CN112514756A - Intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure - Google Patents
Intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/90—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting the nitrification of ammonium compounds or urea in the soil
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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- C05G5/12—Granules or flakes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which relates to the technical field of planting and comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (I) land preparation, (II) flue-cured tobacco planting, (III) corn planting, and (IV) green manure planting; according to the invention, proper green manure crops are selected for planting in an inserting manner according to the phenological characteristics of a flue-cured tobacco-corn crop rotation planting system, photo-thermal resources of the main crop in the neutral period are fully utilized, meanwhile, the growth of malignant weeds caused by idle land seasons is inhibited, the nutrient characteristics of the main crop straws and the green manure crops are fully utilized, healthy, clean and balanced-nutrient organic fertilizers are prepared on site, the organic fertilizers are turned over and returned to the field, the fertility of the land is increased, and the green agricultural development concept of reduced application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is practiced.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention relates to the technical field of planting, in particular to a flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method.
[ background of the invention ]
Flue-cured tobacco is one of the important economic crops in China and plays an important role in national economy. In 2006, the tobacco planting area is 1572 ten thousand mu, the tax reaches 2900 hundred million Yuan, and the tobacco is the first of single tax in all industries in the country. However, researches show that continuous cropping inhibits the growth of flue-cured tobacco and reduces the yield and quality, and the main reasons are serious pest and disease damage, allelochemical accumulation, soil nutrient imbalance and the like caused by continuous cropping. On one hand, the application amount of the fertilizer and the continuous cropping year of the tobacco field are continuously increased, on the other hand, the application amount of the fertilizer and the continuous cropping year are lack of good soil fertility fertilization measures, so that the tobacco field soil is more hardened and compacted, the soil environment is worsened, the nutrition can not be supplied in a balanced manner, the effective and continuous utilization of the soil resources is influenced, the quality and the industrial availability of the tobacco leaves are reduced, the tobacco planting benefit is reduced, the unreasonable application of the fertilizer and the continuous cropping history become important factors for limiting the sustainable development of the flue-cured tobacco,
at present, the effective measure for overcoming the continuous cropping obstacle is crop rotation planting, and although the tobacco-corn crop rotation production mode can simultaneously meet the requirements of people on corn and flue-cured tobacco and improve the production capacity of a unit area of land, if the multiple cropping continuous cropping is adopted throughout the year, the soil impoverishment trend is more and more serious, particularly the production capacity of the flue-cured tobacco is seriously reduced, and the yield reduction can reach 20-40%. Therefore, the cultivation mode and the technical measure which can simultaneously guarantee the production and living demands of people on the corns and the flue-cured tobaccos and overcome the continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobaccos are found, and the cultivation mode and the technical measure have important social significance and production and practice values for promoting the sustainable development of the flue-cured tobacco-corn rotation planting system.
[ summary of the invention ]
In view of the above, the present invention provides a method for planting flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure in a interplanting, interplanting and rotation mode by fully utilizing the straw fertility of rotation crop on the one hand and the crop cultivation land capacity on the other hand, firstly, for the single crop continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco, selecting corn rotation not only overcomes the continuous cropping obstacle, but also increases the income of main crops in one season and improves the economic benefit of unit land area, secondly, the present invention fully exploits the phenological characteristics of the flue-cured tobacco-corn rotation planting system and the fertilizer application potential of corn straw, selects suitable green manure crops for planting in the absence of space, fully utilizes the photothermal resources of the main crops in the idle period, prevents weeds from being easy to be malignant and fostered in the idle season, and most importantly, utilizes the nutrient characteristics of the corn straw and the green manure plants to prepare the crop with balanced nutrition, The green and clean organic fertilizer is used for fertilizing soil, the soil utilization and cultivation combination is realized, and the green agricultural development concept of reduced application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is practiced; in order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing the root stubbles and weeds on the ground of the planting field, deeply ploughing the planting field, digging the planting field by 25-35cm, and stirring according to the concentration of 1200 plus materials of 1800kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer, uniformly turning and burying the base fertilizer into soil, leveling the soil, forming flue-cured tobacco planting ridges, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge body is 35-45cm, the height of each ridge is 35-40cm, and the distance between every two ridges is 75-85 cm;
planting of flue-cured tobacco
(1) Planting tobacco seedlings: in 3 months, according to 18000 plants/hm in planting field2The row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco plants is 45cm x 120 cm;
(2) field management: a. fertilizing: in the flue-cured tobacco bulk stage, 650kg/hm is carried out according to the standard of 550-2Applying additional fertilizer according to the amount of the fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco; b. topping: 1 week before the central flower is opened to 1 week after the central flower is openedIn the meantime, the top pruning treatment is carried out on the flue-cured tobacco plants, and the topmost 2-3 flowers in the inflorescences of the flue-cured tobacco plants are reserved during top pruning;
(3) turning and pressing: in early 7-middle 7 months, after the flue-cured tobacco harvesting is finished, smashing tobacco stems, uniformly spreading the tobacco stems on a planting land, leveling the planting land, loosening the soil by 20-25cm, opening corn planting rows according to row spacing of 60-70cm, wherein the row ditch is 20-30cm in width and 10-15cm in depth;
planting of corn
a. Sowing: sowing corn in late 7-month ten days, performing hole sowing on the seeds in a corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the row spacing of 30-40cm, sowing 2-3 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm;
(IV) planting of green manure
Planting: sowing green manure crop seeds in a sowing mode in 15 days before and after corn harvest in the middle and last ten days of 10-11 months, wherein the seed using amount is 2-3 kg/mu, watering is conducted thoroughly after sowing, and the humidity of soil is kept at 70-80%;
secondly, turning over and pressing: in the next 2-3 months, 15-30 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting and field planting, green manure and corn straws are turned over and pressed and returned to the field, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading the decomposition agent to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; and uniformly spraying water on the surface of the land according to the amount of 400-500 ml/square meter, then covering 1 layer of mulching film on the upper surface of the land, and after 1-3 weeks, removing the mulching film.
And (3) planting the flue-cured tobacco in the first year according to the mode of the steps (A) - (B), and canceling the operation of spreading the base fertilizer in the step (A) from the second year.
The corn straws and the green manure are decomposed and returned to the field as the base fertilizer for planting the flue-cured tobacco in the next year, and the additional application of the base fertilizer is not needed, so that the planting cost is reduced.
In the invention, further, the base fertilizer in the step (one) is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of tea seed cakes, 2-6 parts of bacillus subtilis, 8-16 parts of peat, 12-18 parts of animal urine, 2-4 parts of chitosan, 3-8 parts of urea, 2-4 parts of shale powder, 2-3 parts of bentonite, 4-8 parts of low-density polyethylene, 2-4 parts of talcum powder, 5-9 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 35-45 parts of turpentine.
In the invention, further, the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, the bacillus subtilis, the peat, the animal urine and the chitosan, and fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ and the humidity of 55-65% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 115 ℃ and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) and (2) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer.
In the invention, further, the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco in the step (II) is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-16 parts of vinasse, 6-12 parts of sawdust, 2-4 parts of quick lime, 3-5 parts of decomposed microbial inoculum, 15-25 parts of ammonium bicarbonate and 6-10 parts of sodium nitrophenolate.
In the invention, further, the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2-3 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 5-10 parts of cane sugar, 2-4 parts of aspergillus niger and 3-8 parts of citric acid.
In the invention, furthermore, when the flue-cured tobacco is fertilized, a special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is applied to the root of a flue-cured tobacco plant.
In the invention, further, the green manure is one of vetch or common vetch or a combination of vetch and common vetch.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention effectively overcomes the problem that continuous cropping obstacles are easy to generate in the continuous cropping of the flue-cured tobacco, and in the tobacco-corn rotation cropping system, proper green manure crops are matched, the potential and the capability of different green manure crops for serving different cropping systems are fully exerted, and the planting mode of the flue-cured tobacco-corn-green manure rotation is adopted, so that the occurrence probability of soil-borne diseases is reduced, the continuous cropping obstacles are reduced, and the sustainable production capability of a flue-cured tobacco land is maintained; in addition, the green manure crops can activate soil nutrients, the nitrogen fixation function of the leguminous green manure can reduce the investment of chemical fertilizers, the fertilizer cost is reduced, the fertilizer utilization rate is improved, the green manure crops and the corn straws are jointly turned over and returned to the field, the nutrient content of the green manure crops and the corn straws is richer as organic fertilizers, sufficient carbon sources and nitrogen sources are provided, and various medium and trace elements are also provided. Due to the effective utilization of the green manure, the production capacity of the land is maintained and improved, the yield and the quality of the flue-cured tobacco can be stably improved, and the economic benefit of unit area is improved.
2. According to the invention, according to the phenological characteristics of the flue-cured tobacco and corn crop rotation planting system, a proper green manure crop is selected for planting in an inserting manner, the photo-thermal resource of the main crop in the neutral period is fully utilized, the idle in the soil season is prevented, malignant weeds are easy to promote, the application amount of a chemical herbicide is reduced, the green manure is turned over and pressed to cultivate the soil fertility, and the green agricultural development concept of reduced application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is practiced.
3. The invention also solves the problem that the plant growth is influenced by the maladjustment of the carbon-nitrogen ratio in the soil, the corn straws and the green manure in winter are turned over and pressed for returning to the field, the C/N ratio of the substances returned to the field is optimized, the C/N ratio of the corn straws is high, the returning to the field alone is easy to cause the shortage of a nitrogen source required by the propagation and growth of soil microorganisms, the absorption from the fertilizer or the soil is caused, the effective nitrogen content of the soil is reduced in stages, the growth of the main crops of the next crop is influenced, the applicant finds that the single corn straw is decomposed to be used as the fertilizer of the next crop (flue-cured tobacco), the problem that the growth of the crops is influenced by the high C/N ratio exists, the application aims to solve the problems, and researches show that the green manure crops have low C/N ratio, the excessive N in the decomposition process easily causes the loss of N element nutrients, the two are, the ratio is controlled in a proper range by adjusting the proportion of the turned-over and pressed substance; the leguminous green manure has the advantages of strong environment adaptability, early and quick growth and high biological yield in a short time, and is the best green manure crop for filling the idle field in winter.
4. In the process of turning over and pressing the green manure and the corn straws, the decomposing agent containing trace elements is added, so that the decomposing speed is accelerated, and more comprehensive organic and inorganic fertilizer nutrients are provided for succeeding crops; the decomposition agent consists of monopotassium phosphate, sucrose, aspergillus niger and citric acid, is beneficial to the growth of crops, and reduces the use amount of trace elements. The surface of the land is uniformly sprayed with water in the decomposition process, and then 1 layer of mulching film is covered on the upper surface of the land, so that most of water is forced to circulate under the film in the process, and a proper temperature and humidity condition is created, thereby not only further accelerating the decomposition speed, but also creating favorable conditions for the growth and the propagation of beneficial microorganisms.
5. By adopting the planting method of the invention, in the fertilizing process, firstly, before the flue-cured tobacco is planted in the first year, the planting land is pretreated, and simultaneously, a base fertilizer is buried, wherein the base fertilizer has the function of adjusting the soil fertility and can provide nutrients in the whole growth cycle of the flue-cured tobacco, the corn and the green manure, the base fertilizer is obtained by fermenting the main raw materials and then coating for the second time, the base fertilizer has the effect of long fertility and slow, the coating material A is prepared by mixing bentonite and sodium salt aqueous solution, so that the interlayer spacing is increased, a microporous grid structure is formed, the specific surface area is increased, the water absorption and plasticity are improved, then the base fertilizer is mixed with shale powder and urea, the shale powder has a large amount of capillary void structures, the specific surface area is large, the nitrogen can be effectively fixed, the nitrogen in the urea is effectively adsorbed by mixing with the urea, the urea is used as a binder, effectively chelating bentonite and shale powder soaked by sodium salt, fixing nitrogen, and slowly releasing nitrogen according to factors such as the content of nitrogen in the environment; the coating material B ensures that the fertilizer has good controlled release performance, improves the degradation efficiency of a resin coating, and enables the base fertilizer to be slowly decomposed in soil through the combined action of the coating material A and the coating material B, so that nutrient components can be slowly releasedThe fertilizer can supply nutrients for the green manure, and promote the rapid growth of green manure crops, thereby achieving the purpose of cultivating large manure with small manure; in addition, the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is composed of vinasse, sawdust, quick lime, decomposed microbial inoculum, ammonium bicarbonate and sodium nitrophenolate, and a special granular structure substance is formed by organically combining the structural characteristics of the vinasse and the sawdust with the decomposed microbial inoculum, so that the release rate of organic and inorganic nutrients in soil can be coordinated, and the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved; the compound sodium nitrophenolate can quickly permeate into a plant body after contacting with the plant, so that the protoplasm flow of cells is promoted, and the cell activity is improved, therefore, the compound sodium nitrophenolate can effectively transport the slowly released fertilizer effect into the plant body, and nutrient substances can be fully absorbed by the plant; after the fertilizer enters the soil, target ions such as K in the soil are enhanced+The exchange capacity of the tobacco leaves improves the absorption and utilization of the crops to the trace elements, and promotes the healthy growth of the tobacco plants. In addition, in the process of planting corn, no fertilizer is additionally applied, flue-cured tobacco straw is returned to the field and decomposed to be matched with the fertilizer applied in the process of planting flue-cured tobacco, the fertilizer is used as a fertilizer source of corn, the input of chemical fertilizer can be reduced, the fertilizer cost is reduced, the fertilizer is not only a base fertilizer, but also a special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco, and both the base fertilizer and the special fertilizer have slow release effects due to a scientific manufacturing method and a reasonable proportion, so that the fertilizer applied in the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco not only meets the growth requirement of the flue-cured tobacco, but also can be used as a fertilizer effect source in the growth process of the corn. In addition, the flue-cured tobacco planted in this application from the second year, cancel the application of base fertilizer, provide the fertilizer efficiency through green manure and corn stalk combined decay returning field.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The following examples may help one skilled in the art to more fully understand the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing the root stubbles and weeds on the ground of the planting land, deeply ploughing the planting land by 25cm according to 1200kg/hm2Spreading a base fertilizer in the amount of the fertilizer, and turning and burying the fertilizer into soil; the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of tea seed cakes, 2 parts of bacillus subtilis, 8 parts of peat, 12 parts of animal urine, 2 parts of chitosan, 3 parts of urea, 2 parts of shale powder, 2 parts of bentonite, 4 parts of low-density polyethylene, 2 parts of talcum powder, 5 parts of sodium salt water solution and 35 parts of turpentine; the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, the bacillus subtilis, the peat, the animal urine and the chitosan, and fermenting for 15 days at the temperature of 30 ℃ and the humidity of 55% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 100 ℃, and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer;
planting of flue-cured tobacco
(1) Planting tobacco seedlings: in 3 months, according to 18000 plants/hm in planting field2The tobacco seedlings are planted at the density, and the row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco plants is 45cm multiplied by 120 cm;
(2) field management: a. fertilizing: in the flue-cured tobacco bulk period, according to 550kg/hm2Applying additional fertilizer according to the amount of the fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco; b. topping: carrying out topping treatment on the flue-cured tobacco plants from 1 week before the central flower is opened to 1 week after the central flower is opened, and reserving the topmost 2 flowers in the inflorescences of the flue-cured tobacco plants during topping; the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8 parts of vinasse, 6 parts of sawdust, 2 parts of quicklime, 3 parts of decomposed microbial inoculum, 15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate and 6 parts of sodium nitrophenolate; applying a fertilizer to the roots of a flue-cured tobacco plant;
(3) turning and pressing: at the beginning of 7 months, after the flue-cured tobacco harvesting is finished, smashing tobacco stems, uniformly paving the tobacco stems on a planting land, leveling the planting land, loosening the soil by 20cm, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 60cm, wherein the row furrow width is 20cm, and the row furrow depth is 10 cm;
planting of corn
a. Sowing: sowing corns in the last ten days of 7 months, carrying out hole sowing on the seeds in a corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the row spacing of 30cm, sowing 2 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 2 cm;
(IV) planting of green manure
Planting: sowing green manure crop seeds in a corn planting field in a broadcast sowing mode at the bottom of 10 months 15 days before corn harvesting, wherein the seed using amount is 2 kg/mu, watering is conducted thoroughly after sowing, and the humidity of soil is kept at 70%; the selected green manure is vetch;
secondly, turning over and pressing: in the next 2 months, 15 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting and planting, green manure and corn straws are turned over and pressed and returned to the field, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off the corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, and uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading; uniformly spraying water on the surface of the land according to the amount of 400 ml/square meter, covering 1 layer of mulching film on the upper surface of the land, and after 1 week, removing the mulching film; wherein the straw decomposition agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 5 parts of cane sugar, 2 parts of aspergillus niger and 3 parts of citric acid;
and (3) planting the flue-cured tobacco in the first year according to the mode of the steps (A) - (B), and canceling the operation of spreading the base fertilizer in the step (A) from the second year.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing the root stubbles and weeds on the ground of the planting land, deeply ploughing the planting land by 30cm according to 1500kg/hm2Spreading a base fertilizer in the amount of the fertilizer, and turning and burying the fertilizer into soil; wherein the base fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weightThe composition is as follows: 25 parts of tea seed cakes, 4 parts of bacillus subtilis, 12 parts of peat, 15 parts of animal urine, 3 parts of chitosan, 6 parts of urea, 3 parts of shale powder, 2 parts of bentonite, 6 parts of low-density polyethylene, 3 parts of talcum powder, 7 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 40 parts of turpentine; the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, the bacillus subtilis, the peat, the animal urine and the chitosan, and fermenting for 17 days at the temperature of 35 ℃ and the humidity of 60% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 110 ℃, and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer;
planting of flue-cured tobacco
(1) Planting tobacco seedlings: in 3 months, according to 18000 plants/hm in planting field2The tobacco seedlings are planted in the density, namely the row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco plants is 45 multiplied by 120 cm;
(2) field management: a. fertilizing: in the flue-cured tobacco bulk period, according to 600kg/hm2Applying additional fertilizer according to the amount of the fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco; b. topping: carrying out topping treatment on the flue-cured tobacco plants from 1 week before the central flower is opened to 1 week after the central flower is opened, and reserving the topmost 2 flowers in the inflorescences of the flue-cured tobacco plants during topping; the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12 parts of vinasse, 9 parts of sawdust, 3 parts of quicklime, 4 parts of decomposed microbial inoculum, 20 parts of ammonium bicarbonate and 8 parts of sodium nitrophenolate; applying a fertilizer to the roots of a flue-cured tobacco plant;
(3) turning and pressing: at the beginning of 7 months, after the flue-cured tobacco harvesting is finished, smashing tobacco stems, uniformly paving the tobacco stems on a planting land, leveling the planting land, loosening the soil by 22cm, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 65cm, wherein the row furrow width is 25cm, and the row furrow depth is 12 cm;
planting of corn
a. Sowing: sowing corns in the last ten days of 7 months, carrying out hole sowing on the seeds in a corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the row spacing of 35cm, sowing 2 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 2.5 cm;
(IV) planting of green manure
Planting: sowing green manure crop seeds in a corn planting field in a broadcast sowing mode at the bottom of 10 months and 5 days before corn harvesting, wherein the seed using amount is 2.5 kg/mu, watering is conducted thoroughly after sowing, and the humidity of soil is kept to be 75%; the selected green manure is common vetch;
secondly, turning over and pressing: in the next 2 months, 25 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting and planting, turning over green manure and corn straws to field, and specifically operating as follows: cutting off the corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, and uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading; uniformly spraying water on the surface of the land according to the amount of 450 ml/square meter, covering 1 layer of mulching film on the upper surface of the land, and after 2 weeks, removing the mulching film; wherein the straw decomposition agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 7 parts of cane sugar, 3 parts of aspergillus niger and 6 parts of citric acid;
and (3) planting the flue-cured tobacco in the first year according to the mode of the steps (A) - (B), and canceling the operation of spreading the base fertilizer in the step (A) from the second year.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing the root stubbles and weeds on the ground of the planting land, deeply ploughing the planting land by 35cm according to 1800kg/hm2Spreading a base fertilizer in the amount of the fertilizer, and turning and burying the fertilizer into soil; the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 parts of tea seed cakes, 6 parts of bacillus subtilis, 16 parts of peat, 18 parts of animal urine, 4 parts of chitosan, 8 parts of urea, 4 parts of shale powder, 3 parts of bentonite, 8 parts of low-density polyethylene, 4 parts of talcum powder, 9 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 45 parts of turpentine; preparation of the base fertilizerThe method comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, the bacillus subtilis, the peat, the animal urine and the chitosan, and fermenting for 20 days at the temperature of 40 ℃ and the humidity of 65% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 115 ℃ and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer;
planting of flue-cured tobacco
(1) Planting tobacco seedlings: planting tobacco seedlings in a planting field according to the density of 18000 seedlings/hectare in 3 months, namely the row spacing of the tobacco seedlings is 45 multiplied by 120 cm;
(2) field management: a. fertilizing: in the flue-cured tobacco growing period, applying additional fertilizer according to the amount of 650 kg/hectare, wherein the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is special fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco; b. topping: carrying out topping treatment on the flue-cured tobacco plants from 1 week before the central flower is opened to 1 week after the central flower is opened, and reserving the topmost 2 flowers in the inflorescences of the flue-cured tobacco plants during topping; the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16 parts of vinasse, 12 parts of sawdust, 4 parts of quick lime, 5 parts of decomposed microbial inoculum, 25 parts of ammonium bicarbonate and 10 parts of sodium nitrophenolate; applying a fertilizer to the roots of a flue-cured tobacco plant;
(3) turning and pressing: in the middle 7 th month, after the flue-cured tobacco harvesting is finished, smashing tobacco stems, uniformly paving the tobacco stems on a planting land, leveling the planting land, loosening the soil by 25cm, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 70cm, wherein the row width is 30cm, and the row depth is 15 cm;
planting of corn
a. Sowing: sowing corns in the last ten days of 7 months, carrying out hole sowing on the seeds in a corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the row spacing of 40cm, sowing 3 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 3 cm;
(IV) planting of green manure
Planting: sowing green manure crop seeds in a sowing mode in the middle and last ten days of 11 months 10 days after corn harvesting, wherein the seed using amount is 3 kg/mu, watering is thoroughly carried out after sowing, and the humidity of soil is kept at 80%; the selected green fertilizer is obtained by co-sowing common vetch and vetch, and the seed consumption is 1.5 kg/mu of each of the common vetch and the vetch;
secondly, turning over and pressing: in 3 months next year, 30 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting and field planting, turning over green manure and corn straws to field, and specifically operating as follows: cutting off the corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, and uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading; uniformly spraying water on the surface of the land according to the volume of 500 ml/square meter, covering 1 layer of mulching film on the upper surface of the land, and after 3 weeks, removing the mulching film; wherein the straw decomposition agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 3 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 10 parts of cane sugar, 4 parts of aspergillus niger and 8 parts of citric acid;
and (3) planting the flue-cured tobacco in the first year according to the mode of the steps (A) - (B), and canceling the operation of spreading the base fertilizer in the step (A) from the second year.
Test examples
To further illustrate the utility value of the planting method of the present invention, applicants conducted the following comparative tests:
test one: comparing the economic benefits of different planting modes
According to different planting modes, the method is divided into the following groups:
a first group: planting corn separately;
second group: planting the flue-cured tobacco independently;
third group: corn and flue-cured tobacco crop rotation planting;
and a fourth group: the invention relates to a planting mode.
Table 1: benefit comparison analysis table for various planting modes
As can be seen from the results in Table 1, by adopting the planting mode of the application, according to the phenological characteristics of the main crops in the corn and flue-cured tobacco planting system, the appropriate green manure crops are selected for the gap planting, the photo-thermal resources of the main crops in the gap period are fully utilized, the land production capacity per unit area is improved, meanwhile, the continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobacco is avoided, the combination of land use and cultivation is realized, and the sustainable development of the corn and the flue-cured tobacco is promoted.
And (2) test II: comparing the nutrient contents of the soil in different planting modes
And a fifth group: replacing the base fertilizer with: uniformly mixing 25 parts by weight of tea seed cakes, 6 parts by weight of nitrobacteria, 20 parts by weight of rice bran and 12 parts by weight of animal urine, and fermenting for 17 days at the temperature of 35 ℃ and the humidity of 60% to obtain a mixed fertilizer, wherein the other modes are strictly carried out according to example 2;
a sixth group: planting without green manure, and carrying out other modes strictly according to the embodiment 2;
a seventh group: the operation of applying the special fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco to the flue-cured tobacco is removed, and the other modes are strictly carried out according to the embodiment 2;
and an eighth group: removing the green manure, applying nitrogen fertilizer to the cured tobacco in the next year before planting according to 8 kg/mu, and strictly performing other modes according to the embodiment 2;
ninth group: the planting method in embodiment 2 of the application.
Detecting the variation trend of soil nutrients of different planting methods of the group, and recording the data in a table 2;
TABLE 2 comparison table of variation trend of soil nutrient content in different planting modes
From the results in table 2, it can be seen that in the fifth group, the base fertilizer is treated by the coating material to achieve a slow release effect, and since the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is additionally applied in the flue-cured tobacco planting process, the fertilizer efficiency of the base fertilizer is properly prolonged, so that the base fertilizer can provide nutrients in the whole crop rotation process (flue-cured tobacco-corn-green manure); after green manure is removed from the sixth group, the C/N is high, so that the growth of flue-cured tobacco is influenced; the seventh group removes the operation of flue-cured tobacco fertilization, resulting in insufficient fertilizer efficiency in the soil; the eighth group removes the planting of green manure, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to 8 kg/mu before the flue-cured tobacco planting in the second year, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio in the soil can reach an appropriate range, but organic matters can not be effectively supplemented, so that the insertion of the green manure is shown, the carbon-nitrogen ratio after the corn straws are returned to the field can be adjusted, other organic matter nutrients can be provided, the growth of weeds is inhibited, the artificial weeding cost is reduced, the multiple cropping index and the crop diversity are improved, and the production capacity of the land is maintained and improved; and adopt the planting mode of this application to plant, soil fertilizer efficiency is even and do not have harmful ingredient, and above all can reduce the input of fertilizer, reduce cost improves economic benefits.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (7)
1. A flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing the root stubbles and weeds on the ground of the planting field, deeply ploughing the planting field, digging the planting field by 25-35cm, and stirring according to the concentration of 1200 plus materials of 1800kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer, uniformly turning and burying the base fertilizer into soil, leveling the soil, forming flue-cured tobacco planting ridges, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge body is 35-45cm, the height of each ridge is 35-40cm, and the distance between every two ridges is 75-85 cm;
planting of flue-cured tobacco
(1) Planting tobacco seedlings: planting tobacco seedlings in a planting field in 3 months, wherein the row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco plants is 45cm x 120 cm;
(2) field management: a. fertilizing: in the bulk stage, according to 550-650kg/hm2Applying additional fertilizer according to the amount of the fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer used for the additional fertilizer is special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco; b. topping: carrying out topping treatment on the flue-cured tobacco plants from 1 week before the central flower is opened to 1 week after the central flower is opened, and reserving 2-3 topmost flowers in inflorescences of the flue-cured tobacco plants during topping;
(3) turning and pressing: in early 7-middle 7 months, after the flue-cured tobacco harvesting is finished, smashing tobacco stems, uniformly spreading the tobacco stems on a planting land, leveling the planting land, loosening the soil by 20-25cm, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 60-70cm, wherein the row furrow width is 20-30cm, and the depth is 10-15 cm;
planting of corn
a. Sowing: sowing corn in late 7-month ten days, performing hole sowing on the seeds in a corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the row spacing of 30-40cm, sowing 2-3 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm;
(IV) planting of green manure
Planting: sowing green manure crop seeds in a sowing mode in 15 days before and after corn harvest in the middle and last ten days of 10-11 months, wherein the seed using amount is 2-3 kg/mu, watering is conducted thoroughly after sowing, and the humidity of soil is kept at 70-80%;
secondly, turning over and pressing: in the next 2-3 months, 15-30 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting and field planting, green manure and corn straws are turned over and pressed and returned to the field, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, uniformly mixing the straw decomposition agent with fine soil, and then spreading the decomposition agent; and uniformly spraying water on the surface of the land according to the amount of 400-500 ml/square meter, then covering 1 layer of mulching film on the upper surface of the land, and after 1-3 weeks, removing the mulching film.
2. The flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer in the step (one) is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of tea seed cakes, 2-6 parts of bacillus subtilis, 8-16 parts of peat, 12-18 parts of animal urine, 2-4 parts of chitosan, 3-8 parts of urea, 2-4 parts of shale powder, 2-3 parts of bentonite, 4-8 parts of low-density polyethylene, 2-4 parts of talcum powder, 5-9 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 35-45 parts of turpentine.
3. The method for intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation among flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure according to claim 2, wherein the preparation method of the base fertilizer is as follows:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, the bacillus subtilis, the peat, the animal urine and the chitosan, and fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ and the humidity of 55-65% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 115 ℃ and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) and (2) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer.
4. The flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method according to claim 1, wherein the special fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco in the step (two) is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-16 parts of vinasse, 6-12 parts of sawdust, 2-4 parts of quick lime, 3-5 parts of decomposed microbial inoculum, 15-25 parts of ammonium bicarbonate and 6-10 parts of sodium nitrophenolate.
5. The intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure according to claim 1, wherein the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2-3 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 5-10 parts of cane sugar, 2-4 parts of aspergillus niger and 3-8 parts of citric acid.
6. The method for planting flue-cured tobacco, corn and green manure in intercropping, interplanting and rotation according to claim 1, wherein the flue-cured tobacco is fertilized by applying a fertilizer special for flue-cured tobacco to the roots of the flue-cured tobacco plants.
7. The flue-cured tobacco, corn, green manure room, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 1, wherein the green manure is one of vetch, common vetch or a combination of the vetch and the common vetch.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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