CN112216875B

CN112216875B - Lithium ion battery repeating unit, lithium ion battery, using method of lithium ion battery, battery module and automobile

Info

Publication number: CN112216875B
Application number: CN201910621166.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王蒙; 李世彩; 焦晓朋; 江正福; 甘永青
Original assignee: BYD Co Ltd
Current assignee: BYD Co Ltd
Priority date: 2019-07-10
Filing date: 2019-07-10
Publication date: 2022-02-08
Anticipated expiration: 2039-07-10
Also published as: CN112216875A

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a lithium ion battery repeating unit, a lithium ion battery and a method of using the same, a battery module and an automobile, the repeating unit includes an anode, a first separator and a cathode that are sequentially stacked in a stacking direction, the cathode includes a first cathode and a second cathode that are in electrical contact with each other when charged; the first negative electrode comprises an active material layer, a conductor layer and an insulating layer, wherein the conductor layer contains an inorganic porous conductive material, and the insulating layer contains an organic porous diaphragm material; in the negative electrode, an active material layer, a conductor layer, an insulating layer, a second negative electrode, an insulating layer, a conductor layer, and an active material layer are sequentially stacked in a stacking direction, and the second negative electrode is coated with an insulating material. The lithium ion battery disclosed by the invention has higher energy density and can overcome the safety problem caused by lithium dendrite in the existing battery.

Description

Lithium ion battery repeating unit, lithium ion battery, using method of lithium ion battery, battery module and automobile

Technical Field

The disclosure relates to the field of batteries, in particular to a lithium ion battery repeating unit, a lithium ion battery, a using method of the lithium ion battery repeating unit, a battery module and an automobile.

Background

There are generally two types of batteries currently used in the market: an energy conversion device which separates an energy storage active material from an electric stack which provides a chemical reaction site, represented by a fuel flow battery or a flow battery; and the other is formed by uniformly laminating or winding the anode, the diaphragm and the cathode, and the active substance is distributed on the anode and the cathode to form an energy conversion device which stores energy and integrates power. The lithium ion battery belongs to a typical second type, and the positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery are uniformly arranged in opposite directions. The anode comprises an anode current collector and an anode material, wherein the anode material can be divided into an anode active substance material, an anode electronic conductive additive material and an anode ion conductive material; the membrane comprises two parts, namely an electron blocking part and an ion conducting part; the negative electrode is similar to the positive electrode and comprises a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material, wherein the negative electrode material can be divided into a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode electronic conductive additive material and a negative electrode ionic conductive material.

The chemical compositions and structures of the cathode material and the anode material of the traditional lithium ion battery are almost uniform, and a small amount of mixed materials are also used, but even if the mixed materials are used, the concentrations of ions and electrons in the same time and the same region in the battery are basically consistent, so that the purpose is to ensure the stability of parameters such as electrochemical reaction, power and the like.

In order to increase the energy density, it is necessary to increase the voltage and capacity of the positive electrode active material in the battery as much as possible, and the negative electrode active material needs to decrease the voltage and increase the capacity as much as possible. Conventional commercial negative active material materials are generally graphite including natural graphite and artificial graphite, both of which have an average voltage (vs. li) of 0.15V. The theoretical capacities were all 372 mAh/g. Therefore, a great deal of scientific research is being conducted worldwide in order to find negative active material materials of lower voltage and higher capacity. Lithium metal is one of the most potential materials, and the voltage is the lowest of all the chemical substances at present; the theoretical capacity of the graphite anode material reaches 3860mAh/g, which is 10 times of that of the graphite anode material.

However, lithium metal cannot be used in a delayed manner, and the greatest problem is that it forms a large number of dendrites during cycling until the entire lithium metal planar layer is completely converted into a dendrite form. This dendrite morphology creates two serious problems: firstly, the puncture penetrates through the diaphragm to connect the positive electrode and the negative electrode, so that short circuit is caused, and serious safety accidents are caused; and secondly, because the dendritic crystal has large surface area, the dendritic crystal and electrolyte generate in-situ chemical reaction when being generated, an electronic insulation film is formed on the surface of the dendritic crystal, the film causes mutual electronic insulation among the crystals, once a root system is broken, the whole dendritic crystal becomes an electronic insulator, the electrochemical activity is lost, and the battery capacity is continuously and rapidly reduced along with circulation. Thirdly, the dendritic crystal is extremely fluffy and needs to occupy a large amount of space, so that the volume of the battery is expanded, and the cycle performance of the battery is rapidly attenuated.

Disclosure of Invention

The purpose of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium ion battery repeating unit, a lithium ion battery, a method for using the same, a battery module, and an automobile, so as to solve the problems of low energy density of the battery and safety caused by lithium dendrite in the prior art, and reduce possible volume expansion.

To achieve the above object, a first aspect of the present disclosure: providing a lithium ion battery repeating unit, wherein the repeating unit comprises a positive electrode, a first diaphragm and a negative electrode which are sequentially stacked in a stacking direction, and the negative electrode comprises a first negative electrode and a second negative electrode which are in non-electrical contact with each other during charging; the first negative electrode includes an active material layer, a conductor layer containing an inorganic porous conductive material, and an insulating layer containing an organic porous separator material; in the negative electrode, the active material layer, the conductor layer, the insulating layer, the second negative electrode, the insulating layer, the conductor layer, and the active material layer are sequentially stacked in the stacking direction, and the second negative electrode is coated with an insulating material.

Optionally, the inorganic porous conductive material is a porous metal material, a porous carbon material or a porous oxide material, or a combination of two or three of them.

Optionally, the porous metal material is a metal mesh or a metal foam; the porous metal material is one or more of copper, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, manganese, iron, titanium and zinc;

the porous carbon material is one or more of porous carbon spheres, porous carbon fibers, porous carbon nanotubes and porous carbon cloth;

the porous oxide material is a metal oxide or the metal oxide modified by doping; the metal oxide is selected from at least one of indium oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, ruthenium dioxide, zinc oxide and silver oxide, or the doping element in the metal oxide subjected to doping modification is at least one of carbon, boron, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, chlorine, iodine and fluorine.

Optionally, the organic porous membrane material is one of a porous PE membrane, a porous PP membrane, a porous PET membrane, a porous PAN membrane, a porous PI membrane, and a porous PVDF membrane, or a porous composite membrane formed by several of them.

Optionally, the pores of the inorganic porous conductive material and/or the organic porous separator material are filled with an electrolyte, and the electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte.

Optionally, the liquid electrolyte is one or more of an ester solution of lithium salt, an ether solution and a sulfone solution;

the lithium salt comprises LiPF₆、LiClO₄、LiBF₄、LiAsF₆、LiSiF₆、LiB(C₆H₅)₄、LiCl、LiBr、LiAlCl₄、LiC(SO₂CF₃)₃、LiCH₃SO₃、LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂And LiN (SO)₂C₂F₅)₂One or more of them.

Optionally, the surface of the conductor layer, which is in contact with the active material layer, is coated with a carbon coating, the carbon material of the carbon coating is one or more of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon fibers, and the thickness of the carbon coating is 0.1-10 μm.

Optionally, the second negative electrode is one or more of a non-conductive body formed with a conductive protrusion, a solid metal body and a metal body having a porous structure; the metal body having a porous structure is at least one of a metal mesh, a metal foam, and a metal body having surface pores.

Optionally, the second negative electrode is coated with a lithium coating, and the amount of the lithium coating is 0.026-2.6 mg/cm based on the unit surface area of the second negative electrode²。

Alternatively, the metal body having the surface pores includes a first porous portion having a first through-hole extending in the stacking direction, a solid metal portion, and a second porous portion having a second through-hole extending in the stacking direction, which are sequentially arranged in the stacking direction.

Optionally, the aperture of the first through hole is gradually expanded along the stacking direction, and the aperture of the second through hole is gradually reduced along the stacking direction;

preferably, the first through hole and/or the second through hole are/is filled with lithium.

Optionally, the surface of the metal body with the surface pores is covered with an insulating material layer containing the insulating material; the insulating material layer is formed with a third through hole having a smaller aperture than the aperture of the micro hole.

Optionally, the two main surfaces of the metal body with the surface pores are respectively covered with the insulating material layer, and the third pores are filled with liquid electrolyte.

Optionally, the insulating material is an inorganic non-conductive non-lithium ion compound and/or a solid state electrolyte; the inorganic non-conductive non-lithium ion compound is one or more of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, lithium oxide, silicon oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide and molybdenum oxide; the solid electrolyte is one or more of inorganic solid electrolyte, organic solid electrolyte and gel solid electrolyte; the inorganic solid electrolyte is one or more of LPS, LGPS, LATP, LLZO and LPON; the organic solid electrolyte is one or more of PEO, PMMA, PAN, PVDF, PVC, PPP, P (VDF-HFP), P (AN-MMA-ST) and P (VC-VAC); the gel solid electrolyte is a product obtained by reacting polyether, polyurethane or polythioether with an electrolyte, or a product obtained by reacting two or three of the polyether, the polyurethane or the polythioether with the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte contains one or more of ester, ether and sulfone.

Optionally, the material of the active material layer is one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium titanate, iron oxide, lithium titanium phosphate, titanium dioxide, silicon oxide, aluminum, tin and antimony.

In a second aspect of the present disclosure: a lithium ion battery is provided that includes a lithium ion battery repeat unit provided by the first aspect of the present disclosure.

Optionally, a second membrane is disposed between adjacent repeating units.

A third aspect of the disclosure: there is provided a method of using a lithium ion battery provided in a second aspect of the present disclosure, the method comprising the steps of: when charging, the second negative electrode is charged until the battery capacity reaches Y, and then the first negative electrode is charged until the battery capacity reaches Y + X.

A fourth aspect of the present disclosure: there is provided a battery module including the lithium ion battery provided in the third aspect of the present disclosure.

The fifth aspect of the present disclosure: an automobile is provided, which comprises the battery module provided by the fourth aspect of the disclosure.

Through above-mentioned technical scheme, this disclosure can realize following beneficial effect:

first, through setting up first negative pole and second negative pole for metal lithium can carry out the accumulate in second negative pole department, and the energy of whole negative pole system is promoted by a wide margin, and then makes lithium ion battery's energy density compare traditional structure battery and promote by a wide margin.

Secondly, because the capacity set values of the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are controlled, the amount of the metal lithium generated during charging is only filled and concentrated between the insulating layer and the second negative electrode, the lithium dendrite puncture cannot occur, and the short circuit risk in the traditional battery structure is overcome.

And thirdly, the organic porous diaphragm material is used as an electronic insulating material, is widely used in the existing lithium ion battery system, and has the advantages of good compatibility with electrolyte, mature technology, low manufacturing cost and easy obtainment.

Fourthly, the second negative electrode is coated with the insulating material, so that the deposition behavior of lithium in the second negative electrode can be limited, the possible volume expansion is eliminated, the dendritic crystal growth problem is further avoided, and the cycle performance of the battery is improved.

And fifthly, during discharging, the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode can be in parallel discharging, so that the defect of poor rate capability of the traditional lithium metal negative electrode battery is overcome.

Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the disclosure without limiting the disclosure. In the drawings:

fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of one specific embodiment of a lithium ion battery provided by the present disclosure.

Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a conventional lithium ion battery.

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a specific embodiment of a second negative electrode in a repeating unit of a lithium ion battery provided by the present disclosure.

Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of another embodiment of a second negative electrode in a repeating unit of a lithium ion battery provided by the present disclosure.

Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of another embodiment of a second negative electrode in a repeating unit of a lithium ion battery provided by the present disclosure.

Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of still another embodiment of a second negative electrode in a repeating unit of a lithium ion battery provided by the present disclosure.

Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of another embodiment of a second negative electrode in a repeating unit of a lithium ion battery provided by the present disclosure.

Fig. 8 is an SEM micrograph of lithium metal cycling as a negative electrode to form dendrites in the cell of comparative example 3.

Fig. 9 is a discharge voltage curve of the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the battery of comparative example 2 against the reference electrode, respectively.

Fig. 10 is a voltage graph of the positive electrode and the first negative electrode of the battery of example 3 with respect to the second negative electrode.

Fig. 11 is a voltage graph of the positive electrode and the second negative electrode of the battery of example 3 with respect to the first negative electrode.

Description of the reference numerals

1 first negative electrode 11 active material layer

12 conductor layer 13 insulating layer

2 second negative electrode 21 first porous part

211 first via hole 22 solid metal portion

23 second porous section 231 second through hole

3 positive electrode 31 positive electrode current collector

32 positive electrode material 4 separator

5 negative electrode 51 negative electrode material

52 negative electrode current collector 6 lithium

7 third through hole of insulating material layer 71

Detailed Description

The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present disclosure is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the present disclosure, are given by way of illustration and explanation only, not limitation.

The first aspect of the disclosure: providing a lithium ion battery repeating unit, referring to fig. 1, the repeating unit includes a positive electrode 3, a first separator 4, and a negative electrode, which are sequentially stacked in a stacking direction, the negative electrode including a first negative electrode 1 and a second negative electrode 2 that are not in electrical contact with each other when charged; the first negative electrode 1 includes an active material layer 11, a conductor layer 12 and an insulating layer 13, the conductor layer 12 containing an inorganic porous conductive material, the insulating layer 13 containing an organic porous separator material; in the negative electrode, an active material layer 11, a conductor layer 12, an insulating layer 13, a second negative electrode 2, the insulating layer 13, the conductor layer 12, and the active material layer 11 are sequentially stacked in the stacking direction, and the second negative electrode (2) is coated with an insulating material.

According to the present disclosure, the anode 5 may include an anode material 51 and an anode current collector 52. In contrast to the lithium ion battery (fig. 2) in the prior art, the lithium ion battery repeating unit system of the present disclosure is a dual cathode structure, wherein the first cathode 1 may include an active material layer 11, a conductor layer 12, and an insulating layer 13, and the presence of the insulating layer 13 allows the first cathode 1 and the second cathode 2 to be in electrical contact with each other when charged. Through setting up first negative pole and second negative pole for metal lithium can carry out the accumulate in first negative pole and second negative pole department, and the energy of whole negative pole system is promoted by a wide margin, and then makes the energy density of the lithium ion battery who has this disclosed repetitive unit compare traditional structure battery and promote by a wide margin. The positive electrode 3 may include a positive electrode current collector 31, and a surface of the positive electrode current collector 31 may be coated with a positive electrode material 32, for example, a surface of the positive electrode material 32 adjacent to the first separator 4 may be coated with the positive electrode material 32. Here, the stacking direction refers to a direction in which the functional layers from the cathode to the anode are stacked in the repeating unit, and is, for example, a direction from left to right in fig. 1 horizontally.

In one embodiment, the repeating unit may further include a positive electrode tab, a first negative electrode tab, and a second negative electrode tab; two respective first cathodes 1 of the repeating unit may be connected with a first cathode tab, respectively, a second cathode 1 may be connected with a second cathode tab, and an anode 3 may be connected with an anode tab.

According to the present disclosure, the inorganic porous conductive material may be one or more of a porous metal material, a porous carbon material, and a porous oxide material.

Further, the porous metal material may be a metal mesh or a foamed metal, and the metal element in the porous metal material may be one or more selected from copper, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, manganese, iron, titanium and zinc, that is, the porous metal material may be, for example, a copper mesh, a foamed copper, a nickel mesh, a foamed nickel, and the like. When the inorganic porous conductive material is a porous metal material, the inorganic porous conductive material has the advantages of high mechanical strength and good conductivity, and can further improve the conductivity and the mechanical strength of the lithium ion battery repeating unit.

Further, the porous carbon material may be one or more of porous carbon spheres, porous carbon fibers, porous carbon nanotubes and porous carbon cloth. When the inorganic porous conductive material is a porous carbon material, the advantages are light weight and high energy density.

Further, the porous oxide material may be a metal oxide or a doped modified metal oxide; the metal oxide can be at least one selected from indium oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, ruthenium dioxide, zinc oxide and silver oxide, and the doping element in the doping modified metal oxide can be at least one selected from carbon, boron, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, chlorine, iodine and fluorine. When the inorganic porous conductive material is porous oxide, the lithium ion battery repeating unit disclosed by the invention has good thermal stability and safety.

According to the present disclosure, the organic porous separator material may be various separator materials used in lithium ion batteries known to those skilled in the art, and may be, for example, one of a porous PE (polyethylene) separator, a porous PP (polypropylene) separator, a porous PET (polyethylene terephthalate) separator, a porous PAN (polyacrylonitrile) separator, a porous PI (polyimide) separator, and a porous PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) separator, or a porous composite separator formed of several of them. The organic porous diaphragm material is used as an electronic insulating material in the lithium ion battery repeating unit, is widely used in the existing lithium ion battery system, can be conveniently introduced into the battery system, and has the advantages of good compatibility with electrolyte, mature technology, low manufacturing cost and easy obtainment.

According to the present disclosure, the inorganic porous conductive material and the organic porous separator material are respectively porous structures, wherein parameters such as the shape, number, pore size, and the like of pores may be conventional in the art, and the present disclosure is not particularly limited. The porous structures of the inorganic porous conductive material and the organic porous diaphragm material enable that when the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are used for parallel discharge, the larger surface area of the porous structure can bear high-rate discharge power, and the first negative electrode only needs to bear low discharge power, so that the defect of poor rate performance of the traditional lithium metal negative electrode battery is overcome.

In a preferred embodiment, the pores of the inorganic porous conductive material and/or the organic porous separator material may be filled with a liquid electrolyte, and the liquid electrolyte may maintain lithium ion channels inside the battery, so as to realize normal charge and discharge reactions of the battery.

Further, the liquid electrolyte can be one or more of an ester solution of lithium salt, an ether solution and a sulfone solution; the lithium salt may include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)₆) Lithium perchlorate (LiClO)₄) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF)₄) Lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF)₆) Lithium hexafluorosilicate (LiSiF)₆) Lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB (C)₆H₅)₄) Lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium chloroaluminate (LiAlCl)₄) Fluorine fluorosulfonic acid lithium (LiC (SO)₂CF₃)₃)、LiCH₃SO₃、LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂And LiN (SO)₂C₂F₅)₂One or more of

According to the present disclosure, the thicknesses of the conductor layer 12 and the insulating layer 13 may each vary within a wide range, for example, the thickness of the conductor layer 12 may be 0.1 to 50 μm, preferably 1 to 10 μm, and the thickness of the insulating layer 13 may be 1 to 50 μm, preferably 1 to 10 μm.

According to the present disclosure, the conductor layer 12 and the insulating layer 13 may be integrally formed by means of bonding, gluing, hot press molding, or the like, or a first organic porous separator material may be applied to one side of the conductor layer 12 in a coating manner to form the insulating layer 13.

According to the present disclosure, the material of the active material layer 11 may be one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium titanate, iron oxide, lithium titanium phosphate, titanium dioxide, silicon oxide, aluminum, tin, and antimony. The material of the active material layer 11 is preferably a lithium intercalation material with an electrode potential higher than that of lithium, such as graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon oxide, tin, antimony, lithium titanate, so that when a large amount of lithium dendrites are generated in the second negative electrode 2 and penetrate through the insulating layer 13 and the conductor layer 12, possibly further contacting the active material layer 11, due to the difference of the electrode potentials, the metal lithium and the active material layer 11 form a primary battery in the presence of electrolyte, the metal lithium spontaneously acts as an anode, electrons are lost to form lithium ions, and the electrons and the lithium ions are completely intercalated into the active material layer 11, thereby ensuring that the metal lithium cannot form a short-circuit connection with the positive electrode under any condition, and further overcoming the risks of battery short circuit, fire explosion and the like caused by the growth of the lithium dendrites in the traditional battery structure.

According to the present disclosure, the first negative electrode 1 may be coated with a carbon coating layer, preferably, a carbon coating layer is coated on a surface of the conductor layer 12 contacting the active material layer 11. The carbon material of the carbon coating can be one or more of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon fibers, the thickness of the carbon coating can be changed in a large range, preferably, the thickness of the carbon coating can be 0.1-10 mu m, and the first negative electrode and the negative electrode active material can have good contact performance.

According to the present disclosure, the second negative electrode 2 may be a common variety of substances for collecting current, and particularly, the structure of the second negative electrode 2 may be one or more of a non-conductive body (e.g., a sheet, a foil, a mesh material, etc., of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamic acid, and non-woven fabric coated with conductive particles), a solid metal body (e.g., a metal foil, a metal sheet, a metal cloth, etc.), and a metal body having a porous structure, and the metal body having the porous structure may include at least one of a metal mesh, a metal foam, and a metal body having surface pores.

Further, the second anode 2 is coated with a lithium coating, refer to fig. 3. Methods for preparing the lithium coating layer are well known to those skilled in the art, and in one embodiment, when the second negative electrode is formed with a non-conductive body having conductive protrusions, a solid metal body, and a metal body having a porous structure, such as a metal mesh, a metal foam, for example, metal lithium may be dispersed in an organic solvent (such as hexane, etc.) and then uniformly coated on at least one side of the solid metal body, the metal mesh, or the metal foam; or, the metal lithium can be heated to a molten state, and directly coated on the surface of the solid metal body or poured into the pores of the metal mesh or the foam metal; electrochemical deposition of lithium metal, etc. may also be employed. The dosage of the lithium coating can be 0.026-2.6 mg/cm based on the second negative electrode per unit surface area²It is more preferable to have the volume of metallic lithium not to overflow the pores of the metal mesh or the metal foam. Lithium is coated on the second negative electrode in advance, so that lithium consumed by SEI film formation and side reaction can be effectively supplemented, and the capacity and the cycle life of the lithium ion battery containing the repeating unit disclosed by the invention can be further improved.

The metal body having a porous structure refers to a structure obtained by combining a solid structure with a porous structure, and may include a solid metal portion and a porous metal portion, and the porous metal portion is adjacent to the insulating layer 13. The method for preparing the metal body having a porous structure may be well known to those skilled in the art, and for example, the porous metal portion having a certain depth of pores may be formed on at least one side of the metal body by etching in situ, or the metal having a porous structure and the non-porous base metal may be physically pressed and integrated into a whole or may be bonded and fired into a whole ex situ.

In one embodiment, the metal body having surface pores may have micropores thereon, for example, in one embodiment, the metal body having surface pores may have two major surfaces perpendicular to the stacking direction, at least one of which may have micropores formed thereon. Wherein, the metal body with surface pores can be obtained by forming micropores with certain depth on the non-porous base metal through corrosion by methods of in-situ generation, chemical and physical deposition, corrosion generation and the like. For example, a micron copper or copper alloy foil is adopted, and a certain thickness of porous metal copper or carbon is respectively deposited on the two side surfaces of the micron copper or copper alloy foil by a physical vapor deposition method (PVD) or a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD); or, the micron copper or copper alloy foil is put into an acid or alkaline chemical corrosive liquid and corroded for a certain time, so that corrosion holes are formed on two sides of the micron copper or copper alloy foil.

In a preferred embodiment, referring to fig. 4, the metal body having the surface pores may include a first porous portion 21, a solid metal portion 22, and a second porous portion 23 sequentially arranged in the lamination direction, i.e., the first porous portion 21 and the second porous portion 23 are located at both sides of the solid metal portion 22. The first porous portion 21 may have a first through hole 211 extending in the stacking direction and/or the second porous portion 23 may have a second through hole 231 extending in the stacking direction, preferably, the first porous portion 21 has a first through hole 211 extending in the stacking direction and the second porous portion 23 has a second through hole 231 extending in the stacking direction. The through-hole can effectively provide a space for accommodating metallic lithium, thereby further improving battery capacity. In addition, the porous structure can provide more reaction sites, which is beneficial to improving the rate performance of the battery. This embodiment is particularly suitable for lithium ion batteries having a multiple negative electrode structure.

Further, the solid metal part 22 may be a solid metal body (e.g., a metal foil, a metal sheet, a metal cloth, etc.). The thickness of the solid metal part 22 may be 1 to 50 μm, preferably 5 to 15 μm. The first porous portion 21 and the second porous portion 23 may be a porous metal material, a porous carbon material, or a porous oxide material, such as a copper mesh or a copper foam, respectively. The first porous portion 21 and the second porous portion 23 may each have a thickness of 1 to 50 μm, preferably 5 to 15 μm. In this embodiment, the first porous portion 21, the solid metal portion 22, and the second porous portion 23 may be stacked in this order and then connected to be integrated by physical press-fitting, or may be bonded and fired to be integrated, thereby obtaining a metal body having surface pores. For example, in one embodiment, a copper mesh (or foam copper), a copper foil, and a copper mesh (or foam copper) may be sequentially welded into a whole by superimposing current, so as to obtain a metal body having surface pores.

Further, according to the present disclosure, the aperture of the first through hole 211 may be gradually expanded in the stacking direction, and the aperture of the second through hole 231 may be constant in the stacking direction. Alternatively, the aperture of the first through hole 211 may be constant in the stacking direction, and the aperture of the second through hole 231 may be tapered in the stacking direction. Preferably, the aperture of the first through hole 211 may be gradually expanded in the stacking direction, and the aperture of the second through hole 231 may be gradually reduced in the stacking direction. The first and second

porous portions

21 and 23 having the through-holes may be prepared by a conventional process according to the kind thereof, for example, when the first and second

porous portions

21 and 23 are porous metal materials, respectively, they are simply cut in a diagonal shape. In this embodiment, the through hole with such a shape can provide more deposition space for lithium, and at the same time, can more effectively inhibit and restrict the growth range of metal lithium, thereby not only providing sufficient capacity, but also avoiding safety problems such as short circuit caused by lithium dendrites.

Preferably, the first through hole 211 and/or the second through hole 231 may be pre-filled with lithium, and preferably, the first through hole 211 and the second through hole 231 are pre-filled with lithium, respectively, referring to fig. 5 and 7. Thus, when the positive electrode material does not contain lithium or the positive electrode system is mixed with a lithium-free material, the energy density of the battery can be further increased by lithium pre-filled in the through-holes. In addition, the lithium is deposited in advance, so that the consumption of active lithium caused by SEI film formation, side reaction and the like can be supplemented, and the capacity retention rate and the cycle life of the battery are improved. Lithium can be deposited into the through holes by means of pre-pressing, high-temperature casting, electrodeposition, evaporation and the like, and the lithium can be in the form of powder, blocks, nanowires and the like. The filling amount of lithium can be adjusted according to actual needs, and can be 0.026-2.6 mg/cm²。

In one embodiment, the surface of the metal body having surface pores may be covered with an insulating material layer 7 comprising an insulating material; the insulating material layer is formed with a third through hole 71, and the aperture of the third through hole 71 may be smaller than that of the micro hole. The lithium ions diffuse through the smaller third through-holes 71 of the insulating-material layer 7 into the first through-holes 211 of the first porous portion 21 and the second through-holes 231 of the second porous portion 23 as indicated by the curved arrows in fig. 6, and then combine with electrons to generate metallic lithium. Due to the difference in the pore diameters between the first and third through

holes

211 and 71, and the second and third through

holes

231 and 71, lithium metal can be confined in the first and second through holes 211 and 231 (refer to fig. 7), thereby further avoiding the problem of dendrite growth and eliminating the possible volume expansion.

According to the present disclosure, both main surfaces of the metal body having the surface pores may be respectively covered with the insulating material layer 7, and the third through hole 71 may be filled with a liquid electrolyte to improve the transmission efficiency of lithium ions to further improve the energy density of the lithium ion battery. Further, the liquid electrolyte can be one or more of an ester solution of lithium salt, an ether solution and a sulfone solution; the lithium salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)₆) Lithium perchlorate (LiClO)₄) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF)₄) Lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF)₆) Lithium hexafluorosilicate (LiSiF)₆) Lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB (C)₆H₅)₄) Lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium chloroaluminate (LiAlCl)₄) Fluorine fluorosulfonic acid lithium (LiC (SO)₂CF₃)₃)、LiCH₃SO₃、LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂And LiN (SO)₂C₂F₅)₂One or more of them.

According to the present disclosure, the insulating material may be an inorganic non-conductive non-lithium ion compound and/or a solid electrolyte, which has excellent thermal stability, is advantageous for improving high temperature performance of the battery, and prevents thermal runaway; in addition, when the solid electrolyte is used, the use of liquid electrolyte can be reduced or avoided, so that the environmental pollution is reduced, and the safety performance is improved. Further, the inorganic non-conductive non-lithium ion compound may be one or more of alumina, zirconia, titania, magnesia, lithium oxide, silica, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, and molybdenum oxide. The solid electrolyte can be one or more of inorganic solid electrolyte, organic solid electrolyte and gel solid electrolyte; the inorganic solid electrolyte is one or more of LPS, LGPS, LATP, LLZO and LPON; the organic solid electrolyte is one or more of PEO, PMMA, PAN, PVDF, PVC, PPP, P (VDF-HFP), P (AN-MMA-ST) and P (VC-VAC); the gel solid electrolyte can be a product of reaction of polyether, polyurethane or polythioether with an electrolyte, or a product of reaction of two or three of the polyether, polyurethane or polythioether with an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte contains one or more of ester, ether and sulfone.

According to the present disclosure, a method of coating an insulating material on the second anode 2 may be conventional. For example, an organic polymer film substrate may be used, the insulating material is coated on one side of the film, and after drying, the film is hot-pressed onto the second negative electrode together with the film, and finally the organic polymer film substrate is removed, so that the second negative electrode coated with the insulating material is obtained. Alternatively, the insulating material layer may be prepared first and then bonded to the second negative electrode by bonding, adhesion, or the like. In addition, the insulating material may be deposited on the second negative electrode using Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), electrochemical deposition, or the like.

In a second aspect of the present disclosure: a lithium ion battery is provided that includes one or more lithium ion battery repeat units provided by the first aspect of the present disclosure.

Preferably, a second separator may be disposed between adjacent repeating units, and the material of the second separator may be the same as or different from that of the first separator.

When a plurality of lithium ion battery repeating units of the present disclosure are overlapped to form a lithium ion battery, first negative electrode tabs of different repeating units can be electrically connected together and form a first negative electrode tab of the lithium ion battery, second negative electrode tabs of different repeating units can be electrically connected together and form a second negative electrode tab of the lithium ion battery, and positive electrode tabs of different repeating units can be electrically connected together and form a positive electrode tab of the lithium ion battery.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the structure of a lithium ion battery may be conventional in the art, for example, a lithium ion battery may include a casing, a pole piece located inside the casing, and an electrolyte, the pole piece including a lithium ion battery repeat unit provided by the first aspect of the present disclosure.

The positive electrode of the lithium ion battery repeating unit of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode material, and the positive electrode material is not particularly limited. The positive electrode material may generally include a positive electrode active material, a binder, and a conductive agent. The positive electrode active material may be any material that has been commercially available so far, such as LiFePO₄、Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃、LiMn₂O₄、LiMnO₂、LiNiO₂、LiCoO₂、LiVPO₄F、LiFeO₂Etc.; or ternary system Li_1+xL_1－y－zM_yN_zO₂Wherein x is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.2, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, and y + z is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.0, and L, M, N are at least one of Co, Mn, Ni, Al, Mg, Ga and 3d transition metal elements respectively and independently. The binder may be any binder known in the art, for example, one or more of polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene rubber, and polyacrylate may be used. The content of the binder may be 0.1 to 15 wt%, preferably 1 to 7 wt% of the positive electrode material. The conductive agent may be any conductive agent known in the art, and for example, one or more of graphite, carbon fiber, carbon black, metal powder, metal oxide, and fiber may be used. The content of the conductive agent may be 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 5% by weight, of the positive electrode material. The method for preparing the positive electrode can adopt various methods commonly used in the field, for example, a positive electrode active material, a binder and a conductive agent are prepared into a positive electrode material slurry by using a solvent, the adding amount of the solvent is well known to those skilled in the art, and the solvent can be flexibly adjusted according to the viscosity and operability requirements of the slurry coating of the prepared positive electrode slurry. And then coating the prepared positive material slurry on a positive current collector, drying and tabletting, and cutting into pieces to obtain the positive electrode and the negative electrode.The drying temperature is generally 120 ℃ and the drying time is generally 5 h. The solvent used in the positive electrode slurry may be any of various solvents known in the art, such as one or more selected from water, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), Dimethylformamide (DMF), Diethylformamide (DEF), Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Tetrahydrofuran (THF), and alcohols. The solvent is used in an amount such that the slurry can be applied to the conductive substrate. Generally, the solvent is used in an amount such that the content of the positive electrode active material in the slurry is 40 to 90% by weight, preferably 50 to 85% by weight.

The positive electrode current collector is well known to those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure, and generally, an aluminum foil may be used, and the thickness may be 1 to 50 μm, preferably 5 to 15 μm. The carbon-coated aluminum foil can also be used, wherein the thickness of the carbon coating can be 0.1-10 μm, preferably 1-5 μm, and the coated carbon material can be one or more of commercial graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon fibers.

According to the present disclosure, the first separator in the repeating unit of the lithium ion battery of the present disclosure has an electrical insulation property, and the kind thereof may be selected from various separators used in the lithium ion battery well known to those skilled in the art, such as a polyolefin microporous film, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene felt, glass fiber felt, or ultra fine glass fiber paper.

According to the present disclosure, the electrolyte may be a solution of an electrolytic lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent, and the electrolytic lithium salt may be selected from, for example, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)₆) Lithium perchlorate (LiClO)₄) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF)₄) Lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF)₆) Lithium hexafluorosilicate (LiSiF)₆) Lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB (C)₆H₅)₄) Lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium chloroaluminate (LiAlCl)₄) Fluorine fluorosulfonic acid lithium (LiC (SO)₂CF₃)₃)、LiCH₃SO₃、LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂、LiN(SO₂C₂F₅)₂One or more of them. The non-aqueous solvent can be a mixed solution of chain acid ester and cyclic acid ester, wherein the chain acid esterCan be one or more of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), Methyl Propyl Carbonate (MPC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC) and other chain organic esters containing fluorine, sulfur or unsaturated bonds; the cyclic acid ester can be one or more of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), Vinylene Carbonate (VC), gamma-butyrolactone (gamma-BL), sultone and other cyclic organic esters containing fluorine, sulfur or unsaturated bonds. The non-aqueous solvent can also be a solution or a mixed solution of chain ether and cyclic ether, wherein the cyclic ether can be one or more of Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), 1, 3-Dioxolane (DOL), 4-methyl-1, 3-dioxolane (4-MeDOL) and other chain organic esters containing fluorine, sulfur or unsaturated bonds; the chain ether mainly comprises one or more of Dimethoxymethane (DMM), 1, 2-Dimethoxyethane (DME), 1, 2-Dimethoxypropane (DMP), Diglyme (DG) and other chain organic esters containing fluorine, sulfur or unsaturated bonds. In the electrolyte, the concentration of the electrolyte lithium salt is generally 0.1 to 15mol/L, preferably 1 to 10 mol/L.

Generally, the lithium ion battery repeating unit provided by the first aspect of the present disclosure is made into a pole core according to a method known in the art, for example, the lithium ion battery repeating unit is made into a pole core by a method such as winding or lamination, and then the pole core is placed into a battery case, an electrolyte is added, and the battery case is sealed to obtain the lithium ion battery. The sealing method and the amount of the electrolyte are known to those skilled in the art.

A third aspect of the disclosure: there is provided a method of using a lithium ion battery provided in a second aspect of the present disclosure, the method comprising the steps of: when charging, the second cathode 2 is charged until the battery capacity reaches Y, and then the first cathode 1 is switched to be charged until the battery capacity reaches Y + X.

Wherein, when the second negative electrode 2 is charged until the battery capacity reaches Y, the negative electrode capacity Y is derived from the deposition reaction of lithium on the second negative electrode; when the first negative electrode 1 is charged until the battery capacity reaches Y + X, the negative electrode capacity X is derived from an intercalation reaction or alloying reaction of lithium in the first negative electrode. The method disclosed by the invention enables the amount of the generated metal lithium during charging to be only filled and concentrated between the insulating layer and the second negative electrode, and lithium dendrite puncture can not occur, so that the short circuit risk in the traditional battery structure is overcome.

Further, the above-described charging process may be controlled using a charging control element, which may be conventionally employed by those skilled in the art, and may be, for example, a BMS (battery management system device).

During discharging, there is no limitation, the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode may be separately connected to the positive electrode for discharging, or the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode may be connected in parallel as the negative electrode to be connected to the positive electrode for discharging. The sum of X and Y depends on the electrochemical capacity of the positive electrode corresponding to the total lithium ion available for extraction.

The present disclosure is described in further detail below by way of examples of embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Example 1

1. Preparing a positive electrode: weighing the positive electrode active material (LiCoO)₂) Adding 1kg of conductive agent carbon nano tube 20g and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)20g into 1kg of N-methyl pyrrolidone, and then stirring in a stirrer for 30min to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on an aluminum foil, and drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a positive pole lug is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 30mg/cm²。

2. Preparing a diaphragm: a common commercial 11 μm PVDF coated lithium battery PE separator was cut into 77mm wide pieces.

3. Preparing a first negative electrode: taking a common commercial 11 mu m PVDF coated lithium battery PE diaphragm (an insulating layer) and hot-pressing the PE diaphragm with a thickness of 20 mu m with a copper net (a conductor layer) at 120 ℃ for 30s, wherein the pressure is 1MPa, the porosity of the copper net is 50 percent, and the pore diameter is 1mm. Weighing 1kg of negative active material (15 mu m of artificial graphite and silicon oxide composite negative material D50), 10g of conductive agent acetylene black, 30g of binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and 20g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and adding the materials into 1kg of deionized water, and then stirring the materials in a stirrer to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of the conductor layer, and then drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a first negative pole tab is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 10mg/cm²。

4. Preparing a second negative electrode: weighing 100g of alumina (insulating material) and 5g of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), placing the alumina and the SBR in 100g of deionized water, coating the alumina and the SBR on one side of a copper mesh with the thickness of 15 mu m after high-speed dispersion, cutting the alumina and the SBR into a pole piece with the porosity of 60 percent and the pore diameter of 1mm, wherein the pole piece is 50cm multiplied by 75cm after the alumina and the SBR are coated on one side of the copper mesh with the thickness of 15 mu m, and spot-welding a second negative pole lug.

5. Assembling the battery: sequentially assembling the manufactured positive electrode, diaphragm, first negative electrode (one side of the active material layer faces the diaphragm, one side of the insulating layer faces the second negative electrode) and second negative electrode (one side of the insulating material faces the first negative electrode) according to a laminated battery process, and then packaging in an aluminum-plastic film; and filling the electrolyte, connecting the positive electrode lug and the first negative electrode lug, forming, and then performing air exhaust, heat sealing, edge folding and other process links to obtain the lithium ion battery, wherein the total thickness of the battery is 4 mm.

6. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are connected to a charge control element (BMS), and a positive electrode tab and a second negative electrode tab are connected at a rate of 5mA/cm²Charging for 24min at constant current with the charging capacity of 1.6 Ah; then disconnecting the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab, and switching the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab to 5mA/cm²Current constant-current charging, the cut-off voltage is 4.4V, and the charging capacity is 2.8 Ah; the total charge capacity of the two stages was 4.4 Ah. After the first negative electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab are connected in parallel, the discharge current is 5mA/cm²The discharge cut-off voltage was 2.75V, and the total discharge capacity was 4.08 Ah.

Example 2

1. A positive electrode and a separator were prepared according to the method of example 1.

2、Preparing a first negative electrode: a common commercial 11 mu m PVDF coated PE diaphragm (an insulating layer) of a lithium battery is taken and is hot-pressed with a copper net (a conductor layer) with the thickness of 20 mu m for 30S at the temperature of 120 ℃, the pressure is 1Ma, the porosity of the copper net is 50 percent, and the pore diameter is 1 mm. Weighing 1kg of negative active material (D50 is a 2 mu m silicon oxide and carbon nano tube composite negative material), 10g of conductive agent acetylene black, 30g of binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and 20g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and adding the materials into 1kg of deionized water, and then stirring the materials in a stirrer to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of the conductor layer, and then drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a first negative pole tab is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 10mg/cm²。

3. Preparing a second negative electrode: taking a common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil, immersing the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil in a 1M NaOH solution for 1h, taking out the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil, washing the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil with deionized water, and drying the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil to obtain a structure with a first porous part 21, a solid metal part 22 and a second porous part 23 as shown in figure 4; the first porous portion 21 and the second porous portion 23 each had a hole depth of 5 μm and a thickness of the intermediate solid metal portion 22 of 5 μm, and LPON (insulating material) was deposited on one side thereof with a magnetron sputtering apparatus to a thickness of 0.5 μm; cutting into a pole piece of 50cm multiplied by 75cm, and spot-welding a second negative pole tab.

4. Assembling the battery: sequentially assembling the manufactured positive electrode, diaphragm, first negative electrode (one side of the active material layer faces the diaphragm, one side of the insulating layer faces the second negative electrode) and second negative electrode (one side of the insulating material faces the first negative electrode) according to a laminated battery process, and then packaging in an aluminum-plastic film; and filling the electrolyte, connecting the positive electrode lug and the first negative electrode lug, forming, and then performing air exhaust, heat sealing, edge folding and other process links to obtain the lithium ion battery, wherein the total thickness of the battery is 4 mm.

5. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are connected on the charging control element BMS, and the positive electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab are connected firstly at 6mA/cm²Charging for 24min at constant current with the charging capacity of 2.2 Ah; then disconnecting the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab, and switching the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab to 6mA/cm²Current constant-current charging, the cut-off voltage is 4.1V, and the charging capacity is 3.6 Ah; two stage chargingThe total volume was 5.8 Ah. After the first negative electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab are connected in parallel, the discharge current is 5mA/cm²The discharge cut-off voltage was 2.75V, and the total discharge capacity was 5.18 Ah.

Example 3

1. Preparing a positive electrode: weighing 1kg of positive electrode active material (NCM), 20g of conductive agent carbon nano tube and 20g of binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), adding into 1kg of N-methylpyrrolidone, and stirring in a stirrer for 30min to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on an aluminum foil, and drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a positive pole lug is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 10mg/cm²。

3. Preparing a first negative electrode: a common commercial 11 mu m PVDF coated lithium battery PE diaphragm (an insulating layer) and a porous carbon cloth (a conductor layer) with the thickness of 20 mu m are taken to be hot-pressed for 30s at the temperature of 120 ℃, the pressure is 1MPa, the porosity of the porous carbon cloth is 50 percent, and the pore diameter is 1 mm. Weighing 1kg of negative active material (15 mu m of artificial graphite and silicon oxide composite negative material D50), 10g of conductive agent acetylene black, 30g of binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and 20g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and adding the materials into 1kg of deionized water, and then stirring the materials in a stirrer to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of the conductor layer, and then drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a first negative pole tab is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 10mg/cm²。

4. Preparing a second negative electrode: taking a common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil, immersing the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil in a 1M NaOH solution for 1h, taking out the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil, washing the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil with deionized water, and drying the common 15-micron copper-zinc alloy foil to obtain a structure with a first porous part 21, a solid metal part 22 and a second porous part 23 as shown in figure 4; the first porous portion 21 and the second porous portion 23 each had a hole depth of 10 μm, the intermediate solid metal portion 22 had a thickness of 5 μm, and 100g of Li was used₁₀GeP₂S₁₂10g of PVDF, evenly mixed, and then filled with a proper amount of powder by a mechanical vibration methodInto the pores of the first porous portion 21 and the second porous portion 23, and then rolled with a pressure of 1 MPa; and then evaporating a metal lithium layer on the outer sides of the first porous part 21 and the second porous part 23 under vacuum, then rolling the pole piece under the pressure of 1MPa, cutting the pole piece into a pole piece of 50cm multiplied by 75cm, and spot-welding a second negative pole tab.

5. Assembling the battery: assembling the manufactured anode, diaphragm, first cathode (one side of the active material layer faces the diaphragm, one side of the insulating layer faces the second cathode) and second cathode in sequence according to a laminated battery process, and then packaging in a 50-micrometer-thick toughened film; and hot-press forming for 2h at 220 ℃ and 200 MPa. And after the positive electrode lug and the first negative electrode lug are connected and formed, the technological links of air suction, heat sealing, edge folding and the like are carried out to obtain the lithium ion battery, wherein the total thickness of the battery is 4 mm.

6. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are connected on the charging control element BMS, and the positive electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab are connected firstly at 1.5mA/cm²Charging for 15min at constant current with the charging capacity of 1.0 Ah; then disconnecting the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab, and switching the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab to be 1.5mA/cm²Current constant-current charging, the cut-off voltage is 3.8V, and the charging capacity is 2.2 Ah; the total charge capacity of the two stages is 3 Ah. After the first negative electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab are connected in parallel, the discharge current is 1.5mA/cm²The discharge cut-off voltage was 2.0V, and the total discharge capacity was 2.9 Ah.

Example 4

3. Preparing a first negative electrode: 100g of indium tin oxide was takenThe compound particles were mixed with 5g of PVDF and 200g of NMP solution and stirred uniformly, and then coated on a common commercial 10 μm PE separator (insulating layer) for a lithium battery, and then hot-pressed at 110 ℃ for 20min under a pressure of 1 MPa. Weighing 1kg of negative active material (15 mu m of artificial graphite and silicon oxide composite negative material D50), 10g of conductive agent acetylene black, 30g of binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and 20g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and adding the materials into 1kg of deionized water, and then stirring the materials in a stirrer to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of the conductor layer, and then drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a first negative pole tab is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 10mg/cm²。

6. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are connected to a charge control element (BMS), and a positive electrode tab and a second negative electrode tab are connected at a rate of 5mA/cm²Charging for 24min at constant current with the charging capacity of 1.6 Ah; then disconnecting the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab, and switching the positive electrode tab and the first negative electrode tab to 5mA/cm²Current constant-current charging, the cut-off voltage is 4.4V, and the charging capacity is 2.8 Ah; the total charge capacity of the two stages was 4.4 Ah. After the first negative electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab are connected in parallel, the discharge current is 5mA/cm²The discharge cut-off voltage was 2.75V, and the total discharge capacity was 4.11 Ah.

Comparative example 1

2. Preparing a negative electrode: weighing 1kg of negative active material (artificial graphite with 15 mu m of D50), 10g of conductive agent acetylene black, 30g of binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and 20g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), adding the materials into 1kg of deionized water, and stirring in a stirrer to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of a copper foil with the thickness of 8 mu m, and then transferring the copper foil into an oven to be dried at the temperature of 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a negative pole tab is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 14mg/cm²。

3. Assembling the battery: assembling the manufactured positive electrode, diaphragm and negative electrode in sequence according to a laminated battery process, and then packaging in an aluminum plastic film; and filling the electrolyte, connecting the positive electrode lug and the first negative electrode lug, forming, and then performing air exhaust, heat sealing, edge folding and other process links to obtain the lithium ion battery, wherein the total thickness of the battery is 4 mm.

4. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the formed battery is measured at 5mA/cm²Charging for 60min at constant current, with cut-off voltage of 4.4V and charging capacity of 3.7 Ah; then at 1.5mA/cm²The current is discharged in a constant current, the discharge cut-off voltage is 3.3V, and the total discharge capacity is 3.4 Ah.

Comparative example 2

1. Preparing a positive electrode: weighing positive electrode active material (LiFePO)₄) Adding 1kg of conductive agent carbon nano tube 20g and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)20g into 1kg of N-methyl pyrrolidone, and then stirring in a stirrer for 30min to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on an aluminum foil, and drying in an oven at 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a positive pole lug is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 15mg/cm²。

3. Preparing a negative electrode: 1kg of a negative electrode active material (artificial graphite having a particle size of 15 μm as D50) and 1kg of acetylene black as a conductive agent were weighed0g of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) as a binder and 20g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are added into 1kg of deionized water and then stirred in a stirrer to form stable and uniform slurry; uniformly coating the slurry on the surface of a copper foil with the thickness of 8 mu m, and then transferring the copper foil into an oven to be dried at the temperature of 80 ℃; after the dried pole piece is subjected to wondering under the pressure of 2MPa, the pole piece is cut into a pole piece with the thickness of 50mm multiplied by 75mm, a negative pole tab is subjected to spot welding, and the surface density is 7mg/cm²。

4. Assembling the battery: assembling the manufactured positive electrode, diaphragm and negative electrode in sequence according to a laminated battery process, placing a 40mm multiplied by 10mm lithium sheet on the outer side of the laminated battery core, leading out a single tab as a reference electrode interface, and then packaging the whole battery core including the reference electrode in an aluminum-plastic film; and filling the electrolyte, and performing technological links such as air extraction, heat sealing, edge folding treatment and the like after formation to obtain the lithium ion battery, wherein the total thickness of the battery is 4 mm.

5. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the formed battery is heated to 1.5mA/cm²Charging for 60min at constant current, with cut-off voltage of 3.8V and charging capacity of 2.4 Ah; then at 1.5mA/cm²The current is discharged in a constant current, the discharge cut-off voltage is 2V, and the total discharge capacity is 2.2 Ah.

Comparative example 3

1. A positive electrode and a separator were prepared according to the method of comparative example 2.

2. Preparing a negative electrode: the copper foil 8 μm thick was cut into 50mm × 75mm pieces, and the negative electrode tab was spot-welded.

4. Testing the charge and discharge performance of the battery: the formed battery is heated to 1.5mA/cm²Charging for 60min at constant current, with cutoff voltage of 3.8V and charging capacity of 3.6 Ah; then at 1.5mA/cm²The current is discharged in a constant current, the discharge cut-off voltage is 2V, and the total discharge capacity is 3.0 Ah.

Test example 1

The lithium ion batteries prepared in examples and comparative examples were tested for discharge capacity, energy density, and cycle performance, and the results are shown in table 1.

The circulating method comprises the following steps: and (4) carrying out constant-current charging and discharging on the battery, and calculating the capacity retention rate after multiple cycles. The energy density test method comprises the following steps: and recording the discharge voltage, the discharge capacity and the battery volume of the battery, wherein the energy density of the battery is the discharge voltage multiplied by the discharge capacity divided by the battery volume. The charging efficiency and capacity retention rate were calculated according to the following formulas.

Charge efficiency (%) -discharge capacity/charge capacity

Capacity retention (%) (discharge capacity at n-th cycle/discharge capacity at 1 st cycle)

TABLE 1

Test example 2

The battery of comparative example 2 was subjected to a charge-discharge test at 1.5mA/cm²Charging for 60min at constant current, and cutting off the voltage to 3.8V; then at 1.5mA/cm²The current discharges in constant current, and the discharge cut-off voltage is 2V. The battery of comparative example 3 was short-circuited after 3 cycles, and the appearance of the battery was observed by a field emission scanning electron microscope (JSM-7600F, JEOL Ltd., Japan) after disassembling the battery, and the SEM photograph is shown in FIG. 6. It can be seen that a large amount of lithium dendrites are generated at the negative electrode side, causing short circuit to occur.

Test example 3

The cell prepared in comparative example 2 was charged at 1.5mA/cm²The current was measured for charge and discharge with a cut-off voltage of 3.8V and a cut-off voltage of 2V, and the positive-negative voltage curve, the positive-reference voltage curve and the negative-reference voltage curve were measured during discharge, respectively, as shown in fig. 7. As can be seen from fig. 7, in the discharge state, the voltage (vs. li) of the conventional anode (equivalent to the first anode in the battery of example 3) at this time⁺,/Li) was 1.2V.

The cell of example 3 was discharged (at this time the first negative electrode 1 voltage was 1.2V (vs⁺/Li), second negativeThe pole voltage is 0V (Vs. Li)⁺/Li)) was connected to the positive electrode tab and the second negative electrode tab at 1.5mA/cm²Charging with constant current for 30min, charging total capacity for 2.0Ah, and standing for 15 min. During the charging process and during the standing process after stopping charging, respectively recording a first cathode-second cathode voltage curve, a positive electrode-second cathode voltage curve and a positive electrode-first cathode voltage curve, as shown in fig. 8-9. From this, as can be seen from the voltage change curves shown in FIGS. 8 to 9, when the charge time exceeded 15min, the micropores on the surface of the second negative electrode had been completely filled due to the volume of the generated metallic lithium (lithium thickness 5 μm/cm)²) Thus, metallic lithium starts to grow along the pores in the first negative electrode until 16min, and the generated lithium dendrites penetrate the first negative electrode, resulting in a sudden drop of the first negative electrode-second negative electrode voltage from 1.2V to 0V; meanwhile, the voltage of the anode and the second cathode is also increased from 2.3V to 3.5V. Charging is continued to 30min, and then a large amount of lithium dendrites are generated and are fully communicated with the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode, but in a subsequent standing curve, the voltage of the positive electrode and the second negative electrode is reduced to 3.3V after 1min of standing, and the voltage of the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode is increased from 0 to 0.2V, which indicates that the lithium dendrites communicated with the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode are automatically disconnected.

Test example 4

The batteries of examples and comparative examples were tested for volume expansion after charging and discharging, and the results are shown in table 2.

The test method comprises the following steps: testing the battery in the initial state (h)₁) And in the fully charged state (h)₂) Thickness of (a), expansion ratio of (h)₂-h₁)/h₁。

TABLE 2

	Volume expansion ratio (% by unit)
		Examples1	12.2
Example 2	9
		Example 3	9.2
Example 4	11.8
		Comparative example 1	9
Comparative example 2	8
		Comparative example 3	30

The preferred embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, the present disclosure is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications may be made to the technical solution of the present disclosure within the technical idea of the present disclosure, and these simple modifications all belong to the protection scope of the present disclosure.

It should be noted that, in the foregoing embodiments, various features described in the above embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner, and in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, various combinations that are possible in the present disclosure are not described again.

In addition, any combination of various embodiments of the present disclosure may be made, and the same should be considered as the disclosure of the present disclosure, as long as it does not depart from the spirit of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A lithium ion battery repeating unit, characterized in that the repeating unit comprises a positive electrode (3), a first separator (4) and a negative electrode which are stacked in this order in a stacking direction, the negative electrode comprising a first negative electrode (1) and a second negative electrode (2) which are in electrical contact with each other when charged; the first negative electrode (1) comprises an active material layer (11), a conductor layer (12) and an insulating layer (13), wherein the conductor layer (12) contains an inorganic porous conductive material, and the insulating layer (13) contains an organic porous diaphragm material; in the negative electrode, the active material layer (11), the conductor layer (12), the insulating layer (13), the second negative electrode (2), the insulating layer (13), the conductor layer (12), and the active material layer (11) are sequentially stacked in the stacking direction, and the second negative electrode (2) is coated with an insulating material.

2. The repeating unit according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic porous conductive material is one or more of a porous metal material, a porous carbon material, and a porous oxide material.

3. The repeating unit of claim 2, wherein the porous metal material is a metal mesh or a metal foam; the porous metal material is one or more of copper, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, manganese, iron, titanium and zinc;

4. The repeating unit according to claim 1, wherein the organic porous membrane material is one of a porous PE membrane, a porous PP membrane, a porous PET membrane, a porous PAN membrane, a porous PI membrane and a porous PVDF membrane, or a composite membrane formed by several of them.

5. The repeating unit according to claim 1, wherein pores of the inorganic porous conductive material and/or the organic porous separator material are filled with a liquid electrolyte.

6. The repeating unit of claim 5, wherein the liquid electrolyte is one or more of an ester solution of a lithium salt, an ether solution, and a sulfone solution;

7. The repeating unit according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the conductor layer (12) contacting with the active material layer (11) is coated with a carbon coating, the carbon material of the carbon coating is one or more of graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, mesocarbon microbeads, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon fibers, and the thickness of the carbon coating is 0.1-10 μm.

8. The repeating unit according to claim 1, wherein the second negative electrode (2) is one or more of a non-conductive body formed with a conductive protrusion, a solid metal body, and a metal body having a porous structure; the metal body having a porous structure is at least one of a metal mesh, a metal foam, and a metal body having surface pores.

9. A repeating unit as claimed in claim 8, wherein the second negative electrode (2) is coated with a lithium coating, per unit surface area of the second negative electrode (2)) On the basis, the dosage of the lithium coating is 0.026-2.6 mg/cm²。

10. The repeating unit as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal body having the surface porosity comprises a first porous portion (21), a solid metal portion (22) and a second porous portion (23) arranged in sequence along the stacking direction, the first porous portion (21) having a first through hole (211) extending along the stacking direction, the second porous portion (23) having a second through hole (231) extending along the stacking direction.

11. The repeating unit as claimed in claim 10, wherein the aperture of the first through hole (211) is flared in the stacking direction and the aperture of the second through hole (231) is tapered in the stacking direction.

12. A repeating unit as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and/or second via hole (211, 231) is filled with lithium.

13. The repeating unit of claim 8 wherein the metal body having surface porosity has micropores thereon; the surface of the metal body with surface pores is covered with an insulating material layer (7) containing the insulating material; the insulating material layer (7) is formed with a third through hole (71), and the aperture of the third through hole (71) is smaller than that of the micropore.

14. A repeating unit as claimed in claim 13, wherein both main surfaces of the metal body having surface porosity are covered with the layer of insulating material (7), respectively, and the third through hole (71) is filled with a liquid electrolyte.

15. The repeating unit of claim 14, wherein the liquid electrolyte is one or more of an ester solution of a lithium salt, an ether solution, and a sulfone solution;

16. The repeating unit according to claim 1 or 13, wherein the insulating material is an inorganic non-conductive non-lithium ion compound and/or a solid state electrolyte; the inorganic non-conductive non-lithium ion compound is one or more of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, lithium oxide, silicon oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide and molybdenum oxide; the solid electrolyte is one or more of inorganic solid electrolyte, organic solid electrolyte and gel solid electrolyte; the inorganic solid electrolyte is one or more of LPS, LGPS, LATP, LLZO and LPON; the organic solid electrolyte is one or more of PEO, PMMA, PAN, PVDF, PVC, PPP, P (VDF-HFP), P (AN-MMA-ST) and P (VC-VAC); the gel solid electrolyte is a product obtained by reacting polyether, polyurethane or polythioether with an electrolyte, or a product obtained by reacting two or three of the polyether, the polyurethane or the polythioether with the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte contains one or more of ester, ether and sulfone.

17. The repeating unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the material of the active material layer (11) is one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium titanate, iron oxide, lithium titanium phosphate, titanium dioxide, silicon oxide, aluminum, tin and antimony.

18. A lithium ion battery comprising one or more lithium ion battery repeating units according to any one of claims 1-17.

19. The lithium ion battery of claim 18, wherein a second separator is disposed between adjacent repeating units.

20. A method for using the lithium ion battery of claim 18 or 19, comprising the steps of: when charging, the second negative electrode (2) is charged to the battery capacity reaching Y, and then the first negative electrode (1) is charged to the battery capacity reaching Y + X.

21. A battery module characterized by comprising the lithium ion battery according to claim 18 or 19.

22. An automobile characterized by comprising the battery module according to claim 21.