CN111771643A - Winter-sowing potato three-film cultivation technology - Google Patents
Winter-sowing potato three-film cultivation technology Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for realizing early marketing and improving economic benefit of winter-sowed potatoes through a three-film-covered cultivation technology of a mulching film, a small arched shed and a greenhouse, and belongs to the technical field of potato cultivation. The three-film cultivation aims to improve the ground temperature and the growth temperature as low as possible in a winter-sowed potato suitable area, and finally rush to the market in the early days. The cultivation technology comprises the following steps: preparation before broadcasting: selecting land, preparing land, irrigating water, deep ploughing and re-applying base fertilizer; seed potato selection: extremely early maturing and detoxication fine seeds; seed potato treatment: accelerating germination of seed potatoes and dressing seeds with a medicament; sowing in proper time: covering (layer 1) the greenhouse film baking land for standby use, and sowing seeds when the ground temperature is proper; ridging, sowing and mulching: ridging, fertilizing, preventing and controlling soil insects, and sowing; covering a mulching film (layer 2), and buckling small arch shed films (layer 3) on two ridges; field management: seedling management, reasonable irrigation, bud picking, pest control and the like; harvesting in a proper period: harvested about 10 days after flowering.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of potato cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for realizing early marketing of winter-sown potatoes and improving economic benefits through three-film cultivation.
Background
The potato is a crop which can be used as both food and vegetable, has strong adaptability, complete nutrient components, short growth period, high yield and wide application, and has important significance for increasing the income of farmers when appearing on the market in advance. At present, the technology of plastic film mulching cultivation, small arched shed cultivation and greenhouse cultivation which are commonly adopted in China has limited help for potatoes to come into the market early. Under the condition of not increasing the investment too much, the three-film covering cultivation technology can greatly advance the time for harvesting and marketing the winter-sowed potatoes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention relates to a winter-sowing potato plastic film-covered cultivation technology with three films, namely a plastic film, an arched shed and a greenhouse, aiming at improving the ground temperature and the growth temperature with the lowest cost as possible in a suitable growing area of winter-sowing potatoes and effectively achieving the purpose of early sowing and early harvesting of the winter-sowing potatoes, wherein the cultivation technology comprises the following steps:
preparation before broadcasting: selecting land, preparing land, irrigating water, deep ploughing and re-applying base fertilizer;
seed potato selection: high-early-maturing detoxified fine variety
Seed potato treatment: stacking horizontally for accelerating germination in a room 20 days or so in advance, and cutting seed potatoes into blocks;
sowing in proper time: covering (layer 1) the greenhouse film baking land for standby use, and sowing seeds when the ground temperature is proper;
ridging, sowing and mulching: ridging, fertilizing, underground pest control and seeding; mulching a mulching film (layer 2), and covering two ridges with small arch shed films (layer 3);
field management: comprises seedling placing, thinning, final singling, seedling supplementing, reasonable irrigation, pest control and the like;
harvesting in a proper period: harvesting about 10 days after flowering;
a winter sowing potato plastic film + arched shed + greenhouse three-film covering cultivation technology, the specific implementation mode comprises the following steps:
1. preparation before broadcasting:
1.1 the key of selecting high-quality and high-yield potatoes in the land is that the soil texture is selected, the land with flat terrain, deep soil layer and rich land is selected, sandy loam or loam with irrigation conditions is the best, continuous cropping with solanaceae or root crops such as tobacco is avoided, and the former crops are generally selected from garlic, Chinese cabbage or cereal crops;
1.2 fully irrigating water 15 days before land preparation, fertilizing and sowing, deeply ploughing for 20-30 cm after the land is slightly dry, firstly removing weeds in the field, stubble residues, roots, stones and the like of previous crops, then raking and leveling, dispersing potato root systems, and applying base fertilizer heavily, wherein three-film potato cultivation is a mulching film covering the whole growth period, the base fertilizer is applied at one time to ensure the nutrient requirement of the potato growth period, the fertilizer mainly comprises farmyard manure, and the land preparation is combined with the farmyard manure 30-40 t/hm25-10 t/hm of oil residue2120-130 kg/hm of urea2750-800 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2150-180 kg/hm potassium sulfate2；
1.3 selecting improved seeds from the improved seed potatoes, wherein the improved seeds have high yield, good quality and concentrated tuber formation, and are required to be disease-resistant extremely early-maturing virus-free seed potatoes, early-maturing varieties such as Dutch No. 15, LK99, Kexin No. 2 and other virus-free excellent seed potatoes are selected, and virus-free small seed potatoes of the improved seeds are the best;
1.4 when accelerating germination, cutting into blocks and accelerating germination, uniformly spreading the seed potatoes on the indoor ground, wherein the stacking thickness of the seed potatoes is 3-4 layers, the seed potatoes are preferably stirred during accelerating germination, white buds are turned green, the bud length is not more than 0.3cm (the buds are cut off too long), the accelerating germination time is 20-30 days, the accelerating germination temperature is kept at 15-20 ℃, the bud block size is preferably about 30-35 g, the top bud advantages are carefully utilized during cutting, intensive top buds are cut, each block is provided with at least 1-2 bud eyes, a cutter is used for disinfection by 0.3% potassium permanganate solution or 75% alcohol during cutting, in order to prevent infectious disease original bacteria, after the cut potato blocks are cut, 35g of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 35g of 80% mancozeb wettable powder is added into 100kg of the potato blocks, water is added into 1.0-1.5 kg of water to cover the potato blocks to be uniformly sprayed and mixed, and the seeds are sowed in woven bags for 12 hours in a closed mode;
2. covering a greenhouse film on a greenhouse frame in 10 late-month ten days of the proper-time sowing, baking the land for standby application, wherein the soil is thawed and sowed completely in the daytime at the beginning of 11 months (the temperature of 20cm of greenhouse soil is about 10.0 ℃);
3. ridging and sowing, covering a mulching film, ridging 10-15 days before greenhouse covering and sowing, ridging according to the width of a ridge surface of 80cm, the height of the ridge of 15-20 cm and the width of a furrow of 30cm, forming double furrows on the ridge surface, applying a small amount of base fertilizer in the furrows, uniformly mixing an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, spreading a layer of fine soil after applying the base fertilizer into the furrows to prevent the chemical fertilizer from contacting seed coats to cause damage or decay of potato skins and buds, and using 1% of dipterex wettable powder of 40-60 kg/hm before sowing to prevent and control underground pests2Adding 150kg/hm of fine soil2Mixing uniformly, preparing into toxic soil, scattering in a sowing ditch, then placing seed blocks according to the row spacing of 33-35 cm and the plant spacing of 20-25 cm, wherein the bud eyes face upwards when the land is dry, the bud eyes face downwards when the land is wet, covering with 8-10 cm of soil, and then 0.1kg/hm of alachlor herbicide is added2Adding water 40kg/hm2Spraying on ridge surface, covering ridge surface with 1.2m wide mulching film, spreading the mulching film, leveling, clinging to ground,then pressing the mulching films at two sides into the soil, generally buckling a layer of arched shed on each two ridges, opening two ends of the greenhouse for ventilation when the temperature of the greenhouse is over 22 ℃ in the daytime and is 10:00 in the morning every day, sealing the greenhouse at about 15:00-16:00 in the afternoon, controlling the temperature of the greenhouse to be 15-20 ℃, keeping the ground temperature to be 12-16 ℃ and keeping the temperature to be 10-15 ℃ at night;
4. field management:
4.1 when about 80 percent of potato seedlings are exposed out of the ground, breaking membranes to release the potato seedlings, thinning the potato seedlings, fixing the potato seedlings, firstly releasing the potato seedlings in a first time, then releasing the potato seedlings, carrying out close thinning and replanting on the potato seedlings with the lack of the potato seedlings, reserving 1-2 potato seedlings in each nest, if the air temperature is low and the seedlings are irregular, putting green potato seedlings without yellow seedlings, putting large potato seedlings without small seedlings, properly delaying the seedling releasing time to prevent the potato seedlings from being cooled, and sealing the potato seedlings by soil after the potato seedlings are released;
4.2 reasonably irrigating the seedlings without irrigation, irrigating once at the bud stage in the later period so as to be beneficial to tuber formation, urgently watering in the full-bloom stage, and timely irrigating for 1 time to ensure the tuber expansion to meet the water requirement, wherein at the moment, if the tuber is dry, semi-drought and water shortage, not only can the yield be greatly reduced, but also deformed potato blocks can be formed, and the water can not be controlled to submerge the ridge surface when irrigating every time;
4.3 removing the buds to adjust the distribution of nutrients and promote the growth of tubers, removing the buds in the bud stage of potatoes, generally removing the buds when the buds of the potatoes are 25% -30%, picking every 3-4 d for 1 time, continuously picking for 2-3 times, and taking care to protect the leaves from being damaged;
4.4 controlling pests and diseases the main diseases of winter-sowing potatoes include late blight, shrunken mosaic disease and the like, controlling potato late blight, paying attention to ventilation of a greenhouse, reducing temperature in the greenhouse, finding out that diseased plants are pulled out in time, spraying and protecting with a high-efficiency and low-toxicity systemic fungicide (such as 70% mancozeb wettable powder or 25% metalaxyl 500-600 times liquid for 7-10 days, spraying for 1 time after 7-10 days, and spraying for 2-3 times continuously to control shrunken mosaic disease, spraying for 2500-3000 times with 50% pirimiphos wettable powder when the rate of field aphids reaches 10%, spraying for 1 time every 7 days and spraying for 3 times continuously, or using 687.5 g/L fluorine bacteria, propamocarb suspending agent (silver method, 900-1125 mL/hm/L)2Adding water750~1050 kg/ hm21 time of prevention and treatment in the initial flowering period, and spraying monopotassium phosphate foliar fertilizer in combination with disease prevention;
5. harvesting winter-sowing potato plastic films, arched sheds and greenhouse three-film cultivation in due time, wherein a 'early' character is protruded during the harvesting period, harvesting and marketing can be carried out after 10 days of flowering, generally, harvesting and marketing can be carried out in the middle ten days of 2 months (lunar calendar and lunar month), harvesting and dredging in the morning on a fine day, air-drying and transporting, lightly digging and lightly placing, avoiding scratching potato skins, reducing commodity value, reducing mechanical damage to the greatest extent, keeping the potato skins complete, avoiding light exposure after harvesting, preventing the skins from turning green, timely cleaning residual plastic films, fertilizing in the whole field, and preparing to replanting next-stubble crops;
the invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects:
(1) when the method provided by the invention is adopted to cultivate the winter-sown potatoes, the harvesting period is 10-30d earlier than that of the common single-layer greenhouse planting;
(2) when the method provided by the invention is adopted to cultivate the winter-sown potatoes, the survival rate of the emergence rate is obviously advanced and improved;
(3) when the method provided by the invention is adopted to cultivate the winter-sown potatoes, common diseases are controlled, and the quality and the yield are obviously improved.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments are described in connection with examples
1. Preparation before broadcasting:
1.1, selecting a river dam area with the altitude of about 700 meters, wherein the illumination is sufficient, the annual sunshine number is 1100-1200h, the annual rainfall is 400-600 mm, the frost-free period is 260-285 d, the annual average temperature is not lower than 14 ℃, the average minimum temperature in the coldest month is not lower than-5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature is more than 4000 ℃, the frost-free period is 260-285 d, and the soil layer is thick;
1.2 fully irrigating water 15 days before land preparation, fertilizing and sowing, deeply ploughing for 20-30 cm after the land is slightly dry, firstly removing weeds, stubble residues, roots, stones and the like in the field, then raking and leveling, applying enough base fertilizer once, and applying 30-40 t/hm of farmyard fertilizer in combination with land preparation25-10 t/hm of oil residue2120-130 kg/hm of urea2750-800 kg/ml calcium superphosphatehm2150-180 kg/hm potassium sulfate2；
1.3 selecting improved seed, namely, selecting a detoxified seed potato of an early-maturing variety Holland No. 15;
1.4 germination accelerating and cutting the potato into pieces, uniformly spreading the potato seeds on the indoor ground at the beginning of 10 months, wherein the stacking thickness of the potato seeds is 3-4 layers, the potato seeds are preferably turned over during germination accelerating, white buds are turned green, the bud lengths are not more than 0.3cm (the buds are cut off too long), the germination accelerating time is 20-30 days, the germination accelerating temperature is kept at 15-20 ℃, the sizes of the potato pieces are preferably about 30-35 g, the top bud advantages are carefully utilized during cutting, dense top buds are cut, each piece has at least 1-2 bud eyes, a cutter is sterilized by 0.3% potassium permanganate solution during cutting, in order to prevent infectious diseases, after the cut potato pieces are cut, 1.0-1.5 kg of 50% carbendazim wettable powder 35g of water is uniformly sprayed on each 100kg of potato pieces, the potato pieces are mixed with seed, and the potato pieces are sown after being covered by woven bags and closed for 12 hours;
2. sowing in proper time, covering a greenhouse film on a greenhouse frame in the last ten days of 10 months, baking the soil for later use, and completely thawing and sowing the soil in the daytime at the beginning of 11 months (20 cm of greenhouse soil temperature is about 10.0 ℃);
3. ridging and sowing, covering a mulching film, ridging 10-15 days before greenhouse covering and sowing, ridging according to the width of a ridge surface of 80cm, the height of the ridge of 15-20 cm and the width of a furrow of 30cm, forming double furrows on the ridge surface, applying a small amount of base fertilizer in the furrows, uniformly mixing an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, spreading a layer of fine soil after applying the base fertilizer into the furrows to prevent the chemical fertilizer from contacting seed coats to cause damage or decay of potato skins and buds, and using 1% of dipterex wettable powder of 40-60 kg/hm before sowing to prevent and control underground pests2Adding 150kg/hm of fine soil2Mixing uniformly, preparing into toxic soil, scattering in a sowing ditch, then placing seed blocks according to the row spacing of 33-35 cm and the plant spacing of 20-25 cm, wherein the bud eyes face upwards when the land is dry, the bud eyes face downwards when the land is wet, covering with 8-10 cm of soil, and then 0.1kg/hm of alachlor herbicide is added2Adding water 40kg/hm2Spraying the mixture on the ridge surface, covering the ridge surface with 1.2m wide mulching film, spreading the mulching film, flattening, adhering to the ground, pressing the mulching film on two sides into the soil, covering a layer of arched shed on each two ridges, opening the two ends of the greenhouse for ventilation when the temperature of the greenhouse is above 22 ℃ in the daytime and 10:00 am every day, sealing the greenhouse at 15:00-16:00 pm, controlling the temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃, and maintaining the ground temperature at 15-20 DEG C12-16 ℃ and keeping the temperature at 10-15 ℃ at night;
4. field management:
4.1 when about 80 percent of potato seedlings are exposed out of the ground, breaking membranes to release the potato seedlings, thinning the potato seedlings, fixing the potato seedlings, firstly releasing the potato seedlings in a first time, then releasing the potato seedlings, carrying out close thinning and replanting on the potato seedlings with the lack of the potato seedlings, reserving 1-2 potato seedlings in each nest, if the air temperature is low and the seedlings are irregular, putting green potato seedlings without yellow seedlings, putting large potato seedlings without small seedlings, properly delaying the seedling releasing time to prevent the potato seedlings from being cooled, and sealing the potato seedlings by soil after the potato seedlings are released;
4.2 reasonably irrigating the seedlings without irrigation, irrigating once at the bud stage in the later period so as to be beneficial to tuber formation, urgently watering in the full-bloom stage, and timely irrigating for 1 time to ensure the tuber expansion to meet the water requirement, wherein at the moment, if the tuber is dry, semi-drought and water shortage, not only can the yield be greatly reduced, but also deformed potato blocks can be formed, and the water can not be controlled to submerge the ridge surface when irrigating every time;
4.3 removing the buds to adjust the distribution of nutrients and promote the growth of tubers, removing the buds in the bud stage of potatoes, generally removing the buds when the buds of the potatoes are 25% -30%, picking every 3-4 d for 1 time, continuously picking for 2-3 times, and taking care to protect the leaves from being damaged;
4.4 the main diseases and pests for preventing and treating the late blight, shrunken mosaic disease and the like, the potato late blight is prevented and treated, the greenhouse is ventilated, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, the diseased plant is pulled out in time, the bactericide 70% mancozeb wettable powder is sprayed and protected by 500-600 times of liquid, and the spraying is carried out for 1 time after 7-10 days and for 3 times continuously. Preventing and treating shrinkage mosaic disease, and spraying 2500-3000 times of 50% of wettable powder of pirimiphos-pirimiphos to prevent and treat at the high aphid emergence stage when the field aphid rate reaches 10%, and spraying for 1 time every 7 days and continuously spraying for 3 times; spraying monopotassium phosphate foliar fertilizer for many times in combination with disease prevention;
5. harvesting winter-sowing potato mulching films, arched sheds and greenhouse three-film cultivation in good time, wherein the harvesting period is particularly early, harvesting and marketing can be carried out about 10 days after blooming, a large number of potato can be marketed in the middle and late ten days of 1 month, harvesting and digging in the morning on a fine day are selected, transportation is carried out after airing, light digging and light placing are paid attention to, potato skins are prevented from being scratched, the commodity value is reduced, mechanical damage is reduced to the greatest extent, the potato skins are kept complete, light exposure is avoided after harvesting, the skins are prevented from turning green, residual mulching films are timely cleaned after all harvesting, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, and next crop rotation is prepared for multiple planting;
example conclusion: under the same conditions, the same variety and the same cultivation conditions, the potatoes cultivated by adopting the three-film covering technology are generally harvested in advance by 10-30 days, the whole growth period is obviously robust, and the method has higher popularization value.
Claims (12)
1. A winter sowing potato three-film cultivation technology is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, preparation before broadcasting:
s1.1, selecting plots with flat terrain, deep soil layers and fertile quality, preferably sandy loam or loam under irrigation conditions, avoiding continuous cropping with solanaceae or tuberous root crops such as tobacco and the like, wherein the previous crops are generally selected from garlic, Chinese cabbage or cereal crops;
s1.2, fully irrigating 15 days before land preparation, fertilizing and sowing, deeply ploughing for 20-30 cm after the land is slightly dry, removing weeds in the field, stubble residues, roots, stones and the like of previous crops, then raking and leveling, dispersing potato root systems, and applying base fertilizer heavily, wherein three-film potato cultivation is a mulching film covering the whole growing period, sufficient base fertilizer is applied at one time to ensure the nutrient requirement of the potato growing period, the fertilizer mainly comprises farmyard manure, and the land preparation is combined with the farmyard manure application of 30-40 t/hm25-10 t/hm of oil residue2120-130 kg/hm of urea2750-800 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2150-180 kg/hm potassium sulfate2；
S1.3, selecting high-yield, good-quality, centralized-bearing and disease-resistant extremely early-maturing virus-free seed potatoes from fine varieties, selecting virus-free fine seed potatoes of early-maturing varieties such as Dutch No. 15, LK99, Kexin No. 2 and the like, and preferably selecting virus-free small seed potatoes of fine varieties;
s1.4, when sprouting, cutting into blocks and sprouting, uniformly spreading the seed potatoes on the indoor ground, wherein the stacking thickness of the seed potatoes is 3-4 layers, the seed potatoes are preferably stirred during sprouting, white buds are turned green, the bud length is not more than 0.3cm (the buds are cut off too long), the sprouting time is 20-30 days, the sprouting temperature is kept at 15-20 ℃, the bud block size is preferably about 30-35 g, the top bud advantages are carefully utilized during cutting, intensive top buds are cut, each block has at least 1-2 bud eyes, a cutter is used for disinfection by 0.3% potassium permanganate solution or 75% alcohol during cutting, in order to prevent infectious disease original bacteria, after the cut potato blocks are cut, 35g of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 35g of 80% mancozeb wettable powder is used for every 100kg of potato blocks, water is added into 1.0-1.5 kg of water to cover the potato blocks, seeds are uniformly sprayed, and the seeds are stacked and stirred, and sowed in woven bags for 12 hours;
s2, sowing in due season: covering a greenhouse film on a greenhouse frame in the last ten days of 10 months, baking the land for standby application, wherein the soil is unfrozen and sowed completely in the daytime at the beginning of 11 months (the temperature of 20cm of greenhouse soil is about 10.0 ℃);
s3, ridging and sowing, mulching film mulching and shed buckling: ridging 10-15 days before sowing, ridging according to the width of a ridge surface of 80cm, the height of the ridge of 15-20 cm and the width of a furrow of 30cm, forming double furrows on the ridge surface, applying a small amount of base fertilizer in the furrows, uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer, spraying a layer of fine soil after applying the base fertilizer into the furrows to prevent the chemical fertilizer from contacting seed coats to cause damage or rot of potato skin buds and for preventing and controlling underground pests, 40-60 kg/hm of 1% dipterex wettable powder is used before sowing2Adding 150kg/hm of fine soil2Mixing uniformly, preparing into toxic soil, scattering in a sowing ditch, then placing seed blocks according to the row spacing of 33-35 cm and the plant spacing of 20-25 cm, wherein the bud eyes face upwards when the land is dry, the bud eyes face downwards when the land is wet, covering with 8-10 cm of soil, and then 0.1kg/hm of alachlor herbicide is added2Adding water 40kg/hm2Spraying the mixture on the ridge surface, covering the ridge surface with a mulching film with the width of 1.2m, paving the mulching film, flattening the mulching film, tightly adhering the mulching film to the ground, pressing the mulching film on two sides into the soil, generally buckling a layer of arched shed on each two ridges, opening two ends of the greenhouse for ventilation when the temperature of the greenhouse is above 22 ℃ in the daytime and 10:00 am every day, sealing the greenhouse at 15:00-16:00 pm, controlling the greenhouse temperature to be 15-20 ℃, keeping the ground temperature to be 12-16 ℃ and keeping the night temperature to be 10-15 ℃;
s4, field management:
s4.1, when about 80% of potato seedlings are exposed out of the ground, breaking membranes to release the potato seedlings, thinning the potato seedlings, fixing the potato seedlings, firstly releasing the potato seedlings first, then releasing the potato seedlings, carrying out close thinning and replanting on the potato seedlings with seedling shortage, reserving 1-2 potato seedlings in each pit, if the air temperature is low and the seedlings are not neat, releasing green potato seedlings without yellow seedlings, releasing large potato seedlings without small seedlings, properly delaying the seedling releasing time to prevent the potato seedlings from being cooled, and sealing the seedling holes with soil after the potato seedlings are released;
s4.2, reasonably irrigating the seedlings without irrigation, and irrigating water once at the bud stage in the later period so as to be beneficial to tuber formation, wherein water is required urgently in the full-bloom stage, and water is irrigated for 1 time in time to ensure the expansion of the tubers to meet the water requirement, so that not only can the yield be greatly reduced, but also deformed potato blocks are formed, and the water cannot be flooded on the ridge surface by controlling each irrigation;
s4.3, in order to adjust the distribution of nutrients and promote the growth of tubers, buds are removed in the bud stage of potatoes, the buds are generally removed when the buds of the potatoes are 25% -30%, and are picked for 1 time every 3-4 d and continuously picked for 2-3 times, but attention is paid to protect leaves from being damaged;
s4.4 preventing and treating the pests and diseases of the winter-sowed potatoes mainly comprise late blight, shrunken mosaic disease and the like, the potato late blight is prevented and treated, attention is paid to ventilation of a greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, the diseased plants are timely pulled out, a systemic bactericide with high efficiency and low toxicity (such as 70% mancozeb wettable powder or 25% metalaxyl 500-600 times liquid is sprayed for protection after 7-10 d and then sprayed for 1 time and continuously sprayed for 2-3 times), the shrunken mosaic disease is prevented and treated, the aphid is sprayed for preventing and treating by using 50% pirimicarb wettable powder 2500-3000 times liquid when the rate of the field aphid reaches 10%, the aphid is sprayed for 1 time and continuously sprayed for 3 times every 7d, 687.5 g/L fluorine bacteria and propamocarb suspending agent (silver method) 900-1125 mL/hm/mL/hm can be used2Adding 750-1050 kg/hm of water21 time of prevention and treatment in the initial flowering period, and spraying monopotassium phosphate foliar fertilizer in combination with disease prevention;
s5, timely harvesting: the method comprises the following steps of winter sowing potato mulching film, small arched shed and greenhouse three-film cultivation, wherein a 'early' character is protruded during the harvesting period, harvesting and marketing can be carried out after 10 days of flowering, harvesting and digging can be carried out in the morning on a fine day (in the middle ten days of the lunar calendar) generally, air drying and transportation are carried out, light digging and light placing are paid attention to, potato peel is prevented from being scratched, commodity value is reduced, mechanical damage is reduced to the greatest extent, potato peel integrity is kept, light is avoided after harvesting, the peel is prevented from turning green, residual mulching film is cleaned timely, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, and next crop planting are prepared.
2. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S1.2 land preparation and fertilization: irrigating water 15 days before sowing, deep ploughing after the land is slightly dry, and applying base fertilizer heavily, wherein the three-film potato cultivation is a mulching film covering the whole growth period, and sufficient base fertilizer is applied once to ensure the nutrient requirement of the potato growth period.
3. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S1.3, improved varieties are selected: the improved seed potato has high yield, high quality, concentrated tuber and capacity of resisting disease.
4. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S1.4 pregermination and dicing: when accelerating germination, uniformly spreading the seed potatoes on the indoor ground, wherein the stacking thickness of the seed potatoes is 3-4 layers, turning over when accelerating germination, turning white buds to be green, the bud length is not more than 0.3cm (the buds are cut off when being too long), the accelerating germination time is 20-30 d, keeping the accelerating germination temperature at 15-20 ℃, the bud block size is about 30-35 g, cutting the dense top buds by taking advantage of the top bud advantages, cutting each block to be at least 1-2 bud eyes, sterilizing a cutter by using 0.3% potassium permanganate solution or 75% alcohol when cutting the blocks, uniformly spraying and mixing seeds by using 35g of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 35g of 80% mancozeb wettable powder and adding 1.0-1.5 kg of water every 100kg of the potato blocks to prevent infectious disease original bacteria, covering and tightly stacking the potato blocks by using woven bags for 12 hours, and sowing.
5. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: sowing in the right time at step S2: generally, a greenhouse film is buckled on a greenhouse frame in 10 late months, and the greenhouse frame is baked for standby application, wherein the temperature of 20cm of greenhouse soil is about 10.0 ℃ generally at the beginning of 11 months, and the soil is completely unfrozen and sowed in the daytime.
6. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: step S3, ridging and seeding, mulching film covering and shed buckling: ridging 10-15 days before sowing, ridging according to the width of a ridge surface of 80cm, the height of the ridge of 15-20 cm and the width of a furrow of 30cm, forming double furrows on the ridge surface, applying a small amount of base fertilizer in the furrows, uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer, spraying a layer of fine soil after applying the base fertilizer into the furrows to prevent the chemical fertilizer from contacting seed coats to cause damage or rot of potato skin buds and for preventing and controlling underground pests, 40-60 kg/hm of 1% dipterex wettable powder is used before sowing2Adding 150kg/hm of fine soil2Mixing uniformly, preparing into toxic soil, scattering in a sowing ditch, then placing seed blocks according to the row spacing of 33-35 cm and the plant spacing of 20-25 cm, wherein the bud eyes face upwards when the land is dry, the bud eyes face downwards when the land is wet, covering with 8-10 cm of soil, and then 0.1kg/hm of alachlor herbicide is added2Adding water 40kg/hm2Spraying on ridge surface, covering ridge surface with 1.2m wide mulching film, spreading the mulching film, leveling, clinging to ground, and pressing the mulching film into soil.
7. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: in step S3, a layer of arched shed is covered on each two ridges, when the temperature of the greenhouse is above 22 ℃ in the daytime and 10:00 in the morning every day, the two ends of the greenhouse are opened for ventilation, and the greenhouse is sealed at 15:00-16:00 in the afternoon, the temperature of the greenhouse is controlled to be 15-20 ℃, the ground temperature is kept at 12-16 ℃, and the temperature at night is kept at 10-15 ℃.
8. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: seedling releasing in step S4.1: when about 80% of potato seedlings are exposed out of the ground, breaking membranes to release the seedlings, thinning the seedlings, fixing the seedlings, firstly releasing the seedlings first, then releasing the seedlings later, carrying out close thinning and replanting with the seedlings lacking, reserving 1-2 seedlings in each pit, if the air temperature is low and the seedlings are not orderly emerged, releasing green seedlings without yellow seedlings, releasing large seedlings without small seedlings, properly delaying the releasing time to avoid the potato seedlings from being cooled, and sealing the seedling holes with soil after releasing the seedlings.
9. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: rational irrigation at step S4.2: the water is irrigated for once in the seedling stage and the bud stage in the later stage so as to be beneficial to tuber formation, the water is urgently needed in the full-bloom stage, and the water is irrigated for 1 time in time to ensure the water requirement for tuber expansion, at the moment, if the tuber is drought, semi-drought and water shortage, not only the yield is greatly reduced, but also deformed potato blocks are formed, and the water is irrigated for each time and cannot flood the ridge surface.
10. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: bud picking at step S4.3: in order to adjust the distribution of nutrients and promote the growth of tubers, buds are removed in the bud stage of potatoes, the buds are generally removed when the buds of the potatoes are 25% -30%, and are picked for 1 time every 3-4 d and continuously picked for 2-3 times, but care is taken to protect leaves from being damaged.
11. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: at step S4.4 pest control: the main diseases of winter-sowed potatoes include late blight, shrunken mosaic disease and the like, the potato late blight is prevented and controlled, attention is paid to ventilation of a greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced, diseased plants are timely pulled out, a systemic bactericide with high efficiency and low toxicity (such as 70% mancozeb wettable powder or 25% metalaxyl 500-600 times liquid is sprayed for protection after 7-10 d and then sprayed for 2-3 times continuously), the shrunken mosaic disease is prevented and controlled, the aphid is prevented and controlled in a high-incidence period, when the rate of field aphids reaches 10%, the aphid is sprayed for 1 time and 3 times continuously by using 50% pirimicarb wettable powder 2500-3000 times liquid, and the aphid is sprayed for 1 time and 3 times every 687 d, or 7.5 g/L of fluorine bacteria and 1125 propamocarb suspending agent (silver method) 900-mL/hm is used2Adding 750-1050 kg/hm of water2The fertilizer can be sprayed with monopotassium phosphate foliar fertilizer by preventing and treating for 1 time in the initial flowering period and preventing diseases.
12. The winter sowing potato plastic film mulching, small arched shed and large shed three-film mulching cultivation technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: harvesting at step S5 in due time: the harvest period of winter-sowed potato mulching films, small arched sheds and greenhouse-cultivated potatoes is protruded by a 'early' character, the potatoes can be harvested and listed after blooming for about 10 days, generally the potatoes are harvested and listed in the lunar calendar in the middle ten days of 2 months, the potatoes are harvested and harvested in the morning on a sunny day, the potatoes are air-dried and transported, the potatoes are lightly harvested, scratching of the potato peels is avoided, the commodity value is reduced, mechanical damage is reduced to the greatest extent, the potato peels are kept complete, light is avoided after harvesting, and the potato peels are prevented from turning green.
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| CN113287477A (en) * | 2021-07-05 | 2021-08-24 | 襄阳市农业科学院 | Potato planting method |
| CN114617038A (en) * | 2022-04-19 | 2022-06-14 | 山西沃岳农业科技有限公司 | Potato-cutting, bud-digging and single-plant planting method |
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