CN112802998B - Silicon-based negative electrode and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Silicon-based negative electrode and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN112802998B
CN112802998B CN202110312388.9A CN202110312388A CN112802998B CN 112802998 B CN112802998 B CN 112802998B CN 202110312388 A CN202110312388 A CN 202110312388A CN 112802998 B CN112802998 B CN 112802998B
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silicon
negative electrode
based negative
aluminum sol
coating
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CN112802998A (en
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张新宇
王海丽
秦家千
刘日平
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Yanshan University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1395Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027Negative electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a silicon-based negative electrode and a preparation method and application thereof. The invention provides a silicon-based negative electrode which comprises a current collector, a silicon layer and an alumina sol coating layer which are sequentially stacked. The aluminum sol coating layer can reduce the volume expansion of silicon in the lithium removing/embedding process on the surface of the silicon layer, so that the cycle performance of the silicon-based negative electrode material is improved. According to the description of the embodiment, under the current density of 0.1A/g, the capacity retention rate of the silicon-based negative electrode after 50 cycles of charge and discharge cycles is 45.09-90.93%, which is greatly improved compared with the capacity retention rate of 38.85% of the silicon-based negative electrode without an aluminum sol coating layer.

Description

Silicon-based negative electrode and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a silicon-based negative electrode and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In recent years, lithium ion batteries have become an important part of people's lives, and are widely applied to the fields of various consumer electronics products, electric automobiles, new energy storage and the like. And a negative electrode material battery system with higher specific capacity, high cycle stability, high rate performance and high safety is still a hot spot of research and study. The silicon material is considered to be one of the most promising alternative materials of commercial carbon materials due to the characteristics of high theoretical specific capacity (4200mAh/g), lower lithium removal/insertion potential, abundant element reserves and the like. However, silicon expands up to 300% in volume during the process of lithium intercalation/deintercalation, and the severe volume effect may ultimately result in poor cycle stability of the product, limiting its practical application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a silicon-based negative electrode and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the silicon-based negative electrode has better electrochemical cycling stability.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a silicon-based negative electrode which comprises a current collector, a silicon layer and an alumina sol coating layer which are sequentially stacked.
Preferably, the thickness of the aluminum sol coating layer is 5-15 μm.
Preferably, the silicon layer includes silicon, polyacrylic acid, and acetylene black;
the mass ratio of the silicon to the polyacrylic acid to the acetylene black is 8:1: 1.
Preferably, the thickness of the silicon layer is 10-20 μm.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the silicon-based negative electrode in the technical scheme, which comprises the following steps:
providing a current collector with a silicon layer;
mixing the aluminum sol with ethanol to obtain an aluminum sol coating material;
and coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of a silicon layer to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode.
Preferably, the mass concentration of the aluminum sol is 5-30%.
Preferably, the mass ratio of alumina to ethanol in the aluminum sol is 1: (10-30).
Preferably, the method for preparing the current collector with the silicon layer comprises the following steps:
mixing and grinding silicon, polyacrylic acid and acetylene black according to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, and adding N-methyl pyrrolidone to obtain coating slurry;
and coating the coating slurry on the surface of a current collector to obtain the current collector with the silicon layer.
The invention also provides the application of the silicon-based negative electrode in the technical scheme or the silicon-based negative electrode prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme in a lithium ion battery.
The invention provides a silicon-based negative electrode which comprises a current collector, a silicon layer and an alumina sol coating layer which are sequentially stacked. The aluminum sol coating layer wraps the surface of the silicon to reduce the volume expansion of the silicon, and the volume expansion of the silicon in the lithium removal/insertion process can be reduced on the surface of the silicon layer, so that the cycle performance of the silicon-based negative electrode material is improved. According to the description of the embodiment, under the current density of 0.1A/g, the capacity retention rate of the silicon-based negative electrode after 50 cycles of charge and discharge cycles is 45.09-90.93%, which is greatly improved compared with the capacity retention rate of 38.85% of the silicon-based negative electrode without an aluminum sol coating layer.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the silicon-based negative electrode in the technical scheme, which comprises the following steps: providing a current collector with a silicon layer; mixing the aluminum sol with ethanol to obtain an aluminum sol coating material; and coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of a silicon layer to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode. The preparation method is simple to operate, and the obtained sample is good in stability, low in cost and beneficial to large-scale production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a discharge cycle stability curve of the silicon-based negative electrodes described in examples 1 to 3 and the silicon-based negative electrode described in comparative example 1;
fig. 2 is a cycle stability curve of the charge and discharge silicon-based negative electrode described in example 2.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a silicon-based negative electrode which comprises a current collector, a silicon layer and an alumina sol coating layer which are sequentially stacked.
In the present invention, the current collector is preferably a copper foil, and the copper foil is not particularly limited in the present invention, and a copper foil known to those skilled in the art may be used.
In the present invention, the thickness of the silicon layer is preferably 10 to 20 μm, and more preferably 15 μm. The silicon layer preferably includes silicon, polyacrylic acid, and acetylene black. In the present invention, the mass ratio of silicon, polyacrylic acid, and acetylene black is preferably 8:1: 1. In the present invention, the particle size of the silicon is preferably 50 to 100nm, and more preferably 80 nm.
In the invention, the thickness of the aluminum sol coating layer is preferably 5-15 μm, and more preferably 10 μm.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the silicon-based cathode in the technical scheme, which comprises the following steps:
providing a current collector with a silicon layer;
mixing the aluminum sol with ethanol to obtain an aluminum sol coating material;
and coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of a silicon layer to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode.
In the present invention, all raw materials are commercially available products well known to those skilled in the art unless otherwise specified.
The invention provides a current collector with a silicon layer. In the present invention, the method for preparing the current collector with a silicon layer preferably includes the steps of: mixing and grinding silicon, polyacrylic acid and acetylene black according to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, and adding N-methyl pyrrolidone to obtain coating slurry; and coating the coating slurry on the surface of a current collector to obtain the current collector with the silicon layer. In the present invention, the particle size of the silicon is preferably 50 to 100nm, and more preferably 80 nm. The process of the present invention for the mixing and grinding is not particularly limited, and may be performed by a process known to those skilled in the art. In the embodiment of the invention, the mixed grinding is specifically grinding in a mortar for 20 min. The amount of the N-methylpyrrolidone used in the present invention is not limited in any way, and the viscosity of the obtained coating slurry can be ensured to be well coated on the current collector and the silicon layer is not cracked after drying by using the amount well known to those skilled in the art. In the present invention, the coating is preferably applied by knife coating. After the coating is completed, the present invention also preferably includes drying; the drying is preferably carried out in a drying oven for 10min at the vacuum normal temperature.
The aluminum sol is mixed with ethanol to obtain the aluminum sol coating material. In the present invention, the mass concentration of the aluminum sol is preferably 5 to 30%, and more preferably 20 to 23%. In the present invention, the ethanol is preferably anhydrous ethanol; the mass ratio of alumina to ethanol in the aluminum sol is preferably 1: (10-30), more preferably 1: (15-25), and most preferably 1: 20. In the present invention, the mixing is preferably carried out under stirring, and the stirring is not particularly limited in the present invention and may be carried out by a process known to those skilled in the art. In the embodiment of the invention, the stirring is specifically stirring for 24 hours at normal temperature.
After the aluminum sol coating material is obtained, the aluminum sol coating material is coated on the surface of a silicon layer to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode. In the present invention, the coating is preferably carried out by blade coating, and the height of the blade during the blade coating is preferably 15 μm.
After the coating is complete, the present invention also preferably includes drying; the drying is preferably vacuum drying; the temperature of the vacuum drying is preferably 80 ℃, and the time is 12 h.
The invention also provides the application of the silicon-based negative electrode in the technical scheme or the silicon-based negative electrode prepared by the preparation method in the technical scheme in a lithium ion battery. The present invention is not limited to any particular application, and may be carried out by a procedure well known to those skilled in the art.
The silicon-based negative electrode provided by the present invention, the preparation method and the application thereof are described in detail with reference to the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
According to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, 32mg of silicon with the particle size of 80nm, 4mg of polyacrylic acid and 4mg of acetylene black are mixed and ground in a mortar for 10min, and then 2.5g of N-methyl pyrrolidone is added and mixed uniformly to obtain coating slurry;
uniformly coating the 2.5g of coating slurry on a copper foil by scraping, and airing in a drying box for 10min at the normal temperature in vacuum to obtain a current collector with a silicon layer (the thickness of the silicon layer is 15 mu m);
mixing 20g of 20% aluminum sol and 120g of absolute ethyl alcohol according to the mass ratio of 1:30, and stirring at normal temperature for 24 hours to obtain an aluminum sol coating material;
and (3) coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of the silicon layer by scraping, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ for 12h to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode (the thickness of the aluminum sol coating layer is 10 microns).
Example 2
According to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, 32mg of silicon with the particle size of 80nm, 4mg of polyacrylic acid and 4mg of acetylene black are mixed and ground in a mortar for 10min, and then 2.5g of N-methyl pyrrolidone is added and mixed uniformly to obtain coating slurry;
uniformly coating the 2.5g of coating slurry on a copper foil by scraping, and airing in a drying box for 10min at the normal temperature in vacuum to obtain a current collector with a silicon layer (the thickness of the silicon layer is 15 mu m);
mixing 30g of 20% aluminum sol and 120g of absolute ethyl alcohol according to the mass ratio of 1:20, and stirring at normal temperature for 24 hours to obtain an aluminum sol coating material;
and (3) coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of the silicon layer by scraping, wherein the height of the scraper is 15 mu m, and performing vacuum drying at 80 ℃ for 12h to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode (the thickness of the aluminum sol coating layer is 10 mu m).
Example 3
According to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, 32mg of silicon with the particle size of 80nm, 4mg of polyacrylic acid and 4mg of acetylene black are mixed and ground in a mortar for 10min, and then 2.5g of N-methyl pyrrolidone is added and mixed uniformly to obtain coating slurry;
uniformly coating the 2.5g of coating slurry on a copper foil by scraping, and airing in a drying box for 10min at the normal temperature in vacuum to obtain a current collector with a silicon layer (the thickness of the silicon layer is 15 mu m);
mixing 60g of 20% aluminum sol and 120g of absolute ethyl alcohol according to the mass ratio of 1:10, and stirring at normal temperature for 24 hours to obtain an aluminum sol coating material;
and (3) coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of the silicon layer by scraping, wherein the height of the scraper is 15 mu m, and performing vacuum drying at 80 ℃ for 12h to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode (the thickness of the aluminum sol coating layer is 10 mu m).
Comparative example 1
According to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, 32mg of silicon with the particle size of 80nm, 4mg of polyacrylic acid and 4mg of acetylene black are mixed and ground in a mortar for 10min, and then 2.5g of N-methyl pyrrolidone is added and mixed uniformly to obtain coating slurry;
the 2.5g of the coating slurry was uniformly spread on a copper foil by doctor blade coating and vacuum dried at 80 ℃ for 12 hours to obtain a silicon-based negative electrode (thickness of silicon layer 15 μm).
Test example
Taking the silicon-based negative electrodes prepared in the embodiments 1-3 and the comparative example 1 as the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery, taking a lithium sheet as the positive electrode, and preparing a button half battery in a vacuum glove box, wherein the material of the diaphragm is polypropylene, and the electrolyte comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate (with the concentration of 1mol/L) and an organic solvent (the volume ratio of EC (ethylene carbonate), EMC (methyl ethyl ester) and DMC (dimethyl carbonate) is 1:1: 1);
carrying out charge-discharge cycling on the button half cell for 50 circles under the current density of 0.1A/g, wherein the cycling performance diagram is shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, wherein fig. 1 is a discharge cycling stability curve of the silicon-based negative electrodes of examples 1-3 and the silicon-based negative electrode of comparative example 1 (1:30 corresponds to example 1, 1:20 corresponds to example 2, 1:10 corresponds to example 3, and Si corresponds to comparative example 1); fig. 2 is a charge-discharge cycle stability curve of a silicon-based anode described in example 2; as can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the first discharge specific capacity of comparative example 1 is 2731.9mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate after 50 cycles is 38.85%; when the concentration of the aluminum sol is lower (10%), the protection effect on the nano-silicon is not great, and when the concentration is higher (30%), the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions can be influenced. The first discharge specific capacity of the capacitor in the embodiment 1 is 2442.0mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate is 45.09% after 50 cycles; the first discharge specific capacity of the material in the embodiment 2 is 2128.1mAh/g, the capacity retention rate after 50 cycles is 90.93%, and the first coulombic efficiency is 94.7% (as shown in figure 2); the first discharge specific capacity of the capacitor in example 3 is 2224.9mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate after 50 cycles is 63.44%.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. The silicon-based negative electrode is characterized by consisting of a current collector, a silicon layer and an alumina sol coating layer which are sequentially stacked;
the raw material for preparing the alumina sol coating layer is an alumina sol coating material;
the aluminum sol coating material comprises aluminum sol and ethanol;
the mass concentration of the aluminum sol is 5-30%;
the mass ratio of the alumina to the ethanol in the aluminum sol is 1: (10-30).
2. The silicon-based negative electrode of claim 1, wherein the aluminum sol coating layer has a thickness of 5 to 15 μm.
3. The silicon-based anode of claim 1, wherein the silicon layer comprises silicon, polyacrylic acid, and acetylene black;
the mass ratio of the silicon to the polyacrylic acid to the acetylene black is 8:1: 1.
4. The silicon-based negative electrode of claim 1, wherein the silicon layer has a thickness of 10 to 20 μm.
5. A preparation method of the silicon-based negative electrode as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by comprising the following steps:
providing a current collector with a silicon layer;
mixing the aluminum sol with ethanol to obtain an aluminum sol coating material;
coating the aluminum sol coating material on the surface of a silicon layer to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode;
the mass concentration of the aluminum sol is 5-30%;
the mass ratio of the alumina to the ethanol in the aluminum sol is 1: (10-30).
6. The method of manufacturing of claim 5, wherein the method of manufacturing the current collector with the silicon layer comprises the steps of:
mixing and grinding silicon, polyacrylic acid and acetylene black according to the mass ratio of 8:1:1, and adding N-methyl pyrrolidone to obtain coating slurry;
and coating the coating slurry on the surface of a current collector to obtain the current collector with the silicon layer.
7. The silicon-based negative electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or the silicon-based negative electrode prepared by the preparation method according to claim 5 or 6 is applied to a lithium ion battery.
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