CN111919693A - Cultivation method for improving yield and marketability of fresh-eating sweet potatoes - Google Patents
Cultivation method for improving yield and marketability of fresh-eating sweet potatoes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for improving the yield and commodity of fresh sweet potatoes. The method comprises the following steps: 1) deep ploughing before winter; 2) reasonably applying base fertilizer before ridging, and then mechanically deep-loosening; 3) ditching, covering soil, forming oversized ridges, laying drip irrigation pipes and mechanically covering films; 4) selecting a sweet potato variety suitable for close planting, obtaining high-shear seedlings by a physical means, and then carrying out chemical agent treatment on the obtained high-shear seedlings to obtain disease-resistant high-shear seedlings; 5) timely late planting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings, and obliquely planting the seedlings on the ridges in the step 3) in a staggered manner; 6) timely watering sufficient seedling protection water for the transplanted disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by utilizing drip irrigation; 7) timely managing nutrients in the middle growth period of the sweet potatoes; 8) the sweet potatoes are harvested in time before the frost falls.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a standardized cultivation method for improving the yield and quality of fresh-eating sweet potatoes.
Background
Sweet potatoes (pomoea batatas L.) also known as sweet potatoes, sweet potatoes and sweet potatoes belong to the family of root-tuber Convolvulaceae, an annual herbaceous plant. Sweet potato is the fourth largest food crop second only to rice, wheat and corn in china. According to FAO statistics, the sweet potato planting area and the total yield in China in 2014 respectively account for 42.1% and 67.9% of the world. With the adjustment of the structure of the planting industry and the improvement of the living standard of people, the fresh sweet potatoes are gradually changed from traditional life-saving grains into health-care food with the taste adjusted and the vegetable basket enriched, and play an important role in the living diet of people.
The fresh sweet potato is a sweet potato variety with bright color of potato meat, smooth potato peel, uniform potato block size, beautiful appearance and excellent taste after simple processing. At present, the development of a matching cultivation method and a management measure of fresh-eating sweet potatoes is slow, and the strong contrast is formed by the rapid expansion of the planting area of the fresh-eating sweet potatoes, so that the method is one of the main factors for limiting the yield increase and the quality improvement of the sweet potatoes. The production efficiency of fresh sweet potatoes is influenced by the yield of sweet potatoes and is also related to the commercial value (Liugui lingling, etc., 2012; later Chong, etc., 2015). The potato block commodity performance refers to the comprehensive performance of various indexes which influence the commodity value of the potato blocks, such as appearance quality, nutrition quality, size and uniformity of the potato blocks and the like. Studies have shown that cultivation measures and management levels are important means to improve, in addition to genes, the root tuber yield and marketability of fresh-eating sweet potatoes (madefu et al, 2012). The traditional sweet potato planting method mainly comprises the steps of mechanically forming a single narrow ridge (0.7-0.8 m wide), then selecting seedling pulling and transplanting to a field at low density, manually watering enough water, then covering soil, spraying herbicide and the like. The method has obvious advantages for small-area sweet potato planting fields, water source deficient areas or mountainous area and hilly lands, and the like. With the increase of sweet potato planting households (20 mu and above) and planting areas in plain areas, the traditional cultivation method is difficult to meet the requirement of modern sweet potato planting, and more problems gradually emerge, such as drought, raininess, no production preservation, overlarge sweet potato blocks, unattractive appearance, low commodity sweet potato rate, large amount of labor, serious herbicide residue and the like, which seriously affect the planting enthusiasm of sweet potato farmers.
In order to effectively solve the problems, the method is specially researched and formulated, so that the method is expected to be popularized and used in large area in production, and scientific guidance is provided for improving the yield and marketability of the fresh-eating sweet potatoes.
Reference documents:
liugui lingling, Zhangpeng, Zheng Jianli, and the like, the main economic characters and the nutritional ingredients of different types of sweet potato varieties are different [ J ]. China food and oil academy, 2012,27(2):10-13.
The influence of the combined application of nitrogen and potassium on the yield and quality of edible sweet potatoes [ J ]. the southwest agricultural science, 2015,28(01): 260-.
Ma Dai Fu, Li Qiang, Cao Qing river, etc. the development and prospect of the sweet potato industry and the industrial technology [ J ] Jiangsu agricultural science, 2012,28(05): 969-.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a standardized cultivation method for improving the yield and quality of fresh sweet potatoes, which is suitable for northern plain sweet potato areas. The method is suitable for northern plain Chunshan region.
The standardized cultivation method for improving the yield and the quality of the fresh-eating sweet potatoes provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
1) deep ploughing before winter;
2) reasonably applying base fertilizer before ridging, and then mechanically deep-loosening;
3) ditching, covering soil, forming oversized ridges, laying drip irrigation pipes and mechanically covering films;
4) selecting a sweet potato variety suitable for close planting, obtaining high-shear seedlings by a physical means, and then carrying out chemical agent treatment on the obtained high-shear seedlings to obtain disease-resistant high-shear seedlings;
5) timely late planting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings, and obliquely planting the seedlings on the ridges in the step 3) in a staggered manner;
6) timely watering sufficient seedling protection water for the transplanted disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by utilizing drip irrigation;
7) timely managing nutrients in the middle growth period of the sweet potatoes;
8) the sweet potatoes are harvested in time before the frost falls.
In step 1), the criteria for selecting the place are as follows: selecting a raw land with deep soil layer, loose soil texture, flat terrain and convenient water source, or selecting a sandy soil land with deep soil layer, loose soil texture and continuous previous stubble for 2 years without planting underground crops; and the deep ploughing is to break the plough bottom layer by deep ploughing by 25-30 cm after autumn of the previous year. The loose loam soil has good air permeability, provides a suitable environment for potato block expansion, can penetrate deep ploughing soil layers at low temperature during wintering, and plays a role in efficiently freezing and killing underground pests.
In the step 2) of the method, the base fertilizer is reasonably applied preferably within three days before ridging.
The base fertilizer comprises 8000kg/hm of fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer 7500-2330kg/hm of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15)2The fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer is sheep manure and proper amount of strawThe powder is mixed and fermented, and the specific mass ratio of the sheep manure to the straw powder can be 4-6: 1.
specifically, the preparation method of the fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer comprises the following steps:
a. according to the matching proportion of 100g of leaven, 1kg of brown sugar and 15kg of water, the leaven, the brown sugar and the water are stirred uniformly, melted and sealed in a plastic barrel, and the mixture is sealed and placed for 3 to 7 days at the temperature of between 30 and 40 ℃;
b. diluting the fermentation liquor by 10 times with water for later use;
c. and c, mixing the sheep manure with a proper amount of straw powder, soaking and mixing the mixture by using the diluent (water) in the step b, wherein the water content of the mixture is generally 45% required for fermentation, namely, the mixture is kneaded into a ball by hand, and water is sewn by fingers without dropping.
d. Piling and fermenting: after mixing, the raw materials are piled up for fermentation, and the piles are turned for 2 to 3 times every day, and the raw materials can be thoroughly decomposed generally in 15 to 25 days.
The leaven can be a biological bacterial manure leaven (third generation enhanced type) of Henan nongfukang biological technology limited company.
The depth of the mechanical deep scarification is 20-30cm, and the organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed in the plough layer soil.
In the step 3), a 40-50 horsepower wheel type tractor is adopted to drive a middle-open ditcher to dig soil and ditch ultra-large ridges;
the ultra-large ridges are formed according to the standards of 'high ridge forming and wide ridge forming', the ridge height is controlled to be 0.5-0.8m (preferably 0.6m), the ridge width is controlled to be 1.3-1.5m, the ridge spacing is controlled to be 1.3-1.5m, and the ridge top plane width is kept to be 0.4-0.6m (preferably 0.5 m).
In the step 3), patch type drip irrigation pipes are laid after ridging, 1 inch drip irrigation pipes with the distance of 20cm are selected to enable eyelets to face downwards and be laid at the central line position of the top of the ridge, and watering is carried out uniformly; the mulching film is coated by a matched mulching machine (compared with manual mulching, the labor is saved by more than 50%), and a black film with 0.8 silk and 1.5m width is selected as the mulching film.
In the step 4) of the method, the optimal planting densities of different sweet potato varieties are different, and the fresh-eating sweet potatoes represented by the Ipomoea batatas Lam 25 are suitable for close planting and transplanting according to early-stage screening results; the cigaretteThe planting density of the potato No. 25 sweet potato is 60000-68000 plants/hm2Compared with the traditional planting method of common variety, 7500-8000 strains/hm can be planted more2。
In the step 4) of the method, the physical means, namely, the seed potato seedlings are cut by using scissors or a blade and transplanted, and the specific operation is as follows: the potato seedlings are cut at a position between 1 and 2 knots (the base part is reserved for 2 to 3cm) close to the seedbed by using scissors or a blade, the length of the cut potato seedlings is ensured to be more than 25cm, and then the high-shear seedlings are obtained.
The chemical agent treatment comprises the following steps: treating the obtained high-shear seedlings by respectively dipping roots (the length of the dipped roots is 8-10cm) of thiophanate methyl (50 percent wettable powder mixed with 800 times of liquid) and phoxim (50 percent phoxim emulsion mixed with 800 times of liquid) for 5-10min, thereby effectively preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests such as black spot, grub and the like; before high-shear seedling transplanting, soaking the root into clay mixed with rooting powder (obtained by mixing the rooting powder with clear water diluted by 300 times and the clay according to the mass ratio of 4-5: 1) for 5-8min (the apical bud can not be stained with medicine), and obtaining the disease-resistant high-shear seedling.
In the step 5) of the method, the timely late planting is generally carried out in late 5 th (20 days in 5 months to 31 days in 5 months); the staggered oblique planting means transplanting according to a method of double-row staggered and opposite oblique planting.
The double-row staggered mode means that two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are planted in each ridge, and the two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are sequentially staggered at the two sides of the center line of the ridge top; the opposite oblique planting means that the planting is obliquely inserted into the ridge from two sides of the ridge and relative to the center line of the ridge top. The planting mode is more beneficial to uniform potato bearing and centralized distribution on two sides of the center line of the ridge top, thereby being convenient for the turnplow to lift and harvest the potatoes.
The method comprises the following specific operations: obliquely inserting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings into 2/3 with the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings being about the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by using a simple bamboo board, reserving 2-3 unfolded leaves (not including terminal buds) on the overground part, and enabling the inclination angle to be about 30-45 degrees; the distance between the double rows on the ridges is 30-35cm, the distance between the plants in the single row is 20-24cm, and the distance between the roots of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings of each plant is 18-22 cm.
In the step 6), the timely watering of sufficient seedling protection water by drip irrigation means that 10000-.
In the step 7) of the method, the sweet potato growing middle period is 70-100 days after planting.
The nutrient management is to utilize drip irrigation equipment (comprising a Venturi fertilizer device) to timely supplement potassium and nitrogen (particularly, to pay attention to the fact that potassium is supplemented first and then nitrogen is supplemented), and properly supplement potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer in time according to the principle of 'supplement of potassium before nitrogen and supplement of nitrogen after nitrogen and operation of stages'. The method comprises the following specific operations: optionally applying potassium sulfate fertilizer (K) 70-80 days after planting2O≥52％)96kg/hm2Applying 43.5kg/hm urea (N is more than or equal to 46%) 90-100 days after planting2Ensuring that the total dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (containing base fertilizer) in the growing period is 2:1.5: 3.
In the step 8), the sweet potato harvesting method comprises the steps of cutting vines at intervals of ridges and harvesting with a furrow plough before the frost (generally in the middle 10 th of the month). Artificial vine removal and mechanical furrow plough ridge breaking are carried out according to the principle of separating ridges and removing vines. The method comprises the following specific operations: selecting a sunny day before the frost, manually cutting vines at intervals of one ridge according to the principle of 'separating ridges and removing vines side by side', wherein two ridges are regarded as a group, cutting the vines at intervals, and turning the vines to be between the two ridges; and (3) utilizing a mechanical driving furrow plough to carry out parallel ridge breaking on the cut vine ridges, manually picking, removing diseased potatoes and then framing. The growth period of the whole sweet potato is controlled to be about 145 days.
The method also comprises the steps of carrying out high-temperature and low-temperature treatment on the harvested sweet potatoes before entering the cellar, namely carrying out high-temperature shed entering and low-temperature cellar entering. The specific method comprises the following steps: a simple plastic shed is built beside the cellar, and a non-drop film is selected as the plastic film. Standing the harvested potato blocks in a plastic shed at a high temperature (50-60 ℃) for 10-15min, slowly reducing the temperature in the shed by covering a sun-shading net, opening the plastic shed and the like until the temperature is close to the temperature in a cellar (10-18 ℃), and then uniformly storing in the cellar. The high temperature in the shed is beneficial to promoting the water evaporation on the outer surface of the potato block, accelerating the wound healing of the damaged potato block, reducing the morbidity of germs carried on the surface of the potato block and mixed underground pests and improving the storability.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the following beneficial technical effects:
(1) compared with the common cultivation mode, the ultra-large ridges (width: 1.5 m: 0.6m) are matched with a double-row timely late planting technology, the potato seedling planting density is obviously increased, the fresh potato yield is improved, the transplanting density is increased by more than 6.8%, the total yield of the fresh potatoes is increased by more than 6.3%, and the medium potato yield is increased by more than 20%; in addition, the ridges are enlarged due to the small ridges, the mechanical operation amount of a unit area is reduced, the mechanical cost is saved by more than 30% in the ridge forming and harvesting processes, and the cost of drip irrigation equipment is saved by more than 25%.
(2) The black mulching film is covered on the basis of laying and drip irrigation on the oversized ridges, so that the commodity potato rate is increased by more than 6%, the growth of weeds can be effectively inhibited, the link of spraying herbicides is omitted, the labor cost can be saved by 30% per mu, the purposes of water saving, fertilizer saving, ecology and high efficiency are achieved, and the conversion from the original potato field with one pipe for multiple persons to the existing potato field with multiple pipes for multiple persons is realized.
(3) Selecting high-shear seedling for transplanting, and carrying out high-shear seedling root treatment by using an auxiliary chemical agent, wherein the survival rate of the obtained disease-resistant high-shear seedling for transplanting is increased to more than 93 percent, and the survival rate is increased by at least 6 percent compared with the seedling pulling or other agent treatment modes; in addition, the processing mode also shortens the time of the potato blocks entering the root tuber expanding period, and the potato blocks enter the root tuber expanding period 4 days earlier than the conventional processing (seedling pulling and related processing).
(4) The late stage operation mode of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers (firstly supplementing potassium and then supplementing nitrogen) can delay the premature senility symptom of the overground part of the sweet potato in the later growth stage, thereby increasing the yield of fresh potatoes and improving the quality of root tubers; compared with the mode of completely basal application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, the mode of top dressing with potassium supplement and nitrogen supplement at the later stage increases the yield of fresh potatoes by 190kg/667m2Above, the sugar content of the root tuber is improved by more than 9 percent.
(5) The healthy potato vines can be used as livestock and poultry feed, diseased plants and potato pieces are directly separated and moved out of a potato field, and diseases are prevented from being spread in a cellar and spread in a field for years; the alternate vine cutting reduces the labor amount of workers, improves the production efficiency and can prevent the cold damage of potato blocks caused by sudden low temperature during the frost period.
(6) The high-low temperature treatment before the potato blocks are placed in the cellar can accelerate the water evaporation on the surface layers of the potato blocks, reduce the humidity and accelerate the wound healing of the damaged potato blocks, and meanwhile, the high temperature in the greenhouse can effectively kill partial pests and germs carried on the surface layers of the potato blocks, reduce the occurrence probability of diseases in the cellar and enhance the storability.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and any modification, equivalent replacement, and improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
The experimental procedures used in the following examples are all conventional procedures unless otherwise specified.
Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
In the quantitative tests in the following examples, three replicates were set up and the results averaged.
In the following examples <100g for small potatoes, (100-) -250g for medium potatoes and >250g for large potatoes.
The method for calculating the commercial potato rate comprises the following steps: the weight of the potato blocks with the weight of more than 50g in the harvest period and without the diseases of the ribs, the split peels and the like accounts for the total weight of the fresh potatoes in the small area.
The method for measuring the content of the soluble sugar is an anthrone colorimetric method;
the determination method of the starch content is an anthrone sulfuric acid colorimetric method;
the determination method of the dry rate is a drying method;
the method for calculating the rotten potato rate comprises the following steps: the number of rotten potatoes in the percentage of the total number of potatoes to be investigated (more than 1000 adjacent potatoes are randomly extracted); the lower the rotten potato rate, the higher the storability.
The preparation method of the fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer used in the following examples is as follows:
a. according to the matching proportion of 100g of leaven, 1kg of brown sugar and 15kg of water, the leaven, the brown sugar and the water are stirred uniformly, melted and sealed in a plastic barrel, and the mixture is sealed and placed for 3 to 7 days at the temperature of between 30 and 40 ℃; the leaven is a biological bacterial manure leaven of Henan nong Fukang biological technology limited company;
b. diluting the fermentation liquor by 10 times with water for later use;
c. mixing the sheep manure and the straw powder according to the mass ratio of 5:1, and soaking and mixing with the diluent (water) in the step b, wherein the water content of 45% is required for fermentation, namely, the mixture is kneaded into a ball by hands, and water is sewed by fingers without dripping (water).
d. Piling and fermenting: after mixing, the raw materials are piled up for fermentation, and the piles are turned for 2 to 3 times every day, and the raw materials can be thoroughly decomposed generally in 15 to 25 days.
Example 1 cultivation method for improving fresh-eating sweet potato yield and marketability
Test time: 2018 years old
Test site: test field of Xiaguo of adult town of Haiyang city
1. Selecting sweet potato varieties suitable for close planting: the best planting density of different varieties is different, according to early stage screening, fresh sweet potato represented by Nicotiana tabacum L.25 is selected for close planting and transplanting, in the test, the planting density of Nicotiana tabacum L.25 is 60682/hm2。
2. Deep ploughing before winter: selecting sandy soil plots which have thick soil layers and loose soil texture and have no underground crops planted for 2 consecutive years on the previous stubbles, and deeply ploughing over for more than 25cm after autumn of the previous year to break the plough bottom layer. The loose loam soil has good air permeability, provides a suitable environment for potato block expansion, can penetrate deep ploughing soil layers at low temperature during wintering, and plays a role in efficiently freezing and killing underground pests.
3. Reasonably applying base fertilizer: uniformly spreading the fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer 7500-8000kg/hm in 3 days before ridging2330kg/hm of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15)2And uniformly mixing the base fertilizer in the plough layer soil.
4. Ditching and covering soil to form oversized ridges: a40-horsepower wheel type tractor is adopted to drive a split ditching machine to cover soil and raise large ridges, the ridge height is controlled to be 0.6m, the ridge width is controlled to be 1.5m, the ridge spacing is controlled to be 1.5m, and the ridge top plane width is kept to be 0.5m according to the standard of high ridge raising and wide ridge raising.
5. And (3) mechanical film covering after laying and drip irrigation: paving patch type drip irrigation pipes after ridging, selecting 1 inch drip irrigation pipes with 20cm intervals, paving the drip irrigation pipes with the holes facing downwards at the central line position of the ridge top, and uniformly watering; the mulching film is coated by a matched mulching machine (compared with manual mulching, the labor is saved by more than 50%), and a black film with 0.8 silk and 1.5m width is selected as the mulching film.
6. Potato seedling selection and treatment: the method adopts a mode of combining materialization and materialization to process potato seedlings, adopts physical means to take the seedlings, utilizes scissors or blades to cut the potato seedlings and transplants the potato seedlings, and comprises the following specific operations: the potato seedlings are cut at the 1-2 internodes (base part is reserved for 2-3cm) near the seedbed by using scissors or a blade, the length of the cut potato seedlings is ensured to be more than 25cm, and then the high-shear seedlings are obtained. Chemical treatment, namely treating the obtained high-shear seedlings by using thiophanate methyl (50% wettable powder mixed with 700 times of water) and phoxim (50% phoxim emulsion mixed with 800 times of water) for dipping roots for 8min, so that the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests such as black spot, grub and the like can be effectively prevented; before high-shear seedling transplanting, soaking the root into clay mixed with rooting powder (obtained by mixing 500 times of diluted rooting powder with clear water and the clay according to the mass ratio of 4: 1) for 5min (the apical bud cannot be stained with medicine), and thus obtaining the disease-resistant high-shear seedling.
7. Timely late planting, staggered oblique planting: transplanting in a double-row staggered and opposite oblique planting method after 5 months and 20 days. The double-row staggered mode means that two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are planted in each ridge, and the two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are sequentially staggered at the two sides of the center line of the ridge top; the opposite oblique planting means that the planting is obliquely inserted into the ridge from two sides of the ridge and relative to the center line of the ridge top. The method can be used for potato bearing, and the potato bearing is centralized and uniformly distributed on two sides of the center line of the ridge top, so that the potato can be conveniently lifted and harvested by ploughing with a ploughshare.
The method comprises the following specific operations: obliquely inserting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings into 2/3 with the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings being about the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by using a simple bamboo board, reserving 2-3 unfolded leaves (not including terminal buds) on the overground part, and enabling the inclination angle to be about 30-45 degrees; the distance between the double rows on the ridges is 30-35cm, the distance between the plants in the single row is 20-24cm, and the distance between the roots of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings of each plant is 18-22 cm.
8. Watering enough seedling protection water: and (3) watering by using drip irrigation equipment on the day or within 1d after the high-shear seedling transplanting, and dripping water for 2 hours under sufficient pressure (the drip irrigation is carried out according to 15000-.
9. Medium-term nutrient management: timely supplementing potassium and nitrogen (especially paying attention to the fact that potassium is supplemented first and then nitrogen is supplemented) by utilizing drip irrigation equipment (comprising a Venturi fertilizing device), and timely supplementing potassium and nitrogen according to the principle of' nitrogen before potassium and nitrogen after potassium and operation in stagesAnd (3) applying a proper amount of potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer. The method comprises the following specific operations: optionally applying potassium sulfate fertilizer (K) 80 days after planting2O≥52％)96kg/hm243.5kg/hm of urea (N is more than or equal to 46 percent) is applied after 100 days of planting2。
10. And cutting vines at intervals of ridges before frost and harvesting by ploughshare. Artificial vine removal and mechanical furrow plough ridge breaking are carried out according to the principle of separating ridges and removing vines. The method comprises the following specific operations: selecting a sunny day before the frost, manually cutting tendrils in parallel at intervals of one ridge according to the principle of 'separating ridges and removing tendrils in parallel', wherein each ridge is regarded as a group, cutting the tendrils at intervals of the ridges, and covering the tendrils between two ridges; and (4) utilizing a mechanical driving furrow plough to break the ridges in parallel on the cut vine ridges, manually picking, removing diseased potatoes and then framing. The whole growth period of the sweet potato is about 145 days.
11. Entering the shed at high temperature and entering the cellar at low temperature. A simple plastic shed is built beside the cellar, and a non-drop film is selected as the plastic film. Standing the harvested potato blocks in a plastic shed at a high temperature (50-60 ℃) for 10-15min, slowly reducing the temperature in the shed by covering a sun-shading net, opening the plastic shed and the like until the temperature is close to the temperature in a cellar (10-18 ℃), and then uniformly storing in the cellar.
Example 2 cultivation method for improving fresh-eating sweet potato yield and marketability
Test time: 2017
Test site: farm yard base of Gaoling town smoke station
1. Selecting sweet potato varieties suitable for close planting: the best planting density of different varieties is different, according to early stage screening, fresh sweet potato represented by Nicotiana tabacum L.25 is selected for close planting and transplanting, in the test, the planting density of Nicotiana tabacum L.25 sweet potato is 66000 plants/hm2。
2. Deep ploughing before winter: selecting sandy soil plots which have thick soil layers and loose soil texture and have no underground crops planted for 2 consecutive years on the previous stubbles, and deeply ploughing over for more than 25cm after autumn of the previous year to break the plough bottom layer. The loose loam soil has good air permeability, provides a suitable environment for potato block expansion, can penetrate deep ploughing soil layers at low temperature during wintering, and plays a role in efficiently freezing and killing underground pests.
3. Reasonably applying base fertilizer: uniformly spreading the fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer 7500-8000kg/hm in 3 days before ridging2330kg/hm of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15)2And uniformly mixing the base fertilizer in the plough layer soil.
4. Ditching and covering soil to form oversized ridges: a48-horsepower wheel type tractor is adopted to drive a split ditching machine to cover soil and raise large ridges, the ridge height is controlled to be 0.6m, the ridge width is controlled to be 1.5m, the ridge spacing is controlled to be 1.5m, and the ridge top plane width is kept to be 0.5m according to the standard of 'high ridge raising and wide ridge raising'.
5. And (3) mechanical film covering after laying and drip irrigation: paving patch type drip irrigation pipes after ridging, selecting 1 inch drip irrigation pipes with 20cm intervals, paving the drip irrigation pipes with the holes facing downwards at the central line position of the ridge top, and uniformly watering; the mulching film is coated by a matched mulching machine (compared with manual mulching, the labor is saved by more than 50%), and a black film with 0.8 silk and 1.5m width is selected as the mulching film.
6. Potato seedling selection and treatment: the method adopts a mode of combining materialization and materialization to process potato seedlings, adopts physical means to take the seedlings, utilizes scissors or blades to cut the potato seedlings and transplants the potato seedlings, and comprises the following specific operations: the potato seedlings are cut at the 2-section position (the base part is reserved for 2-3cm) near the seedbed by using scissors or a blade, the length of the cut potato seedlings is ensured to be more than 25cm, and then the high-shear seedlings are obtained. Chemical treatment, namely treating the obtained high-shear seedlings by using thiophanate methyl (50% wettable powder mixed with 700 times of water) and phoxim (50% phoxim emulsion mixed with 1000 times of water) for 10min respectively, so that the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests such as black spot, grub and the like can be effectively prevented; before high-shear seedling transplanting, soaking the roots into clay mixed with rooting powder (obtained by mixing 500 times of diluted rooting powder with clear water and the clay according to the mass ratio of 5: 1) for 8min (the top buds cannot be soaked with the medicine), and thus obtaining the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings.
7. Timely late planting, staggered oblique planting: and 5, 24 days in the month of 5, transplanting according to a double-row staggered and opposite oblique planting method. The double-row staggered mode means that two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are planted in each ridge, and the two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are sequentially staggered at the two sides of the center line of the ridge top; the opposite oblique planting means that the planting is obliquely inserted into the ridge from two sides of the ridge and relative to the center line of the ridge top. The method can be used for potato bearing, and the potato bearing is centralized and uniformly distributed on two sides of the center line of the ridge top, so that the potato can be conveniently lifted and harvested by ploughing with a ploughshare.
The method comprises the following specific operations: obliquely inserting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings into 2/3 with the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings being about the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by using a simple bamboo board, reserving 2-3 unfolded leaves (not including terminal buds) on the overground part, and enabling the inclination angle to be about 30-45 degrees; the distance between the double rows on the ridges is 30-35cm, the distance between the plants in the single row is 20-24cm, and the distance between the roots of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings of each plant is 18-22 cm.
8. Watering enough seedling protection water: and (3) watering by using drip irrigation equipment on the day or within 1d after the high-shear seedling transplantation, and dripping water for 2 hours under sufficient pressure (the drip irrigation is carried out according to 15000-.
9. Medium-term nutrient management: the drip irrigation equipment (including Venturi fertilizer application device) is utilized to supplement potassium and nitrogen at proper time (especially, the potassium is supplemented before the nitrogen is supplemented after the nitrogen is supplemented), and the potassium fertilizer and the nitrogen fertilizer are supplemented and applied at proper time according to the principle of 'nitrogen before potassium and nitrogen after potassium and operation in stages'. The method comprises the following specific operations: selectively applying potassium sulfate fertilizer (K) 75 days after cultivation2O≥52％)96kg/hm2Applying 43.5kg/hm urea (N is more than or equal to 46%) 90 days after planting2。
10. And (4) cutting vines at intervals of ridges before the frost fall, and harvesting by ploughshare (harvesting in 10 months and 20 days). Artificial vine removal and mechanical furrow plough ridge breaking are carried out according to the principle of separating ridges and removing vines. The method comprises the following specific operations: selecting a sunny day before the frost, manually cutting tendrils in parallel at intervals of one ridge according to the principle of 'separating ridges and removing tendrils in parallel', wherein each ridge is regarded as a group, cutting the tendrils at intervals of the ridges, and covering the tendrils between two ridges; and (4) utilizing a mechanical driving furrow plough to break the ridges in parallel on the cut vine ridges, manually picking, removing diseased potatoes and then framing. The whole growth period of the sweet potato is about 145 days.
11. Entering the shed at high temperature and entering the cellar at low temperature. A simple plastic shed is built beside the cellar, and a non-drop film is selected as the plastic film. Standing the harvested potato blocks in a plastic shed at a high temperature (50-60 ℃) for 10-15min, slowly reducing the temperature in the shed by covering a sun-shading net, opening the plastic shed and the like until the temperature is close to the temperature in a cellar (10-18 ℃), and then uniformly storing in the cellar.
Example 3 investigation of the influence of different ridging cultivation patterns on the distribution of big and small potatoes
The cultivation pattern of two rows of very large ridges (T1: ridge spacing, ridge height, row spacing, plant spacing: 1.5m 0.6m 0.35m 0.22m) was used in example 1;
changing the cultivation mode as follows: single ridge and single row (T2: row spacing: 0.8m 0.22m), ridge width of 0.8m, ridge height of 0.3m, and ridge spacing of 0.8 m; the rest cultivation methods are the same as the embodiment 1;
changing the cultivation mode as follows: double row with large ridges (T3: ridge spacing: ridge height: plant spacing: 1.2m 0.4m 0.5m 0.28 m); the rest of the cultivation method is the same as that of example 1.
The influence of different ridging cultivation modes on the yield distribution of large, medium and small potatoes is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 influence of different ridging cultivation modes on sweet potato yield and distribution thereof
As can be seen from Table 1, the total yield, the medium yield and the transplanting density of the fresh potatoes processed by T1 are the highest. Compared with T2, the total yield and the middle yield of the fresh potatoes of T1 are respectively improved by 6.3 percent and 20 percent, the transplanting density is increased by 6.8 percent, and the total yield and the middle yield of the fresh potatoes and the middle yield of the medium potatoes both reach a significant difference level (P is less than 0.05); compared with T1 and T2, the T3 treated small potato has the highest yield, the medium potato has the lowest yield, and the yields reach significant levels.
Example 4 examination of the effects of different film-coating treatments on the yield of fresh-eating sweet potatoes and the commercial potato yield thereof
The above example 1 covers a black mulching film (T1);
changing a film coating mode: 1. no coating (T2); 2. white mulching film (T3) is covered, and the other cultivation modes are the same as the embodiment 1.
The effect of different film coating treatments on the yield of fresh-eating sweet potatoes and the commercial potato rate thereof is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 influence of different film-coating treatments on the yield of fresh-eating sweet potatoes and the commercial potato rate thereof (kg/667 m)2)
As can be seen from Table 2, the commercial potato yields of the T1 treatments were increased by 5.6% and 8.6% respectively, compared with the T2 and T3 treatments, and the difference between the treatments was significant, but the commercial potato yields of the T2 and T3 treatments were not significant; the difference of the total yield of the fresh potatoes among the treatments is not obvious, which shows that the film covering mainly influences the yield of the commercial potatoes and does not influence the total yield of the fresh potatoes obviously.
Example 5 Effect of different Pre-planting treatment methods on root morphology development of Potato seedlings
Physical means treatment:
high shearing: in example 2, high-shear seedlings were obtained by physical means, specifically: the potato seedlings are cut at the 1-2 internodes (the base part is reserved for 2-3cm) of the seed potato seedling close to the seedbed by using scissors or a blade, the length of the cut potato seedlings is ensured to be more than 25cm, and then the high-shear seedlings are obtained.
Seedling pulling: the potato seedlings with roots are directly pulled out from the potato blocks.
Chemical agent treatment:
the potato seedling treatment mode adopted in example 2 was T3: the potato seedlings after physical treatment are respectively dipped in methyl thiophanate (50 percent wettable powder mixed with 700 times of water) and phoxim (50 percent phoxim emulsion mixed with 1000 times of water) for 10min (the length of the dipped root is 8-10 cm). Before the potato seedlings are transplanted, the roots are dipped into the clay mixed with the rooting powder again (the rooting powder is diluted by 300 times of clear water and then added into the clay to be stirred).
T1: soaking the obtained potato seedlings with clean water;
t2: the potato seedlings after physical treatment are respectively dipped in thiophanate methyl (50 percent wettable powder mixed with 700 times of water) and phoxim (50 percent phoxim emulsion mixed with 1000 times of water) for 10min (the length of the dipped root is 8-10cm), and the rest cultivation modes are the same as the embodiment 2.
TABLE 3 influence of different pre-planting treatment modes of potato seedlings on the root morphological development
As can be seen from Table 3, the survival rate after high-shear seedling transplantation is generally higher and the time required for transplanting to the initial stage of root tuber expansion is relatively shorter compared with seedling pulling; the survival rate of the high-shear seedlings treated by the T3 is the highest after transplanting, reaches more than 95 percent and is increased by more than 6 percent compared with the survival rate of the pulled seedlings, and the time from the transplanting to the initial stage of the root tuber expansion period is the shortest, about 76 days and is more than 4 days earlier than the pulled seedlings. Therefore, high-shear seedlings are selected for planting the sweet potato seedlings, and proper chemical agents are matched for treatment, so that the survival rate of the transplanted sweet potato seedlings is improved, and the time from the planting of the sweet potato seedlings to the initial root tuber expansion stage is shortened.
Example 6 Effect of Nitrogen Potassium operational Studies on the yield and quality of fresh-eating sweet potatoes
The above example 2 adopted the "additional application 80 days after the potassium fertilizer cultivation, the additional application 100 days after the nitrogen fertilizer cultivation" (T2);
changing the fertilization mode: 1. chemical fertilizer is applied based on the total weight (T0) and the potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15) is 330kg/hm2Potassium sulfate fertilizer (K)2O≥52％)96kg/hm2And applying 43.5kg/hm of urea (N is more than or equal to 46 percent)2(ii) a The total amount of fertilizer applied was the same as in example 2.
2. Topdressing 30 days after nitrogen and potassium cultivation (T1), wherein the applied nitrogen and potassium amount is the same as that of T2;
3. applying nitrogen and potassium at the same time 100 days after planting (T3), wherein the applied nitrogen and potassium amount is the same as that of T2; the other cultivation methods were the same as in example 2.
The effect of different nitrogen potassium application patterns on sweet potato yield and quality is shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 influence of different operation and research modes of nitrogen-potassium fertilizer on yield and quality of sweet potato
| Treatment of | Yield kg/667m2 | Content of soluble sugar% | Starch content% | Dry percentage% |
| T0 | 2465.1b | 9.7b | 17.3a | 23.1a |
| T1 | 2475b | 9.6b | 16.5ab | 22.8a |
| T2 | 2659a | 10.6a | 16b | 20.4b |
| T3 | 2552.4b | 10.5a | 16.1b | 20.2b |
As can be seen from table 4, the T0 treated starch was significantly higher than the T2 and T3 treatments; the soluble sugar content of the T2 and the T3 is higher, the root tuber dry rate is lower, compared with the T0, the soluble sugar content of the T2 is improved by more than 9 percent, and the difference between the two is obvious; fresh potato yields were highest with the T2 treatment, significantly higher than with the other treatments. The potassium-first and nitrogen-second topdressing mode can delay the aging rate of the overground part plants, and further increase the root tuber yield; timely supplementing potash fertilizer to further improve the quality of root tuber and increase the content of soluble sugar in root tuber.
Example 7 Effect of transplanting period on fresh-eating type sweet Potato yield distribution
Example 2 above was a 22-month transplant in 2017 (T3);
the date of transplanting change is respectively: year 2017, month 5, day 1 (T1); 5 month 11 day 2017 (T2); 6/h 2/2017 (T4); 6/13/2017 (T5); the other cultivation methods were the same as in example 2.
The effect of different transplanting periods on the yield distribution of sweet potato tuberous roots is shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 influence of different transplanting periods on the distribution of fresh-eating sweet potato yield
As can be seen from Table 5, the yield and total yield of the large potatoes are delayed along with the transplanting period and gradually decrease overall, and the total yield of the fresh potatoes processed by T1 is 3000kg/667m2The above; the yield of the small potatoes is gradually increased along with the time delay, the yield of the medium potatoes is in the trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and reaches the maximum value at 5 months and 22 days, wherein the maximum value is 1943kg/667m2。
Example 8 Effect of different treatment modalities on the storage stability of potato pieces before entering the cellar
In the above example 2, the high temperature entering the shed at the afternoon (15 hours to 16 hours) and the low temperature entering the cellar at the evening (18 hours to 20 hours) are adopted (T1);
changing a cellar entry treatment mode: 1. after harvesting, the seeds are put into a cellar (T2) at high temperature (15-16 hours) in the afternoon; 2. putting the seeds into a cellar at low temperature (T3) in the evening (18 hours to 20 hours) after harvesting; the rest cultivation method is the same as that of example 2.
The effect of different treatment methods on the storage stability of the potato pieces before entering the cellar is shown in table 6.
TABLE 6 influence of different treatment modes of potato blocks on storability before cellar entry
2018 and 2019 test results (Table 6) show that the rotten potato rate of T1 treatment is obviously lower than that of other treatments at 30-90 d after cellar entry, and the rotten potato rate of T3 treatment is obviously higher than that of each treatment at the same period; as the cellar entry time increases, the rotten potato rate increases significantly, which may be associated with the formation of infection between rotten and intact potato pieces.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method for improving the yield and commodity of fresh-eating sweet potatoes comprises the following steps:
1) deep ploughing before winter;
2) reasonably applying base fertilizer before ridging, and then mechanically deep-loosening;
3) ditching, covering soil, forming oversized ridges, laying drip irrigation pipes and mechanically covering films;
4) selecting a sweet potato variety suitable for close planting, obtaining high-shear seedlings by a physical means, and then carrying out chemical agent treatment on the obtained high-shear seedlings to obtain disease-resistant high-shear seedlings;
5) timely late planting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings, and obliquely planting the seedlings on the ridges in the step 3) in a staggered manner;
6) timely watering sufficient seedling protection water for the transplanted disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by utilizing drip irrigation;
7) timely managing nutrients in the middle growth period of the sweet potatoes;
8) the sweet potatoes are harvested in time before the frost falls.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the step 1), the criteria of the selected place are as follows: selecting a raw wasteland with deep soil layer, loose soil texture, flat terrain and convenient water source, or selecting a sandy soil plot with deep soil layer, loose soil texture and continuous previous stubble for 2 years without planting underground crops; the depth of the deep ploughing is 25cm-30 cm.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step 2), base fertilizer is reasonably applied within three days before ridging;
the base fertilizer comprises 8000kg/hm of fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer 7500-2330kg/hm of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15)2(ii) a The fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing sheep manure and straw powder according to the mass ratio of 4-6: 1, and fermenting;
the depth of the mechanical deep scarification is 20-30 cm.
4. The method according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein: in the step 3), the ridge height of the oversized ridge is controlled to be 0.5-0.8m, the ridge width is controlled to be 1.3-1.5m, the ridge spacing is controlled to be 1.3-1.5m, and the ridge top plane width is kept to be 0.4-0.6 m; the coating is a black film with 0.8 silk and 1.5m width.
5. The method according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein: in the step 4), the sweet potato variety is selected from Nicotiana tabacum 25 sweet potato; the planting density of the 25 sweet potatoes of the tobacco potato is 60000-68000 strains/hm2；
The physical means is to use scissors or a blade to cut and transplant the potato seedlings, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off the potato seedlings at a position close to a 1-2 internodes of a seedbed by using scissors or a blade, keeping the base part of the potato seedlings for 2-3cm, and ensuring that the length of the cut potato seedlings is more than 25cm to obtain high-shear seedlings;
the chemical agent treatment is to treat the obtained high-shear seedlings with thiophanate methyl and phoxim for 5-10 min; before transplanting, soaking the high-shear seedling root into clay mixed with rooting powder for 5-8min, and preventing the top bud from being soaked with pesticide to obtain disease-resistant high-shear seedling;
the thiophanate-methyl is 800 times of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder mixed with water 600-;
the clay mixed with the rooting powder is obtained by mixing the rooting powder, a solution diluted by 300 times by adding clear water and the clay according to a mass ratio of 4-5: 1;
the length of the root dipping is 8-10 cm.
6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein: in the step 5), the timely late planting refers to transplanting of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings in late 5 months; the staggered oblique planting is transplanting according to a method of double-row staggered and opposite oblique planting; the double-row staggered mode means that two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are planted in each ridge, and the two rows of disease-resistant high-shear seedlings are sequentially staggered at the two sides of the center line of the ridge top; the opposite oblique planting means that the planting is obliquely inserted into the ridge from two sides of the ridge relative to the center line of the ridge top;
the method comprises the following specific operations: obliquely inserting the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings into 2/3 with the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings being about the length of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings by using a simple bamboo board, reserving 2-3 unfolded leaves on the overground part, not including terminal buds, and enabling the inclination angle to be about 30-45 degrees; the distance between the double rows on the ridges is 30-35cm, the distance between the plants in the single row is 20-24cm, and the distance between the roots of the disease-resistant high-shear seedlings of each plant is 18-22 cm.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein: in the step 6), the timely watering of sufficient seedling protection water by drip irrigation means that 10000-.
8. The method according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein: in the step 7), the sweet potato growing middle period is 70-100 days after planting;
the nutrient management is specifically operated as follows: optionally applying potassium sulfate fertilizer (K) 70-80 days after planting2O≥52％)96kg/hm2Applying 43.5kg/hm urea (N is more than or equal to 46%) 90-100 days after planting2。
9. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein: the method for harvesting the sweet potatoes comprises the steps of carrying out artificial vine removal and mechanical furrow plough ridge breaking according to the principle of separating ridges and removing vines side by side; the specific operation is as follows: selecting a sunny day before the frost, manually cutting vines at intervals of one ridge according to the principle of separating ridges and removing vines, regarding two ridges as a group, cutting vines at intervals, and turning the vines to be between the two ridges; and (3) utilizing a mechanical driving furrow plough to carry out parallel ridge breaking on the cut vine ridges, manually picking, removing diseased potatoes and then framing.
10. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein: the method also comprises the steps of pre-treatment before the harvested sweet potatoes are put into a shed at high temperature and put into a cellar at low temperature; the specific method comprises the following steps: building a simple plastic shed beside the cellar, selecting a non-dropping film as the plastic film, standing the harvested potato blocks in the plastic shed at the high temperature of 50-60 ℃ for 10-15min, slowly reducing the temperature in the shed until the temperature is close to the temperature in the cellar of 10-18 ℃, and then uniformly storing in the cellar.
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| CN111919693B (en) | 2022-04-05 |
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