CN112047739A - Processable ceramic/metal gradient structure material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Processable ceramic/metal gradient structure material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
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- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- C04B35/58—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on borides, nitrides, i.e. nitrides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides or silicides
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Abstract
The invention relates toThe ceramic material comprises AIN and BN, the metal material comprises high-melting-point metal Mo, and the method comprises the following steps: mixing required metal and ceramic powder according to the designed gradient components, gradient layer number and component content in each layer to obtain raw materials of each gradient layer, stacking the raw materials of each gradient layer and pressing to form so that the mass fraction of the ceramic powder is continuously changed in a gradient manner from inside to outside along axial symmetry, and performing activation sintering by powder metallurgy combined with discharge plasma to obtain the ceramic powder with the Vickers hardness of more than 9GPa and the fracture toughness of more than 4.5 MPa.m1/2Good machinability and helium leak rate less than 1 × 10‑11Pa·m3(s) bending strength > 400MPa and resistivity > 8 × 106The omega-cm ceramic/metal gradient structure material realizes the integral densification and the metallization of the surface of the ceramic, is beneficial to the connection of the ceramic and the metal, improves the corrosion resistance, the sealing property and the stability of the material and further enhances the processability of the material on the basis.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of sealing materials, and particularly relates to a machinable ceramic/metal gradient structure material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The existing clean energy technology such as wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy and the like has the characteristics of intermittency and volatility, cannot be directly incorporated into the existing power grid for use, the defects can be effectively overcome by high-efficiency distributed energy storage, the utilization efficiency and the electric energy quality of new energy are greatly improved, the method is one of key technologies for constructing the intelligent power grid, and the energy storage battery is efficient, flexible and convenient to manage and is the best choice of the distributed energy storage technology.
In recent decades, high temperature batteries represented by liquid metal batteries, ZEBRA batteries and the like have appeared in the sight of people, and are regarded as energy storage battery technologies with the most application prospects due to low cost, high energy efficiency and safety, the high temperature batteries avoid using expensive electrocatalysts and complex gas reforming systems, and adopt alkali metal cathode materials with small electrochemical equivalent, so that the high temperature batteries have extremely strict requirements on sealing materials, long-acting high temperature sealing insulating materials are one of bottlenecks restricting the service life of the high temperature batteries, the existing high temperature battery technologies are influenced by the service life, the wide application of power energy storage is difficult to realize, and the sealing materials with long service life, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and easy processing are developed, so that a new technology for realizing long-acting stable operation of the high temperature batteries is imperative, and based on the requirements of the long-acting high temperature sealing insulating materials, ceramic materials and metal materials have unique excellent performances, but in practical production applications it cannot simultaneously meet the stringent requirements for a wide range of properties.
The ceramic material has the advantages of high strength, high hardness, good insulation and corrosion resistance and the like, and is widely applied to the field of ultra-high temperature materials, but the ultra-high temperature ceramic has the defects of difficult sintering, poor fracture toughness, difficult processing and the like, and practical application of the ceramic material is limited; the high-temperature metal material mainly comprises refractory metals and alloys thereof, including W, Mo, Nb, Ta, Hf and the like, which generally have the advantages of good fracture toughness, thermal shock resistance, good high-temperature mechanical property and the like, but the metals have high price, poor corrosion resistance and poor creep resistance, wherein the most widely used molybdenum alloy and intermetallic compound materials thereof have room-temperature brittleness, so that the processing is very difficult, and the most widely used molybdenum alloy and intermetallic compound materials thereof cannot be used as sealing materials of high-temperature batteries. The advent of ceramic-metal composites combines the advantages of ceramic materials and metal materials and remedies each other for the disadvantages of the other.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem of how to provide a ceramic/metal gradient structure material with stronger high-temperature stability, corrosion resistance, insulating sealing property and good processing performance in the prior art, the invention provides a ceramic/metal gradient structure material which can be processed, and raw materials for preparing the gradient structure material comprise micron-sized nitride ceramic and nano-sized Mo;
the structural material is a laminated structure; taking the nitride as an intermediate layer, and arranging nitride and Mo layers with the same mass fraction on the upper end and the lower end of the nitride respectively.
Preferably, the nitride ceramic includes AIN and BN.
Preferably, the method comprises the steps of:
step 1: mixing: mixing required metal and ceramic powder according to the designed gradient components, the number of gradient layers and the content of each component in each layer to form raw materials of each gradient layer;
step 2: pressing: stacking the raw materials of each gradient layer and pressing to form, so that the mass fraction of the ceramic powder is axially symmetrical and is in continuous gradient change from inside to outside between 100 and 0 percent;
and step 3: and (3) sintering: the ceramic/metal gradient structure material of any one of claims 1-2 is prepared by powder metallurgy combined with spark plasma activated sintering.
Preferably, the gradient number in the step 1 is 5-20.
Preferably, the sintering comprises: under the atmosphere of argon or nitrogen and the pressure of 20-50MPa, the temperature is kept for 5min-2h at 1300-1750 ℃ at the heating rate of 1-200 ℃/min.
Preferably, the step 3 of sintering by using powder metallurgy combined with spark plasma comprises the following steps:
putting ceramic powder and a sintering aid into a ball mill, adding a dispersing agent and an organic solvent, ball-milling for 2-4h, putting into a culture dish, and drying in a drying oven for 24h at the drying temperature of 80 ℃;
placing the dried powder into an alumina crucible, heating the powder to 500 ℃ in an Ar gas atmosphere by adopting a tubular furnace to remove residual organic matters in the powder, grinding the obtained dried powder in an agate mortar, and sieving the powder by a 200-mesh sieve;
and stacking the dried gradient layers in a graphite mould with the diameter of 15-25mm, and prepressing and molding the gradient layers under the pressure of 5-10MPa by using a tablet press.
Preferably, the sintering aid comprises nanoscale Y2O3MgO and/or Al2O3。
Preferably, the prepared ceramic/metal gradient structure material has Vickers hardness of more than 9GPa and fracture toughness of more than 4.5 MPa-m1/2Good machinability and helium leak rate less than 1 × 10-11Pa·m3(s), bending strength > 400MPa, resistivity > 8X 106Ω·cm。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides a machinable ceramic/metal gradient structure material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the ceramic surface metal gradient structure design is adopted, the internal interface disappears by continuously changing the composition and the structure of the ceramic/metal, the thermal stress generated by large difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of the ceramic/metal is relieved, so that the material has higher mechanical strength, the integral densification and the metallization of the ceramic surface are realized, the ceramic/metal connection is facilitated, the corrosion resistance, the sealing property and the stability of the material are improved, and the machinable performance is further enhanced on the basis.
2. Aiming at extreme complex working environments such as long-time high temperature, strong corrosion and the like, the packaging component obtained by the invention has stronger high-temperature stability, corrosion resistance and insulating sealing property, the Vickers hardness is more than 9GPa, and the fracture toughness is more than 4.5 MPa.m1/2Bending strength up to 400MPa and resistivity up to 8X 109Omega cm, can effectively realize the long-term high-temperature insulation sealing of equipment, and can better adapt to various design requirements.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a ceramic/metal gradient structure material according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the crack propagation condition of the ceramic/metal gradient composite material with different BN content;
in the figure: (a) (b) (c)30 vol% BN addition; (d) no BN addition.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1-2, the present invention provides a machinable ceramic/metal gradient structure material, wherein the raw materials for preparing the gradient structure material include micron-sized nitride ceramic and nano-sized high melting point metal Mo;
the structural material is a laminated structure; taking the nitride as an intermediate layer, and respectively arranging nitride and Mo layers with the same mass fraction at the upper end and the lower end of the nitride;
the nitride ceramic material comprises AlN and BN;
and, nano-level powder Y is selected2O3MgO and/or Al2O3As a sintering aid;
the preparation method for preparing the ceramic/metal gradient structure material comprises the following steps:
step 1: mixing: mixing required metal and ceramic powder according to the designed gradient components, the number of gradient layers and the content of each component in each layer to form raw materials of each gradient layer;
step 2: pressing: stacking the raw materials of each gradient layer and pressing to form, so that the mass fraction of the ceramic powder is axially symmetrical and is in continuous gradient change from inside to outside between 100 and 0 percent;
and step 3: and (3) sintering: the ceramic/metal gradient structure material of any one of claims 1-2 is prepared by powder metallurgy combined with spark plasma activated sintering.
In the method, the number of the gradient layers is 5-20, and the mass fraction difference of the ceramic powder of the adjacent gradient layers is 5-20%;
the sintering comprises the following steps: and (3) preserving the heat at 1300-1750 ℃ for 5min-2h at the heating rate of 1-200 ℃/min under the atmosphere of argon or nitrogen and the pressure of 20-50MPa, and finally obtaining the ceramic/metal gradient structure material with good processability.
The step 3 of sintering by using powder metallurgy combined with discharge plasma comprises the following steps:
putting ceramic powder and a sintering aid into a ball mill, adding a dispersing agent and an organic solvent, ball-milling for 2-4h, putting into a culture dish, and drying in a drying oven for 24h at the drying temperature of 80 ℃;
placing the dried powder into an alumina crucible, heating the powder to 500 ℃ in an Ar gas atmosphere by using a tube furnace to remove residual organic matters in the powder, grinding the obtained dried powder in an agate mortar, and sieving the powder by using a 200-mesh sieve;
stacking the dried gradient layers in a graphite mould with the diameter of 15-25mm, and prepressing and molding the gradient layers under the pressure of 5-10MPa by using a tablet press;
the Vickers hardness of the ceramic/metal gradient structure material prepared by the invention is more than 9GPa, and the fracture toughness is more than 4.5 MPa.m1/2Good machinability and helium leak rate less than 1 × 10-11Pa·m3(s), bending strength > 400MPa, resistivity > 8X 106Ω·cm。
The raw materials used by the invention are wide in source and simple in preparation process, and the prepared ceramic/metal gradient structure material has stronger high-temperature stability, corrosion resistance and insulating and sealing performance, and the processability of the ceramic/metal gradient structure material is further enhanced on the basis, so that the ceramic/metal gradient structure material can better adapt to various design requirements, and the long-acting high-temperature insulating and sealing of equipment is effectively realized.
Example 1
Weighing a proper amount of AIN and BN powder, wherein the mass ratio of AIN to BN is 7:3, the average particle size of AIN to BN is 2 microns, adding a dispersant and an organic solvent, ball-milling for 4 hours by using a ball mill, and then drying for 24 hours in a drying oven at 80 ℃; the preparation method comprises the steps of weighing raw materials according to the mass percentage of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 of Mo powder and composite ceramic powder with the particle size of 50-200 mu m, ball-milling for 2 hours by using a ball mill, and drying in a drying oven at 80 ℃ for 12 hours.
The ball milling process comprises the following steps: putting the raw material powder into a 125ml nylon ball milling tank, and mixing the raw material powder with the dispersing agent: powder lot: organic solvent: ZrO (ZrO)2Ball milling is carried out according to the mass ratio of 1:100:100:400, the type of the ball mill is Retsch PM100, and the rotating speed of the ball mill is set to 300 r/min.
Placing the dried powder into an alumina crucible, heating the powder to 500 ℃ in an Ar gas atmosphere by using a tube furnace to remove residual organic matters in the powder, and finally grinding the obtained dried powder in an agate mortar and sieving the ground powder by using a 200-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder with the particle size of 0.2-1.5 mu m.
And (3) paving the mixed powder into a graphite die with the inner diameter of 20mm layer by layer according to the structural schematic diagram of the ceramic/metal gradient composite material shown in figure 1, wherein the using amount of a middle ceramic layer is 1.5g, the using amount of each gradient layer is 0.4g, the using amount of metal Mo at two ends is 3g, and performing discharge plasma sintering after prepressing a sample for 30s under the pressure of 8 MPa.
The method selects spark plasma sintering under Ar atmosphere, and the specific sintering process comprises the following steps: the sintering temperature is 1500 ℃, the heating rate is 100 ℃/min, the heat preservation time is 5min, the axial pressure is 50MPa, the Vickers hardness is 12GPa, the fracture toughness is 6 MPa.m1/2Helium leak rate of 0.9X 10-11Pa·m3(s) 500MPa of bending strength and 8X 10 of resistivity6Omega cm ceramic/metal gradient composite material.
Example 2
Weighing a proper amount of AIN and BN powder, wherein the mass ratio of AIN to BN is 8:2, the average particle size of AIN to BN is 2 micrometers, adding a dispersant and an organic solvent, ball-milling for 4 hours by using a ball mill, and then drying in a drying oven at 80 ℃ for 24 hours; the preparation method comprises the steps of weighing raw materials according to the mass percentage of 15:85, 25:75, 35:65, 45:55, 55:45, 65:35, 75:25, 85:15 and 95:5 of Mo powder and composite ceramic powder with the particle size of 50-200 mu m, ball-milling the raw materials for 2 hours by using a ball mill, and drying the raw materials in a drying oven at 80 ℃ for 12 hours.
The ball milling process comprises the following steps: putting the raw material powder into a 125ml nylon ball milling tank, and mixing the raw material powder with the dispersing agent: powder lot: organic solvent: ZrO (ZrO)2Ball milling is carried out according to the mass ratio of 1:100:100:400, the type of the ball mill is Retsch PM100, and the rotating speed of the ball mill is set to 300 r/min.
Placing the dried powder into an alumina crucible, heating the powder to 500 ℃ in an Ar gas atmosphere by using a tube furnace to remove residual organic matters in the powder, and finally grinding the obtained dried powder in an agate mortar and sieving the ground powder by using a 200-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder with the particle size of 0.2-1.5 mu m.
And (3) paving the mixed powder into a graphite die with the inner diameter of 20mm layer by layer according to the structural schematic diagram of the ceramic/metal gradient composite material shown in figure 1, wherein the using amount of a middle ceramic layer is 1.5g, the using amount of each gradient layer is 0.4g, the using amount of metal Mo at two ends is 3g, and performing discharge plasma sintering after prepressing a sample for 30s under the pressure of 6 MPa.
The method selects spark plasma sintering under Ar atmosphere, and the specific sintering process comprises the following steps: the sintering temperature is 1400 ℃, the heating rate is 100 ℃/min, the heat preservation time is 5min, the axial pressure is 50MPa, the Vickers hardness is 10.4GPa, the fracture toughness is 5.2 MPa.m1/2Helium leak rate of 1X 10-11Pa·m3(s) bending strength of 460MPa and resistivity of 2 × 107Omega cm ceramic/metal gradient composite material.
Example 3
Weighing a proper amount of AIN and BN powder, wherein the mass ratio of AIN to BN is 9:1, the average particle size of AIN to BN is 2 microns, adding a dispersant and an organic solvent, ball-milling for 4 hours by using a ball mill, and then drying in a drying oven at 80 ℃ for 24 hours; the preparation method comprises the steps of weighing raw materials according to the mass percentage of 5:95, 15:85, 25:75, 35:65, 45:55, 55:45, 65:35, 75:25 and 85:15 of Mo powder and composite ceramic powder with the particle size of 50-200 mu m, ball-milling the raw materials for 2 hours by using a ball mill, and drying the raw materials in a drying oven at 80 ℃ for 12 hours.
The ball milling process comprises the following steps: putting the raw material powder into a 125ml nylon ball milling tank, and mixing the raw material powder with the dispersing agent: powder lot:organic solvent: ZrO (ZrO)2Ball milling is carried out according to the mass ratio of 1:100:100:400, the type of the ball mill is Retsch PM100, and the rotating speed of the ball mill is set to 300 r/min.
Placing the dried powder into an alumina crucible, heating the powder to 500 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere by using a tube furnace to remove residual organic matters in the powder, and finally grinding the obtained dried powder in an agate mortar and sieving the ground powder by using a 200-mesh sieve to obtain mixed powder with the particle size of 0.2-1.5 mu m.
And (3) paving the mixed powder into a graphite die with the inner diameter of 20mm layer by layer according to the structural schematic diagram of the ceramic/metal gradient composite material shown in figure 1, wherein the using amount of a middle ceramic layer is 1.5g, the using amount of each gradient layer is 0.4g, the using amount of metal Mo at two ends is 3g, and performing discharge plasma sintering after prepressing a sample for 30s under the pressure of 6 MPa.
The method selects discharge plasma sintering under nitrogen atmosphere, and the specific sintering process comprises the following steps: the sintering temperature is 1600 ℃, the heating rate is 100 ℃/min, the heat preservation time is 5min, the axial pressure is 40MPa, the Vickers hardness is 9.2GPa, the fracture toughness is 4.8 MPa.m1/2Helium leak rate of 0.6X 10-11Pa·m3(s) flexural strength of 420MPa and resistivity of 6X 107Omega cm ceramic/metal gradient composite material.
Finally, it should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes can be made to the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement or the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention is included in the scope of the claims of the present invention filed as filed.
Claims (8)
1. A machinable ceramic/metal gradient structure material is characterized in that raw materials for preparing the gradient structure material comprise micron-sized nitride ceramic and nanoscale Mo;
the structural material is a laminated structure; taking the nitride as an intermediate layer, and arranging nitride and Mo layers with the same mass fraction on the upper end and the lower end of the nitride respectively.
2. The ceramic/metal gradient structure material of claim 1, wherein the nitride ceramic comprises AIN and BN.
3. A method for preparing a ceramic/metal gradient structure material according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
step 1: mixing: mixing required metal and ceramic powder according to the designed gradient components, the number of gradient layers and the content of each component in each layer to form raw materials of each gradient layer;
step 2: pressing: stacking the raw materials of each gradient layer and pressing to form, so that the mass fraction of the ceramic powder is axially symmetrical and is in continuous gradient change from inside to outside between 100 and 0 percent;
and step 3: and (3) sintering: the ceramic/metal gradient structure material of any one of claims 1-2 is prepared by powder metallurgy combined with spark plasma activated sintering.
4. The method for preparing a ceramic/metal gradient structural material according to claim 3, wherein the number of gradient layers in the step 1 is 5-20.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the sintering comprises: under the atmosphere of argon or nitrogen and the pressure of 20-50MPa, the temperature is kept for 5min-2h at 1300-1750 ℃ at the heating rate of 1-200 ℃/min.
6. The method for preparing a ceramic/metal gradient structural material according to claim 3, wherein the step 3 of sintering by using powder metallurgy combined with discharge plasma comprises the following steps:
putting ceramic powder and a sintering aid into a ball mill, adding a dispersing agent and an organic solvent, ball-milling for 2-4h, putting into a culture dish, and drying in a drying oven for 24h at the drying temperature of 80 ℃;
placing the dried powder into an alumina crucible, heating the powder to 500 ℃ in an Ar gas atmosphere by adopting a tubular furnace to remove residual organic matters in the powder, grinding the obtained dried powder in an agate mortar, and sieving the powder by a 200-mesh sieve;
and stacking the dried gradient layers in a graphite mould with the diameter of 15-25mm, and prepressing and molding the gradient layers under the pressure of 5-10MPa by using a tablet press.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the sintering aid comprises nanoscale Y2O3MgO and/or Al2O3。
8. The method for preparing a ceramic/metal gradient structural material according to any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein the prepared ceramic/metal gradient structural material has Vickers hardness of more than 9GPa and fracture toughness of more than 4.5 MPa-m1/2Good machinability and helium leak rate less than 1 × 10-11Pa·m3(s), bending strength > 400MPa, resistivity > 8X 106Ω·cm。
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