CN112628738A - 跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法 - Google Patents
跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法,包括有垃圾处理***和飞灰处理***;所述的垃圾处理***包括有依次设置的垃圾储坑、垃圾焚烧炉、余热锅炉、半干式反应塔、袋式除尘器和风机,所述的半干式反应塔与袋式除尘器之间通过烟气管道连接;所述的飞灰处理***包括有依次设置的飞灰收集仓、飞灰成型***、等离子熔融炉、二燃室、湿法脱酸塔和静电除尘器,所述的飞灰收集仓收集半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器及其之间的烟气管道内的飞灰,静电除尘器的出口与所述的风机连接。本发明通过改变垃圾焚烧电厂脱酸药剂成分进而改变垃圾飞灰的成分,从而解决熔融过程中能量消耗大以及玻璃体中氯含量高的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及垃圾飞灰处理技术领域,尤其涉及一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法。
背景技术
垃圾焚烧飞灰含有烟气夹带颗粒物,脱酸获得产物以及过量的化学药剂等成分,目前脱酸的主要使用药剂为生石灰,该药剂具有表面积大,处理成本低等优点,但是使用生石灰作为干法和半干法脱除药剂效率较低,容易喷入多余的药剂增加了飞灰的产生量;飞灰熔融处理过程中由于脱酸过程中喷入大量的钙基脱酸剂,导致飞灰熔融温度升高浪费能源,影响经济成本;脱酸生成的CaCl2物质挥发温度达到1600℃,因此飞灰熔融过程中将会有部分的CaCl2物质无法挥发残留在玻璃体,该部分的物质残留将会影响玻璃体的建材资源化使用。
发明内容
本发明目的就是为了弥补已有技术的缺陷,提供一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法,通过改变垃圾焚烧电厂脱酸药剂成分进而改变垃圾飞灰的成分,从而解决熔融过程中能量消耗大以及玻璃体中氯含量高的问题。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法,包括有垃圾处理***和飞灰处理***;
所述的垃圾处理***包括有依次设置的垃圾储坑、垃圾焚烧炉、余热锅炉、半干式反应塔、袋式除尘器和风机,所述的半干式反应塔与袋式除尘器之间通过烟气管道连接;
所述的飞灰处理***包括有依次设置的飞灰收集仓、飞灰成型***、等离子熔融炉、二燃室、湿法脱酸塔和静电除尘器,所述的飞灰收集仓收集半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器及其之间的烟气管道内的飞灰,静电除尘器的出口与所述的风机连接。
在所述的风机的烟气排放口处和飞灰收集仓内均安装有CEMS实时监测***。
所述的半干式反应塔与袋式除尘器之间的烟气管道上依次设有碳酸氢钠喷射装置和活性炭喷射装置。
所述的湿法脱酸塔的出水口连接有废水处理装置。
一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)垃圾收集到垃圾焚烧厂后倒入到垃圾储坑中,垃圾在垃圾储坑经过发酵投入到垃圾焚烧炉中燃烧,产生的烟气首先经过余热锅炉换热;
(2)经过余热锅炉换热冷却后的烟气通入到半干式反应塔中,在半干式反应塔中喷入石灰浆将酸性气脱除;为了减少飞灰的产生量以及改变飞灰中成分降低飞灰熔点,同时在飞灰熔融过程中将氯元素带出,在烟气管道中喷入碳酸氢钠;
(3)为保证烟气中酸性气体和重金属排放达到标准,在袋式除尘器前端烟气管道中喷入1‰-4‰活性炭吸附,所有的粉尘将在袋式除尘器被截留,经过袋式除尘器净化后的烟气通过风机排出;
(4)在半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器截留的飞灰被收集在飞灰收集仓中,将收集到的飞灰与添加剂以10:1.5~3在飞灰成型***中制成颗粒物质;
(5)颗粒物质直接输送到等离子熔融炉中,在等离子熔融炉中由电弧提供能量使得颗粒物质熔融,熔融物质经过急冷变成玻璃体,挥发性物质随着烟气进入到二燃室;
(6)烟气首先在二燃室中将部分可燃性气体燃烧,之后在湿法脱酸塔中通过氢氧化钠脱除酸性气体,药剂含量为氢氧化钠与氯和硫摩尔比控制在2~5:1,后面没有被捕捉到的颗粒物将被截留在静电除尘器中,湿法脱酸塔产生的废水经过废水处理装置进行处理,净化后烟气注入到垃圾焚烧电厂风机前端的管道中随着垃圾焚烧电厂净化后烟气排放到大气中。
半干式反应塔中喷入药剂含量为碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比为1:1,钙硫比为1:1,钙氯比为1:2。
步骤(4)中所述的添加剂为含硅的物质。
为了使得烟气排放达到标准,在所述的风机烟气排放口处和飞灰收集仓内均安装CEMS实时监测***,所述的玻璃体中氯含量多少取决于垃圾焚烧飞灰成分,因此要求周期性取样检测飞灰和玻璃体成分。
运行过程中,若CEMS实时监测***报警,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分合适,则加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量直到烟气排放满足要求;若烟气排放正常,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分不合适,则保证烟气排放满足要求,加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,减少氢氧化钙的喷入量,或者在添加剂中加入少量碳酸氢钠带入到等离子熔融炉中;若烟气排放和垃圾焚烧飞灰成分均不正常,首先加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,若仍然不正常,则加大氢氧化钙的喷入量,直到正常。
本发明的优点是:
1、降低了垃圾焚烧飞灰产生量。现有干法和半干法使用钙剂存在了效率低,多余的钙基将会存在于垃圾焚烧飞灰中增加了垃圾焚烧飞灰产生量,增加了垃圾焚烧飞灰处理成本,而采用碳酸氢钠因为效率高,导致了飞灰产生量减少。
2、通过加入碳酸氢钠可以改变垃圾焚烧飞灰中的化学配比更加适合高温熔融,可以降低熔融温度,并且产生的玻璃体更加符合资源化使用的要求,降低了垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理成本。
附图说明
图1为本发明工作流程结构框图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***及方法,包括有垃圾处理***和飞灰处理***;
所述的垃圾处理***包括有依次设置的垃圾储坑1、垃圾焚烧炉2、余热锅炉3、半干式反应塔4、袋式除尘器5和风机6,所述的半干式反应塔4与袋式除尘器5之间通过烟气管道7连接;
所述的飞灰处理***包括有依次设置的飞灰收集仓8、飞灰成型***9、等离子熔融炉10、二燃室11、湿法脱酸塔12和静电除尘器13,所述的飞灰收集仓8收集半干式反应塔4和袋式除尘器5及其之间的烟气管道7内的飞灰,静电除尘器13的出口与所述的风机6连接。
在所述的风机6的烟气排放口处和飞灰收集仓8内均安装有CEMS实时监测***14。
所述的半干式反应塔4与袋式除尘器5之间的烟气管道7上依次设有碳酸氢钠喷射装置和活性炭喷射装置。
所述的湿法脱酸塔12的出水口连接有废水处理装置15。
一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)垃圾通过环卫***收集到垃圾焚烧厂后倒入到垃圾储坑1中,垃圾在垃圾储坑1经过发酵投入到垃圾焚烧炉2中燃烧,产生的烟气首先经过余热锅炉3换热推动汽轮机发电;
(2)经过冷却后的烟气因为气体中含有大量的酸性气体以及重金属,采用目前主流工艺“干法+半干法”,为了减少飞灰的产生量以及改变飞灰中成分降低飞灰熔点,同时在飞灰熔融过程中将氯元素尽可能的带出,干法脱酸在烟气管道中喷入碳酸氢钠,半干式反应塔中喷入石灰浆将酸性气脱除;干法脱酸喷入药剂含量为碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比控制在1:1~3,半干法中钙硫比控制在1:1~3,钙氯比1:2~4;
(3)为保证烟气中酸性气体和重金属排放达到标准,在袋式除尘器前端管道喷入1‰-4‰(以垃圾处理量计)。活性炭吸附,所有的粉尘将在袋式除尘器被截留;
(4)在干法、半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器截留的飞灰将会在飞灰收集罐中被收集,收集到的飞灰和添加剂(主要是含硅的物质,砂石、废玻璃等)以10:1.5~3在成型***中制成颗粒物质;
(5)颗粒物质直接输送到熔融炉中,在熔融炉由电弧提供能量使得混合物熔融,熔融物质经过急冷变成玻璃体,直接外运资源化使用,挥发性物质随着烟气进入到后续的烟气处理***;
(6)烟气首先在二燃室中将部分可燃性气体燃烧,之后在湿法脱酸塔中通过氢氧化钠脱除酸性气体,药剂含量为氢氧化钠与氯和硫摩尔比控制在2~5:1,后面没有被捕捉到的颗粒物将被截留在静电除尘器中,废水经过收集后进行处理,处理发放类似于高盐废水,净化后烟气注入到垃圾焚烧电厂风机前端的管道中随着垃圾焚烧电厂净化后烟气排放到大气中。
(7)要求垃圾焚烧电厂排放烟气要求达到GB18485-2014要求,同时产生玻璃体中氯含量必须低于0.0025%,为了使得烟气排放达到标准,在烟气排放口装入CEMS实时监测,玻璃体中氯含量多少取决于垃圾焚烧飞灰成分,因此要求周期性取样检测飞灰和玻璃体成分;
(8)运行过程中,若CEMES报警,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分合适,则加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量直到烟气排放满足要求;若烟气排放正常,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分不合适,则保证烟气排放满足要求,加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,减少氢氧化钙的喷入量,或者在添加剂中加入少量碳酸氢钠带入到熔融炉中;若烟气排放和垃圾焚烧飞灰成分均不正常,首先加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,若仍然不正常,则加大氢氧化钙的喷入量,直到正常。
具体实施例:
(1)垃圾通过环卫***收集到垃圾焚烧厂后倒入到垃圾储坑中,垃圾在垃圾储坑经过发酵投入到垃圾焚烧炉中燃烧,产生的烟气首先经过余热锅炉换热推动汽轮机发电;
(2)经过冷却后的烟气因为气体中含有大量的酸性气体以及重金属,采用目前主流工艺“干法+半干法”,为了减少飞灰的产生量以及改变飞灰中成分降低飞灰熔点,同时在飞灰熔融过程中将氯元素尽可能的带出,干法脱酸在烟气管道中喷入碳酸氢钠,半干式反应塔中喷入石灰浆将酸性气脱除;干法脱酸喷入药剂含量为碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比控制在1:1,半干法中钙硫比控制在1:1,钙氯比1:2;
(3)为保证烟气中酸性气体和重金属排放达到标准,在袋式除尘器前端管道喷入1‰活性炭吸附(以垃圾处理量计),所有的粉尘将在袋式除尘器被截留;
(4)在半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器截留的飞灰将会在飞灰收集罐中被收集,收集到的飞灰和添加剂(主要是含硅的物质,砂石、废玻璃等)以10:1.5在成型***中制成颗粒物质;
(5)颗粒物质直接输送到熔融炉中,在熔融炉由电弧提供能量使得混合物熔融,熔融物质经过喷水急冷变成玻璃体,直接外运资源化使用,挥发性物质随着烟气进入到后续的烟气处理***;
(6)烟气首先在二燃室中将部分可燃性气体燃烧,之后喷入氢氧化钠溶液脱除酸性气体,药剂含量为氢氧化钠与氯和硫摩尔比控制在3:1,后面没有被捕捉到的颗粒物将被截留在静电除尘器中,所有收集到的废水将进入到废水处理装置,处理方法可以参考高盐废水,经过净化的烟气注入到垃圾焚烧电厂风机前端的管道中随着垃圾焚烧电厂净化后烟气排放到大气中。
(7)本工艺中要求垃圾焚烧电厂排放烟气要求达到GB18485-2014要求,同时产生玻璃体中氯含量必须低于0.0025%,为了使得烟气排放达到标准,在烟气排放口装入CEMS实时监测,玻璃体中氯含量多少取决于垃圾焚烧飞灰成分,因此要求周期性取样检测飞灰成分;
(8)运行过程中,若CEMES报警,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分合适,则加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量直到烟气排放满足要求,但是碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比不能超过2:1,若达到仍然超标,则增大氢氧化钙的喷加量;若烟气排放正常,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分不合适,则保证烟气排放满足要求,加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,达到碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比不能超过1.5:1,减少氢氧化钙的喷入量,达到半干法中钙硫比控制在0.7:1,钙氯比0.7:2,或者在添加剂中加入少量碳酸氢钠带入到熔融炉中;若烟气排放和垃圾焚烧飞灰成分均不正常,首先加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比不能超过2:1,若仍然不正常,则加大氢氧化钙的喷入量,直到正常。
(9)此过程考虑使用连锁控制,控制方式为CEMES烟气排放数值以及飞灰原始成分Na2O,Al2O3,SiO2、CaO四者比值控制在1.5:1:4:3.5左右,通过二者关系的反馈信息启动相关酸性药剂喷入控制。
Claims (9)
1.一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***,其特征在于:包括有垃圾处理***和飞灰处理***;
所述的垃圾处理***包括有依次设置的垃圾储坑、垃圾焚烧炉、余热锅炉、半干式反应塔、袋式除尘器和风机,所述的半干式反应塔与袋式除尘器之间通过烟气管道连接;
所述的飞灰处理***包括有依次设置的飞灰收集仓、飞灰成型***、等离子熔融炉、二燃室、湿法脱酸塔和静电除尘器,所述的飞灰收集仓收集半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器及其之间的烟气管道内的飞灰,静电除尘器的出口与所述的风机连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***,其特征在于:在所述的风机的烟气排放口处和飞灰收集仓内均安装有CEMS实时监测***。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***,其特征在于:所述的半干式反应塔与袋式除尘器之间的烟气管道上依次设有碳酸氢钠喷射装置和活性炭喷射装置。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理***,其特征在于:所述的湿法脱酸塔的出水口连接有废水处理装置。
5.一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,其特征在于:具体包括以下步骤:
(1)垃圾收集到垃圾焚烧厂后倒入到垃圾储坑中,垃圾在垃圾储坑经过发酵投入到垃圾焚烧炉中燃烧,产生的烟气首先经过余热锅炉换热;
(2)经过余热锅炉换热冷却后的烟气通入到半干式反应塔中,在半干式反应塔中喷入石灰浆将酸性气脱除;为了减少飞灰的产生量以及改变飞灰中成分降低飞灰熔点,同时在飞灰熔融过程中将氯元素带出,在烟气管道中喷入碳酸氢钠;
(3)为保证烟气中酸性气体和重金属排放达到标准,在袋式除尘器前端烟气管道中喷入1‰-4‰活性炭吸附,所有的粉尘将在袋式除尘器被截留,经过袋式除尘器净化后的烟气通过风机排出;
(4)在半干式反应塔和袋式除尘器截留的飞灰被收集在飞灰收集仓中,将收集到的飞灰与添加剂以10:1.5~3在飞灰成型***中制成颗粒物质;
(5)颗粒物质直接输送到等离子熔融炉中,在等离子熔融炉中由电弧提供能量使得颗粒物质熔融,熔融物质经过急冷变成玻璃体,挥发性物质随着烟气进入到二燃室;
(6)烟气首先在二燃室中将部分可燃性气体燃烧,之后在湿法脱酸塔中通过氢氧化钠脱除酸性气体,药剂含量为氢氧化钠与氯和硫摩尔比控制在2~5:1,后面没有被捕捉到的颗粒物将被截留在静电除尘器中,湿法脱酸塔产生的废水经过废水处理装置进行处理,净化后烟气注入到垃圾焚烧电厂风机前端的管道中随着垃圾焚烧电厂净化后烟气排放到大气中。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,其特征在于:半干式反应塔中喷入药剂含量为碳酸氢钠与氯和硫摩尔比为1:1,钙硫比为1:1,钙氯比为1:2。
7.根据权利要求5所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中所述的添加剂为含硅的物质。
8.根据权利要求5所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,其特征在于:为了使得烟气排放达到标准,在所述的风机烟气排放口处和飞灰收集仓内均安装CEMS实时监测***,所述的玻璃体中氯含量多少取决于垃圾焚烧飞灰成分,因此要求周期性取样检测飞灰和玻璃体成分。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种跟垃圾焚烧电厂结合的等离子体飞灰熔融处理方法,其特征在于:运行过程中,若CEMS实时监测***报警,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分合适,则加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量直到烟气排放满足要求;若烟气排放正常,而垃圾焚烧飞灰成分不合适,则保证烟气排放满足要求,加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,减少氢氧化钙的喷入量,或者在添加剂中加入少量碳酸氢钠带入到等离子熔融炉中;若烟气排放和垃圾焚烧飞灰成分均不正常,首先加大碳酸氢钠的喷入量,若仍然不正常,则加大氢氧化钙的喷入量,直到正常。
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