safer and more economical, and can obtain greater social benefits.
Further, through adopting colorless transparent organic glass to form the polygon prism mould, the formation process of observation rock model that can be better avoids rock model's shaping intensity to lead to the fact the measured data error inadequately.
Furthermore, rock models with different strength grades are formed by adjusting the mixing ratio of water and lime, tunnel excavation under surrounding rocks with different grades is simulated, rocks with different strength grades can be tested, and the range of measured data is enlarged.
Further, the tunnel excavation is simulated in the test. The air bag filled with air is placed at the pre-excavation position of the tunnel in the model in advance, so that the air in the air bag is quickly discharged when the tunnel excavation is simulated, the tunnel excavation in the actual engineering is simulated, and the actual condition of the engineering is closer to that of the engineering.
Further, the section size of the columnar joint rock model should not be less than 1m × 1 m. By limiting the section size, the excavation of the tunnel and the measurement and collection of displacement and stress data are facilitated.
Further, the tunnel section size of the simulated tunnel should be smaller than 1/5 of the rock mass model size so as to be closer to the actual engineering.
Furthermore, by adjusting the telescopic rods of the hydraulic double-shaft compressor, compression tests of rock mass models with different sizes are facilitated.
Furthermore, a video measuring instrument is placed at a certain distance from the tunnel model loading device, the displacement variation of the surrounding rock of the tunnel section is measured in real time by the video measuring instrument, the displacement dependent variable of the monitoring point of the surrounding rock is deduced, and the displacement dependent variable is combined with the data monitored by the displacement strain gauge arranged on the surface of the surrounding rock to explore the damage process of the tunnel surrounding rock in detail.
Furthermore, a plurality of displacement sensors are arranged on the surrounding rock mass of the tunnel excavation section, a plurality of displacement sensors and stress sensors are uniformly arranged in the tunnel, and the damage mechanism and the change rule of the mechanical property of the surrounding rock of the columnar jointed rock mass tunnel can be better analyzed conveniently.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of a columnar jointed rock mass model manufactured in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a main view plane of a tunnel-passing columnar jointed rock mass model in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a mold formed by splicing glass sheets in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic overall view of a tunnel passing through a columnar jointed rock mass in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic side sectional view of a tunnel traversing cylindrical joint model according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a rock mass model built-in airbag in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a partial schematic view of a hydraulic biaxial compression testing machine in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the positional relationship of the sensor and the bladder in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the relationship between the airbag and the tunnel section in the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the installation position of the displacement sensor outside the tunnel according to the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a process of using photography to record a wall rock breach in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an arc-shaped cutter structure used in the embodiment of the present invention;
in the drawings: 1 is a tunnel section; 2 is columnar rock; 3 is the position of the tunnel side wall sensor; 4, the position of the sensor at the top of the tunnel is shown; 5 is a glass plate; 6 is a built-in air bag; 7 is the position of the sensor of the tunnel surrounding rock; 8 is a telescopic rod; 9 is a rock mass model structural plane; 11 is a model loading test device; 12 is a photographic lamp box; 13 is a video measuring instrument; and 14, a rock mass sample model.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention.
The invention aims to provide a test method for simulating the mechanical property and the failure mechanism of tunnel surrounding rocks of columnar jointed rock mass when a tunnel passes through the columnar jointed rock mass, aiming at the problem that the existing indoor tunnel excavation simulation method has various types but cannot well simulate the influence of the columnar jointed rock mass on tunnel excavation when the tunnel surrounding rocks are the columnar jointed rock mass.
A test method for simulating a tunnel to pass through a columnar jointed rock mass comprises the following steps: manufacturing a columnar jointed rock mass model, selecting a tunnel excavation mode, monitoring a load pressurization mode of the excavated columnar jointed rock mass model and monitoring relevant data of the excavated columnar jointed rock mass model; the section of the columnar jointed rock mass model is in a polygonal column form, a three-dimensional polygonal column mould is formed by splicing organic glass, a mixture formed by matching lime and water in a certain proportion is added into the mould to form a rock model, then, a argillaceous filler is added between the rock models to form a structural plane, and finally, the rock model and the argillaceous filler are spliced to form the columnar jointed rock mass model. The prepared columnar jointed rock mass model is placed in a double-shaft loading device, a certain external load is applied to the top and the side of the model, the pressure on the surrounding rock of the tunnel in the actual engineering is simulated, the test device and the test method are close to the engineering practice, and then the excavation of the simulated tunnel is carried out.
In the test method, a method of building an air bag in a model is adopted to simulate the excavation mode of the tunnel. In the manufactured rock mass model, under the condition of not applying load, a simulated tunnel is formed through pre-excavation, an internal air bag 6 filled with gas is placed at the pre-excavation simulated tunnel of the rock mass model, and the size of the internal air bag 6 is the same as that of the pre-excavation simulated tunnel; and then applying load to the outer side of the rock mass model, and quickly discharging gas in the air bag in the excavation process of the simulated tunnel to excavate the simulated tunnel. And arranging a displacement sensor on the rock mass around the tunnel section of the manufactured columnar jointed rock mass model, and adding the displacement sensor and a stress sensor at the pre-excavation position of the internal tunnel, so as to monitor and simulate the stress magnitude and displacement change rule of the columnar jointed rock mass tunnel surrounding rock under the action of external load, and the obtained data and results can be used for guiding engineering practice.
The method provided by the invention can be used for simulating that the tunnel excavation needs to pass through the columnar jointed rock mass, exploring the damage mechanism and the mechanical property of the tunnel surrounding rock of the columnar jointed rock mass, providing a reliable basis for the tunnel excavation design scheme, and reducing the probability of risks in the tunnel excavation process. The method comprises the steps of manufacturing a model containing the columnar joints similar to the mechanical property of an actual columnar joint rock mass, putting the columnar joint rock mass model into a biaxial compression testing machine, applying a certain external load to the model, and simulating confining pressure of the rock mass. And then, excavating the simulated tunnel by adopting a method of presetting an air bag in the model, and excavating to form 1/5 of which the section 1 size of the simulated tunnel is smaller than that of the rock mass model so as to be closer to the actual engineering. Stress and displacement sensors are placed in a pre-excavated tunnel model, the displacement sensors are arranged on surrounding rock masses of a tunnel section, the columnar jointing model after tunnel excavation is continuously subjected to biaxial compression loading until the columnar jointing rock mass model is damaged, the change of corresponding data is monitored by using the displacement and the stress sensors, and meanwhile, a video measuring instrument is placed at a certain distance from a tunnel model loading device to monitor the change process of surrounding rock displacement. In actual engineering, when a tunnel passes through a columnar jointed rock mass, the damage mechanism and the change rule of mechanical property of tunnel surrounding rocks are explored.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1 to 12, a test method for simulating the tunnel to pass through the columnar jointed rock mass comprises the steps of manufacturing a columnar jointed rock mass model, excavating the tunnel, and monitoring the pressurization, displacement and stress of the tunnel load.
Firstly, manufacturing a columnar jointed rock mass model. Colorless organic glass plates 5 are selected and spliced into a quadrangular prism mold with the overall section size of 1m multiplied by 1m, as shown in figure 3, the material for manufacturing the columnar jointed rock mass model is a mixture formed by water and lime according to a certain proportion. According to the general view of the actual engineering, gypsum with different strengths is prepared by adjusting the water cement ratio to simulate rock models under different surrounding rock grades. And splicing the manufactured rock models by using the argillaceous filling materials, wherein the argillaceous filling materials form a rock model structural surface 9, so that the columnar rock model is further manufactured, and the argillaceous filling materials in the embodiment are silt, as shown in fig. 1.
As shown in fig. 12, an arc-shaped cutter is installed on the percussion drill bit, and the manufactured columnar jointed rock mass model is cut to pre-excavate to form a tunnel, so that the columnar jointed rock mass model with the tunnel is formed. A certain amount of strain gauges are arranged on the inner surface of the tunnel and the surrounding rock of the section of the tunnel, then an air bag which is the same as the tunnel in size and is filled with air is placed at the pre-excavation position of the tunnel in the rock mass model, then the manufactured rock mass model is placed into a double-shaft compression test device, and external loads with certain sizes are applied to the transverse direction and the vertical direction of the model so as to simulate the confining pressure existing in the rock mass. And then rapidly releasing gas through the built-in gas bag 6 filled with gas and preset in the rock mass model to simulate the excavation of the tunnel, as shown in figures 6, 8 and 9.
And then continuously carrying out biaxial loading on the columnar jointed rock mass model after the tunnel excavation is finished, as shown in figure 7. Continuously applying transverse load and vertical load to the columnar rock mass model until the rock mass model is damaged; the telescopic rod 8 of the hydraulic double-shaft compressor can be adjusted to apply external load to columnar jointed rock mass models with different sizes. Displacement and stress sensor through tunnel inside arrangement, as shown in figure 8, come to monitor and collect under different external load effect circumstances, the numerical value of displacement and stress changes in the column rock mass model tunnel, displacement sensor and stress sensor set up tunnel side wall sensor position 3 and tunnel top sensor position 4 position in the picture, in addition place displacement sensor on the sensor position 7 of tunnel country rock in the surrounding rock mass of tunnel section 1 promptly in the picture, monitor the displacement change state of tunnel country rock in the loading process, as shown in figure 10. While the model loading test device 11 is adopted to continuously carry out biaxial loading on the columnar jointed rock mass sample model 14 after tunnel excavation is finished, the video measuring instrument 13 and the photographic lamp box 12 are placed 1.5m away from the tunnel loading device to measure the variation of tunnel section surrounding rock displacement in real time, as shown in fig. 11, the derived data of the video measuring instrument 13 is combined with the monitoring data of the displacement sensor arranged on the surface of the tunnel, so that the damage process of the tunnel surrounding rock can be better analyzed. In fig. 11 g is the distance between the video measuring instrument and the loading test device.
And then, the obtained monitoring data is collated, and displacement and stress data processing and analysis are carried out by combining Origin software to obtain a change curve of the displacement and the stress, so that a change rule and a damage mechanism of the mechanical property of the tunnel surrounding rock are obtained when the tunnel passes through the columnar jointed rock mass.
The test process of simulating the tunnel to pass through the columnar jointed rock mass is carried out by firstly manufacturing a model containing the columnar joints, wherein the strength of the model is similar to that of an actual rock mass so as to better simulate engineering practice. Placing gas-filled airbags at pre-excavation positions of tunnels in the manufactured rock mass model, and arranging a certain number of displacement and stress sensors on the surfaces of the tunnels; and applying a certain external load to the columnar jointed rock mass model to simulate the surrounding rock pressure on the rock mass. Then, excavating the tunnel in the manufactured model, and releasing gas through a preset air bag to finish the excavation of the simulated tunnel; and after the tunnel excavation in the model is finished, continuously applying external load to the model until the rock mass model is damaged. Monitoring and collecting related data by using a displacement and stress sensor, and measuring the displacement change condition of the surrounding rock of the section of the tunnel by using a video measuring instrument 13; and then, data are sorted and analyzed by combining with related software, the change quantity of the displacement of the tunnel surrounding rock is deduced by using the video measuring instrument 13, and the change rules of the mechanical property and the damage mechanism of the tunnel surrounding rock are comprehensively obtained when the tunnel passes through the columnar jointed rock mass model. The invention provides a test basis for engineering practice of tunnel construction, and can effectively reduce the probability of accidents in tunnel construction.
Claims (10)
1. A test method for simulating a tunnel to pass through a columnar jointed rock mass is characterized by comprising the following steps,
step 1, adding a mixture of water and lime into a polygonal prism mold to form a rock model; then adding a argillaceous filling material among the plurality of rock models to form a columnar jointed rock mass model;
step 2, applying external load to the outer side of the columnar jointed rock mass model, and then performing simulated excavation on the columnar jointed rock mass model to form a simulated tunnel;
step 3, arranging a displacement sensor and a stress sensor on the inner surface in the simulated tunnel, and then continuously applying external load to the excavated columnar jointed rock mass model until the columnar jointed rock mass model is damaged;
and 4, processing the measurement data of the displacement sensor and the stress sensor, and then exploring the damage mechanism and the mechanical property change of the columnar jointed rock mass tunnel surrounding rock.
2. The test method for simulating the tunnel crossing of the columnar jointed rock mass according to the claim 1, wherein in the step 1, the polygonal prism mold is formed by splicing colorless and transparent organic glass plates (5).
3. The test method for simulating the tunnel to penetrate through the columnar jointed rock mass according to the claim 1, wherein in the step 1, rock models with different strength grades are formed by adjusting the mixing ratio of water and lime, and tunnel excavation under surrounding rocks with different grades is simulated.
4. A test method for simulating the passage of a tunnel through a columnar jointed rock mass according to claim 1, wherein the overall section size of the columnar jointed rock mass model is not less than 1m x 1 m.
5. The test method for simulating the tunnel to penetrate through the columnar jointed rock mass according to the claim 1, characterized in that in the step 2, the concrete method for simulating the excavation is that the columnar jointed rock mass model is pre-excavated to form the tunnel, an internal air bag (6) which is filled with gas and has the same size as the tunnel is arranged in the pre-excavated tunnel, then the manufactured rock mass model is placed in a double-shaft compression test device, external loads with certain size are applied to the transverse direction and the vertical direction of the model to simulate the confining pressure existing in the rock mass, and then the gas is released through the air bag which is filled with gas and is preset in the rock mass model to simulate the excavation of the tunnel.
6. A test method for simulating tunnel crossing of columnar jointed rock mass according to claim 1, wherein in step 2, the size of the tunnel section (1) of the simulated tunnel is not larger than 1/5 of the size of the model of columnar jointed rock mass.
7. The test method for simulating the tunnel crossing of the columnar jointed rock mass according to the claim 1, characterized in that in the step 3, the telescopic rod (8) of the hydraulic double-shaft compressor is adjusted to apply external load to columnar jointed rock mass models with different sizes.
8. The test method for simulating the tunnel to pass through the columnar jointed rock mass according to the claim 1, wherein in the step 3, a plurality of displacement sensors and stress sensors are uniformly arranged on the surface inside the simulated tunnel.
9. A test method for simulating tunnel crossing of columnar jointed rock mass according to claim 1, characterized in that a video measuring instrument (13) is arranged outside the model loading test device (11) for simulation test.
10. The test method for simulating the tunnel to penetrate through the columnar jointed rock mass according to the claim 1, wherein in the step 4, data processing and analysis of displacement and stress are carried out through Origin software, so that a change curve of the displacement and the stress is obtained, and further, the damage mechanism and the mechanical property change of the tunnel surrounding rock of the columnar jointed rock mass are obtained when the tunnel penetrates through the columnar jointed rock mass.
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| CN113715132A (en) * | 2021-09-04 | 2021-11-30 | 山东科技大学 | 3D printing tunnel model making auxiliary device and model making method |
| CN114112703A (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2022-03-01 | 中铁二十局集团第四工程有限公司 | Circular tunnel instability fracture test system in complex joint stratum and use method |
| CN114112703B (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2024-04-26 | 中铁二十局集团第四工程有限公司 | Circular tunnel instability and rupture test system in complex joint stratum and use method |
| CN114112600A (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-03-01 | 贵州大学 | Rock mass sample pouring mold for manufacturing tunnel-containing and joint model |
| CN114112600B (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2024-02-06 | 贵州大学 | Rock mass sample pouring die for manufacturing tunnel and joint model |
| CN114973905A (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2022-08-30 | 山东大学 | Teaching model for simulating tunnel construction under various geological conditions and use method thereof |
| CN115389286A (en) * | 2022-08-23 | 2022-11-25 | 东北大学 | Deep rock mass closed stress construction method for physical model test |
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