CN112089093A - Preparation method and application of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles - Google Patents
Preparation method and application of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles Download PDFInfo
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- CN112089093A CN112089093A CN202011092110.7A CN202011092110A CN112089093A CN 112089093 A CN112089093 A CN 112089093A CN 202011092110 A CN202011092110 A CN 202011092110A CN 112089093 A CN112089093 A CN 112089093A
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- 229920006238 degradable plastic Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 244000299461 Theobroma cacao Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000009470 Theobroma cacao Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XPCTZQVDEJYUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone Chemical compound CC=1OC=CC(=O)C=1O XPCTZQVDEJYUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940093503 ethyl maltol Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007126 Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- YIKYNHJUKRTCJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl maltol Chemical compound CCC=1OC=CC(=O)C=1O YIKYNHJUKRTCJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HYMLWHLQFGRFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maltol Natural products CC1OC=CC(=O)C1=O HYMLWHLQFGRFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011171 Thladiantha grosvenorii Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000185386 Thladiantha grosvenorii Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940043353 maltol Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- NGGPLHHTRNJSDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylmaltol Natural products COC1=C(C)OC=CC1=O NGGPLHHTRNJSDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Chemical compound COC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Natural products COC1=CC(O)=CC(C=O)=C1 FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012141 vanillin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000686 essence Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019505 tobacco product Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 208000034189 Sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004505 smoke cartridge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000426 Microplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004595 color masterbatch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- CBOQJANXLMLOSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl vanillin Chemical group CCOC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O CBOQJANXLMLOSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940105902 mint extract Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/02—Manufacture of tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/0204—Preliminary operations before the filter rod forming process, e.g. crimping, blooming
- A24D3/0212—Applying additives to filter materials
- A24D3/0225—Applying additives to filter materials with solid additives, e.g. incorporation of a granular product
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/067—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters characterised by functional properties
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of novel tobacco products, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles; 1) sequentially mixing the tobacco humectant, the spice and the essence into the degradable plastic particles, and uniformly mixing; 2) putting the mixed degradable plastic particles into a preheated plastic internal mixer, mixing and molding, cooling by a cooling water pool, drying by an air drying box, granulating by a granulator and the like to obtain degradable granules; the degradable plastic particles of the invention are uniformly mixed with food-grade fragrant raw materials andor related colors in the original degradable raw materials, the functionality of the degradable particles is increased, and the raw materials and the finished products are food-grade, thus having higher safety performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of novel tobacco products, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles.
Background
The degradable plastics are used in the tobacco industry to develop to a certain extent recently, but the research on the cooling section prepared by the existing degradable plastics is more focused on the cooling aspect, the research on the application of the degradable plastics as the cooling section is less, and the patents on the application of the degradable plastics as the aspects of supplementing fragrance, diversifying colors, functionalizing and the like are less.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method and application of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles comprises the following steps:
1) the method comprises the steps of sequentially mixing tobacco humectant, spice and essence into degradable plastic particles, and uniformly mixing, wherein the spice and the essence mainly comprise but are not limited to biomass, non-biomass powder, biomass extract, food-grade spice and compound essence, the preferable biomass powder raw materials are preprocessing powder with fragrance and/or color, such as cocoa, dried orange peel, fingered citron, momordica grosvenori and the like, the preferable spice and the essence are monomer spices with fragrance, such as vanillin, maltol, methyl maltol, ethyl maltol, cooling agent, mint extract and the like, or are mixed and blended essence, the adding proportion of the spice and the essence is 0.1-40% of the total amount of the degradable plastic particles, and in order to uniformly mix the spice, liquid materials are combined and used, the liquid materials account for 0.1-10% of a plastic base material, and the liquid materials comprise but are not limited to white oil, VG, PG, weigh the plastic substrate first, put into the agitator and turn on the stirring, drench the liquid supplies evenly, later add the solid powder, the preferred solid powder is to ventilate and spill into evenly, in order to increase the fusion homogeneous degree of the material part, the said degradable plastic granule principal ingredients include but not limited to polylactic acid resin, degradable resin, and other relevant filler, compounding chemicals that increase the granule performance of plastic granule, contain two kinds or more of ingredients in the degradable plastic granule, the proportion of degradable plastic granule of each resin is 1-99%, the said humectant includes but not limited to propylene glycol, glycerin, the proportion of humectant of two kinds of substances is 0-100%, the proportion of addition is 0-20% of the total amount of degradable plastic granule;
2) putting the mixed degradable plastic particles into a preheated plastic internal mixer, mixing and molding, cooling by a cooling water pool, drying by an air drying box, granulating by a granulator and the like to obtain degradable granules, wherein the internal mixer can be a double-screw or three-screw internal mixer with different types, the mixing and heating range of the internal mixer is 100-, The towel absorbs moisture and the sponge absorbs moisture, the granulator can adjust the granulating speed, and can be operated in a linkage manner with the internal mixer or independently, and in the linkage operation, on the premise of ensuring the feeding frequency, granules obtained by the higher granulating speed are thinner and thicker; the independent operation can ensure the length of the particles to be 1-5 mm.
The degradable plastic particles are mainly applied to tobacco or tobacco related industries; the degradable plastic particles have fragrance, and can also be independently used as fragrance-enhancing particles to be applied to cigarettes.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the degradable plastic particles of the invention are uniformly mixed with food-grade fragrant raw materials and/or related colors in the original degradable raw materials, the functionality of the degradable particles is increased, and the raw materials and finished products are food-grade, so that the safety performance is higher.
2. The degradable plastic particles have fragrance and color, can be used as color master batches or aroma-enhancing raw materials and one of the raw materials of the starch pipe to increase the functionality of the starch pipe; the starch pipe directly prepared by degrading plastic particles has the effects of cooling and increasing aroma to smoke when used in cigarettes, has the same or similar aroma and/or color characteristics as the degraded granules, can enrich the characteristics and functionality of a cooling section, and has the effects of supplementing aroma and cooling to cigarettes in the using process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a broken line diagram of the temperature of the cooling section.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the following embodiments further illustrate the present invention in detail in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
10g of cooling agent is added into 1kg of degradation resin, and the mixture is directly introduced into an internal mixer after being uniformly mixed. Starting an internal mixer, setting the frequency of a feeding machine to be 1.5 r/min, setting the running speed of a mixing extrusion screw to be 120r/min, setting the cutting frequency of a granulator to be 6HZ, and respectively setting the temperatures of 9 heating intervals of the internal mixer to be as follows: 120/140/170/170/170/170/180/150/140 deg.C.
After the internal mixer is formed, the strip-shaped materials are pulled into cooling water, enter an air box through a guide rail pulley for drying, are fed into a granulator after being dried, and are cut through the granulator to obtain the required cooling flavor degradation granules.
Example 2
10g of cooling agent is added into 1kg of degradation resin, and the mixture is directly introduced into an internal mixer after being uniformly mixed. Starting an internal mixer, setting the frequency of a feeding machine to be 120r/min, setting the running speed of a mixing extrusion screw to be 300r/min, setting the cutting frequency of a grain cutting machine to be 30HZ, and respectively setting the temperatures of 9 heating intervals of the internal mixer to be as follows: 180/200/250/250/250/250/220/200/140 deg.C.
After the internal mixer is formed, the strip-shaped materials are pulled into cooling water, enter an air box through a guide rail pulley for drying, are fed into a granulator after being dried, and are cut through the granulator to obtain the required cooling flavor degradation granules.
Example 3
10g of cooling agent is added into 1kg of degradation resin, and the mixture is directly introduced into an internal mixer after being uniformly mixed. Starting an internal mixer, setting the frequency of a feeder to be 30 r/min, setting the running speed of a mixing extrusion screw to be 600r/min, setting the cutting frequency of a granulator to be 50HZ, and setting the temperature of 9 heating intervals of the internal mixer to be respectively as follows: 220/250/350/350/350/350/260/250/240 deg.C.
After the internal mixer is formed, the strip-shaped materials are pulled into cooling water, enter an air box through a guide rail pulley for drying, are fed into a granulator after being dried, and are cut through the granulator to obtain the required cooling flavor degradation granules.
Example 4
Adding 5g of glycerol (also called glycerol and VG) as a humectant into 1kg of degradable resin, uniformly mixing, adding 50g of cocoa powder, uniformly mixing, directly introducing into an internal mixer, starting the internal mixer, setting the frequency of a feeding machine to be 3.5 r/min, setting the running speed of a mixing extrusion screw to be 80r/min, and respectively setting the temperatures of 9 heating intervals of the internal mixer to be as follows: 120/140/150/150/150/150/170/160/145 deg.C.
After the banbury mixer export shaping is the strip material, pull the strip material to the cooling water in, the strip material is by soft sclerosis, gets into the drying of bellows through the guide rail pulley, and the strip material is accomodate earlier after the drying.
The received strip-shaped materials are fed into a granulator which operates independently, the cutting frequency can be freely set between 4HZ, and the degradable granules with cocoa fragrance and coffee color can be obtained through the granulator.
Example 5
Adding 5g of glycerol (also called glycerol and VG) as a humectant into 1kg of degradable resin, uniformly mixing, adding 50g of cocoa powder, uniformly mixing, directly introducing into an internal mixer, starting the internal mixer, setting the frequency of a feeding machine to be 20r/min, setting the running speed of a mixing extrusion screw to be 200r/min, and respectively setting the temperatures of 9 heating intervals of the internal mixer to be as follows: 180/200/250/250/250/250/200/220/200 deg.C.
After the banbury mixer export shaping is the strip material, pull the strip material to the cooling water in, the strip material is by soft sclerosis, gets into the drying of bellows through the guide rail pulley, and the strip material is accomodate earlier after the drying.
Feeding the received strip-shaped materials into a granulator which operates independently, wherein the cutting frequency can be freely set between 4 and 50HZ, and obtaining the cocoa-flavored coffee-colored degradable granules through the granulator.
Example 6
Adding 5g of glycerol (also called glycerol and VG) as a humectant into 1kg of degradable resin, uniformly mixing, adding 50g of cocoa powder, uniformly mixing, directly introducing into an internal mixer, starting the internal mixer, setting the frequency of a feeding machine to be 30 r/min, setting the running speed of a mixing extrusion screw to be 300r/min, and respectively setting the temperatures of 9 heating intervals of the internal mixer to be as follows: 220/250/350/350/350/350/260/300/240 deg.C.
After the banbury mixer export shaping is the strip material, pull the strip material to the cooling water in, the strip material is by soft sclerosis, gets into the drying of bellows through the guide rail pulley, and the strip material is accomodate earlier after the drying.
Feeding the received strip-shaped materials into a granulator which operates independently, wherein the cutting frequency can be freely set between 4 and 50HZ, and obtaining the cocoa-flavored coffee-colored degradable granules through the granulator.
Experimental analysis:
the experimental steps are as follows: experimental groups: adding materials such as cool flavor, tobacco, cocoa, vanillin, ethyl maltol and the like into the materials of the degraded granules to prepare new degraded granules, adding the degraded granules into a heating non-combustion smoke bomb, and measuring the temperature of smoke;
control group: measuring the temperature of the smoke without adding a smoke cartridge of a cooling material;
the experimental results are as follows: taking out the wide and narrow cooling sections as a comparison to obtain a line graph shown in figure 1; and as can be seen from the line graph, in the control smoke cartridge without the cooling material, the peak value of the smoke temperature is slightly higher than that of the other smoke cartridges filled with the degradation particles, which indicates that the new degradation particles have the cooling effect in the smoking process of the cigarettes. The maximum value of the temperature reduction at the peak value reaches 13.8 ℃, the amplitude reduction reaches 28 percent, and the effectiveness of the temperature reduction of the degraded granules prepared by the invention is fully demonstrated.
Although the invention has been described herein with reference to a number of illustrative embodiments thereof, it should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art that will fall within the spirit and scope of the principles of this disclosure. More specifically, various variations and modifications are possible in the component parts and/or arrangements of the subject combination arrangement within the scope of the disclosure and claims of this application. In addition to variations and modifications in the component parts and/or arrangements, other uses will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Claims (9)
1. A preparation method of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
1) sequentially mixing the tobacco humectant, the spice and the essence into the degradable plastic particles, and uniformly mixing;
2) and putting the mixed degradable plastic particles into a preheated plastic internal mixer, mixing and molding, cooling by a cooling water tank, drying by an air drying box, granulating by a granulator and the like to obtain the degradable granules.
2. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in the step 1), the spices and the essences mainly comprise but are not limited to biomass, non-biomass powder, biomass extracts, food-grade spices and compounded essences, the preferred biomass powder raw materials are preprocessing powder with fragrance and/or color such as cocoa, dried orange peel, fingered citron, momordica grosvenori and the like, the preferred spices and essences are monomer spices with fragrance such as vanillin, maltol, methyl maltol, ethyl maltol, cooling agents, mint extracts and the like or mixed essences, and the adding proportion of the spices and the essences is 0.1-40% of the total amount of the degradable plastic particles.
3. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in step 1), in order to mix the perfume uniformly, liquid materials are combined and used, the liquid materials account for 0.1% -10% of the plastic base material, the liquid materials include but are not limited to white oil, VG and PG, the plastic base material is weighed firstly, a stirrer is put into the stirrer to start stirring, then the liquid materials are uniformly sprinkled, and then solid powder is added, wherein the preferable mode of adding the solid powder is to uniformly sprinkle the solid powder in a ventilating mode so as to increase the blending uniformity degree of the material parts.
4. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in step 1), the main components of the degradable plastic particles include, but are not limited to, polylactic acid resin, degradable resin, and other related fillers and additives for increasing the performance of plastic particle granules, the degradable plastic particles include two or more components, and the proportion of each resin in the degradable plastic particles is 1-99%.
5. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in the step 1), the humectant comprises but is not limited to propylene glycol and glycerol, the proportion of the two substances is 0-100% of the humectant, and the addition proportion is 0-20% of the total amount of the degradable plastic particles.
6. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in the step 2), the internal mixer can be a double-screw or three-screw internal mixer with different types, the temperature range of the mixing heating interval of the internal mixer is 100-350 ℃, the temperature of the heating interval is set to be low-high-low-slightly high or low-high-low according to the temperature of the material fed to the material outlet, the temperature difference of each heating interval is 0-100 ℃, the feeding frequency of the internal mixer is 0-30 r/min, and the operating speed of the mixing extrusion screw is 0-600 r/min.
7. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in the step 2), the cooling step is water cooling, and the temperature of the cooling water is between 20 and 80 ℃.
8. A process for the preparation of fragranced, degradable plastic granules according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in the step 2), the granulator can adjust the granulating speed, can be operated in a linkage manner with the internal mixer or independently, and in the linkage operation, on the premise of ensuring the feeding frequency, granules obtained by the higher granulating speed are thinner and thicker; the independent operation can ensure the length of the particles to be 1-5 mm.
9. Use of a fragranced degradable plastic granule according to any of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: the degradable plastic particles are mainly applied to tobacco or tobacco related industries; the degradable plastic particles have fragrance, and can also be independently used as fragrance-enhancing particles to be applied to cigarettes.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202011092110.7A CN112089093A (en) | 2020-10-13 | 2020-10-13 | Preparation method and application of aroma-enhancing degradable plastic particles |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113080509A (en) * | 2021-04-12 | 2021-07-09 | 上海华宝生物科技有限公司 | Temperature-reducing member master batch for heating non-combustible cigarettes and preparation method thereof |
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