CN111549393A - Fiber, preparation method, textile fabric and application thereof - Google Patents

Fiber, preparation method, textile fabric and application thereof Download PDF

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CN111549393A
CN111549393A CN202010484129.XA CN202010484129A CN111549393A CN 111549393 A CN111549393 A CN 111549393A CN 202010484129 A CN202010484129 A CN 202010484129A CN 111549393 A CN111549393 A CN 111549393A
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anthraquinone
fiber
fluorine
silicon
rubber
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CN111549393B (en
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林碧花
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Fuzhou Litian Textile Co ltd
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01FCHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/88Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polycondensation products as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
    • D01F6/94Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polycondensation products as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of other polycondensation products
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/28Anaerobic digestion processes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01FCHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F1/00General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
    • D01F1/02Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
    • D01F1/10Other agents for modifying properties
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/16Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C02F2101/163Nitrates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/308Dyes; Colorants; Fluorescent agents
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/38Organic compounds containing nitrogen

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to a fiber, a preparation method, a textile and an application thereof, wherein 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride reacts with fluorine-silicon polymer containing amino and mercapto to obtain fluorine-silicon compound containing anthraquinone, and then the textile is processed by silicon rubber and the fluorine-silicon compound containing anthraquinone according to the weight ratio of 100: 0.05-2. The textile of the invention has better biodegradation promoting effect on azo dyes and nitrate because anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone polymer is enriched and solidified on the surface.

Description

Fiber, preparation method, textile fabric and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and relates to a fiber, a preparation method, a textile fabric and application thereof.
Background
Anthraquinone compounds have the capability of transferring electrons, so that when the anthraquinone compounds are applied to degrading azo dyes and nitrates by anaerobic microorganisms, the degradation rate can be improved by more than 1 order of magnitude, the anthraquinone compounds can be grafted on a carrier, and the secondary pollution to water can be effectively avoided, and the carriers reported in the publication include polymer films (publication No. CN103936146B), fillers (publication No. CN110157007A) and the like, but the problems of limited grafting efficiency of the polymer films, inconvenient recycling of the fillers and the like still exist, so that the degradation rate and the feasibility of recycling are needed to be improved.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a fiber.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of making a fiber.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a textile fabric.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a textile fabric.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the fiber comprises raw materials of silicon rubber and an anthraquinone-containing fluorine-silicon compound, wherein the weight ratio of the silicon rubber to the anthraquinone-containing fluorine-silicon compound is 100: 0.05-2; the anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone compound is obtained by the reaction of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride and a fluorosilicone polymer containing amino and mercapto.
Preferably, the silicone rubber comprises a silicone rubber base and a vulcanizing agent. The weight ratio of the silicone rubber-based adhesive to the vulcanizing agent is 100: 1-10.
More preferably, the silicone rubber-based rubber is a methyl vinyl silicone rubber filled filler or an unfilled filler.
Further preferably, the filler is selected from at least one of fumed silica, precipitated silica, aluminum hydroxide, graphene, calcium carbonate, tourmaline, precipitated barium sulfate, alumina, glass microspheres, and glass fibers.
Preferably, the vulcanizing agent consists of mercapto silicone oil and a photoinitiator. The weight ratio of the mercapto silicone oil to the photoinitiator is 1: 0.1-0.5.
The general formula of the mercapto silicone oil is R1SiMe2O(SiOMe2)a(SiOMeRe)bSiMe2R1Wherein R is1Is methyl or hydroxyl, Me is methyl, Re is 3-mercaptopropyl, a is more than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 100, and b is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 50.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the silicon rubber to the anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone compound is 100: 0.1-1.5.
Preferably, the ratio of the mole number of the 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride to the mole number of amino groups in the fluorosilicone polymer is 1: 1.1-2. More preferably, the molar ratio is 1.2 to 1.5.
The general formula of the fluorine-silicon polymer containing amino and sulfhydryl groups is R2SiMe2O(SiOMeRf)m(SiOMe2)n(SiOMeRN)p(SiOMeRs)qSiMe2R2Wherein R is2Is methyl or hydroxy, Me is methyl, RfIs 3,3, 3-trifluoropropyl, RNIs 3-aminopropyl, N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl or 3-diethylenetriaminopropyl, RsIs 3-mercaptopropyl, m is more than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 20, n is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 50, p is more than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 10, and q is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 8.
The reaction method of the 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride and the fluorosilicone polymer comprises the following steps: adding the fluorine-silicon polymer and the acid-binding agent into an organic solvent for uniform dispersion, dropwise adding a solution of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride, stirring for reaction for 1-20 hours, filtering, and removing the organic solvent from the filtrate to obtain a product. The acid-binding agent can be at least one selected from triethylamine, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethanolamine, N-methyldiethylamine, potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide; the organic solvent may be at least one selected from tetrahydrofuran, butyl acetate, 1, 4-dioxane, ethyl acetate and butanone; the molar ratio of the acid-binding agent to the 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride is 1.1-2: 1.
According to the preparation method of the fiber of any one embodiment, the raw materials are weighed according to the formula, the silicon rubber and the fluorine-silicon compound containing anthraquinone are uniformly mixed, and the fiber is obtained through extrusion and ultraviolet irradiation crosslinking. The mixing may be carried out by means of a three-roll mill or an internal mixer. The dominant wavelength of the ultraviolet light is 365nm, and the light intensity is 5-20 mW/cm2The irradiation time is 30 s-5 min.
A textile fabric obtained by weaving or blending the fibres according to any of the above embodiments with other fibres. The textile structure of the present invention is not particularly limited, but a net structure is preferable.
Use of a textile fabric according to one of the above embodiments for the treatment of wastewater. More preferably, the application in the treatment of wastewater containing azo dyes and nitrates.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention utilizes the incompatibility of the fluorine-silicon polymer containing anthraquinone and the silicon rubber, the fluorine-silicon polymer containing anthraquinone can migrate to the surface of the silicon rubber, and then the silicon rubber is reacted and cured while being cross-linked and cured, so that the fluorine-silicon polymer containing anthraquinone is stably fixed on the surface of the silicon rubber, and the obtained textile has better biodegradation promoting effect on azo dyes and nitrates; meanwhile, the textile fabric weaving method is flexible and various, has good recoverability, can be continuously applied to biodegradation of azo dyes and nitrates after being simply cleaned, and has good recovery and recycling effects.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated and described by the following detailed description.
Examples 1-4 are for the preparation of anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone polymers, in which
The general formula of the fluorine-silicon polymer A containing amino and sulfhydryl is SiMe3O(SiOMeRf)11.7(SiOMe2)22.5(SiOMeRN)3.5(SiOMeRs)4.1SiMe3,Me、Rf、RsAs mentioned above, RNIs 3-aminopropyl;
the general formula of the fluorine-silicon polymer B containing amino and sulfhydryl is SiMe3O(SiOMeRf)18.5(SiOMe2)29.4(SiOMeRN)7.8(SiOMeRs)6.2SiMe3,Me、Rf、RsAs mentioned above, RNIs N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl;
the general formula of the fluorine-silicon polymer C containing amino and sulfhydryl groups is HOSiMe2O(SiOMeRf)7.7(SiOMe2)11.6(SiOMeRN)3.9(SiOMeRs)4.2SiMe2OH,Me、Rf、RsAs mentioned above, RNIs 3-diethylenetriaminopropyl;
example 1
9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride, triethylamine and fluorine-silicon polymer A containing amino and sulfhydryl groups are mixed according to the molar ratio of 1:1.15: 0.4.
Adding amino-containing and mercapto-containing fluorosilicone polymer A into 10 times of tetrahydrofuran at 0-5 ℃, adding triethylamine, stirring uniformly, dropwise adding a tetrahydrofuran solution of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride with the concentration of 200mg/ml, stirring for reacting for 6 hours, placing in an environment at 30 ℃, continuously stirring for 5 hours, filtering, and removing tetrahydrofuran and unreacted triethylamine from the filtrate to obtain the anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone polymer, which is marked as P-1.
Example 2
9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride, potassium carbonate and fluorine-silicon polymer B containing amino and sulfhydryl groups are mixed according to the molar ratio of 1:1.3: 0.15.
Adding amino-containing and mercapto-containing fluorosilicone polymer B into 10 times of 1, 4-hexachloro-oxide at 0-5 ℃, adding potassium carbonate, uniformly stirring, dropwise adding a 1, 4-hexachloro-oxide solution of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride with the concentration of 200mg/ml, stirring for reacting for 8 hours, placing in an environment at 30 ℃, continuously stirring for 5 hours, filtering, and removing 1, 4-hexachloro-oxide from filtrate to obtain the anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone polymer, which is marked as P-2.
Example 3
9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride, sodium carbonate and fluorine-silicon polymer C containing amino and sulfhydryl groups are mixed according to the molar ratio of 1:1.6: 0.5.
Adding amino-containing and mercapto-containing fluorine-silicon polymer C into 8 times weight of butyl acetate at 0-5 ℃, adding sodium carbonate, uniformly stirring, dropwise adding a 200mg/ml butyl acetate solution of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride, stirring for reaction for 5 hours, placing in an environment at 25 ℃, continuously stirring for 10 hours, filtering, and removing butyl acetate from filtrate to obtain anthraquinone-containing fluorine-silicon polymer, which is marked as P-3.
Example 4
9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride, sodium carbonate and fluorine-silicon polymer C containing amino and sulfhydryl groups are mixed according to the molar ratio of 1:1.6: 0.3.
Adding the fluorine-silicon polymer C containing amino and sulfhydryl groups into tetrahydrofuran with the weight being 8 times that of the fluorine-silicon polymer C containing amino and sulfhydryl groups at the temperature of 0-5 ℃, adding sodium carbonate, uniformly stirring, dropwise adding a tetrahydrofuran solution of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride with the concentration of 200mg/ml, stirring for reaction for 10 hours, placing the mixture in the environment with the temperature of 25 ℃, continuously stirring for 6 hours, filtering, and removing tetrahydrofuran from filtrate to obtain the fluorine-silicon polymer containing anthraquinone, which is marked as P-4.
Examples 5 to 10 for the preparation of fibers and textiles
Example 5
The methyl vinyl silicone crude rubber and the fumed silica are mixed and processed into silicone rubber base rubber according to the weight ratio of 1: 0.35.
The silicone rubber base rubber, the mercapto silicone oil and the benzoin dimethyl ether are mixed and processed into the silicone rubber according to the weight ratio of 100:5: 0.5.
Silicon rubber and fluorine-silicon polymer P-1 containing anthraquinone according to the weight ratio of 100:0.1 are mixed and processed evenly and extruded at the concentration of 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 90 seconds under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers are woven into a textile fabric, denoted as Z-1.
Example 6
The methyl vinyl silicon crude rubber and the alumina are mixed and processed into the silicon rubber base rubber according to the weight ratio of 1: 0.8.
The silicone rubber base rubber, the mercapto silicone oil and the benzoin butyl ether are mixed and processed into the silicone rubber according to the weight ratio of 100:3: 0.4.
Silicon rubber and fluorine-silicon polymer P-2 containing anthraquinone according to the weight ratio of 100:0.8 are mixed and processed evenly and extruded at the concentration of 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 80s under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers are woven into a textile fabric, denoted as Z-2.
Example 7
The methyl vinyl silicon crude rubber, the fumed silica and the tourmaline are mixed and processed into the silicon rubber base rubber according to the weight ratio of 1:0.3: 0.25.
The silicone rubber base rubber, the mercapto silicone oil and the photoinitiator are mixed and processed into the silicone rubber according to the weight ratio of 100:8: 1.
Silicon rubber and fluorine-silicon polymer P-3 containing anthraquinone according to the weight ratio of 100:1.2 are mixed and processed evenly and extruded at the concentration of 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 85 seconds under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers are woven into a textile fabric, denoted as Z-3.
Example 8
The methyl vinyl silicone crude rubber and the precipitated white carbon black are mixed and processed into silicone rubber base rubber according to the weight ratio of 1: 0.4.
The silicone rubber base rubber, the mercapto silicone oil and the photoinitiator are mixed and processed into the silicone rubber according to the weight ratio of 100:6: 1.
Silicon rubber and fluorine-silicon polymer P-4 containing anthraquinone according to the weight ratio of 100:1.5 are mixed and processed evenly and extruded at the concentration of 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 90 seconds under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers are woven into a textile fabric, denoted as Z-4.
Example 9
The methyl vinyl silicone rubber raw rubber and the aluminum hydroxide are mixed and processed into silicone rubber base rubber according to the weight ratio of 1: 2.
The silicone rubber base rubber, the mercapto silicone oil and the photoinitiator are mixed and processed into the silicone rubber according to the weight ratio of 100:5: 0.8.
Silicon rubber and anthraquinone-containing fluorine-silicon polymer P-2 are mixed and processed evenly according to the weight ratio of 100:2, and are extruded at the concentration of 10mW/cm2And irradiating 78s under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers are woven into a textile fabric, denoted as Z-5.
Example 10
The methyl vinyl silicon crude rubber, the fumed silica and the alumina are mixed and processed into the silicon rubber base rubber according to the weight ratio of 1:0.3: 0.5.
The silicone rubber base rubber, the mercapto silicone oil and the photoinitiator are mixed and processed into the silicone rubber according to the weight ratio of 100:2: 0.4.
Silicon rubber and fluorine-silicon polymer P-3 containing anthraquinone according to the weight ratio of 100:0.5 are mixed and processed evenly and extruded at 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 90 seconds under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers are woven into a textile fabric, denoted as Z-6.
Comparative example 1
Anthraquinone-modified talc, denoted C-1, was prepared according to the method of example 3 in patent application publication No. CN 110040844A.
Comparative example 2
An anthraquinone-modified nylon membrane, designated C-2, was prepared according to the method of example 1 in the patent granted under publication No. CN 103936146B.
Comparative example 3
The silicone rubber, 1-amino-4-allyloxyanthraquinone, and amino-and mercapto-containing fluorosilicone polymer A of example 9 were mixed and processed uniformly at a weight ratio of 100:0.4:1, extruded, and mixed at 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 80s under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers were woven into a textile fabric, designated C-3.
Comparative example 4
The silicone rubber of example 9 and 1-amino-4-allyloxyanthraquinone were mixed at a weight ratio of 100:0.5, extruded, and compounded at 10mW/cm2And irradiating for 80s under ultraviolet light for crosslinking to obtain the fiber.
The fibers were woven into a textile fabric, designated C-4.
The effect on the acceleration of the degradation of azo dyes was tested: after 2g of a sample to be tested is respectively washed by physiological saline for 3 times, the sample is added into 200ml of 120mg/L acid red B containing azo dye degradation strain GYZ (staphylococcus sp.) in logarithmic growth phase for decolorization test, and the change of the concentration of the acid red B along with time is determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 acid Red B concentration/mg/L
Figure BDA0002518501420000051
Figure BDA0002518501420000061
The test has an accelerating effect on the nitrate degradation: after 2g of samples to be tested are respectively washed by physiological saline for 3 times, the samples are added into 200ml of nitrate wastewater containing denitrifying microorganisms in logarithmic growth phase and 150mg/L for testing, and the change of the nitrate concentration along with time is measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 nitrate concentration/mg/L
0h 2h 4h 6h 8h
Z-1 150 116 84 49 18
Z-2 150 111 76 45 13
Z-3 150 109 79 42 15
Z-4 150 110 77 40 12
Z-5 150 111 75 41 13
Z-6 150 110 75 42 11
C-1 150 122 94 65 27
C-2 150 120 92 67 28
C-3 150 137 113 95 73
C-4 150 133 108 91 70
Repeated use test: after 2g of a sample to be tested was washed with physiological saline for 3 times, the sample was added to 200ml of 120mg/L acid red B containing an azo dye degradation strain GYZ (staphylococcus sp.) in the logarithmic phase to perform a decolorization test, and the concentration of acid red B after 6 hours was measured. And cleaning and drying the tested sample by using clean water, performing decolorization test for 6 hours by using acid red B according to the method, and repeatedly testing for 12 times. The results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 acid Red B concentration/mg/L
Figure BDA0002518501420000062
Figure BDA0002518501420000071
Therefore, the textile fabric obtained by adding the anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone polymer into the silicone rubber composition can obviously improve the biodegradation rate of the acid red B and the nitrate, is more convenient to recover compared with filler particles and polymeric films in a particle form, and can be repeatedly used.
Therefore, the textile fabric can be applied to the treatment of wastewater containing azo dyes, nitrates and the like, can obviously improve the biodegradation rate of the azo dyes and the nitrates, has strong practicability, and can be popularized and applied.
The foregoing has shown and described the fundamental principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing embodiments, which are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention should not be limited thereby, and that equivalent changes and modifications made within the scope of the present invention and the specification should be covered thereby. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims (10)

1. The fiber is characterized in that raw materials of the fiber comprise silicon rubber and an anthraquinone-containing fluorine-silicon compound, wherein the weight ratio of the silicon rubber to the anthraquinone-containing fluorine-silicon compound is 100: 0.05-2; the anthraquinone-containing fluorosilicone compound is obtained by the reaction of 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride and a fluorosilicone polymer containing amino and mercapto.
2. The fiber of claim 1, the silicone rubber comprising a silicone rubber base and a vulcanizing agent.
3. The fiber of claim 2, the silicone rubber-based gum being a methyl vinyl silicone gum filled filler or unfilled filler.
4. The fiber of claim 3, the filler being selected from at least one of fumed silica, precipitated silica, aluminum hydroxide, graphene, calcium carbonate, tourmaline, precipitated barium sulfate, alumina, glass microspheres, and glass fibers.
5. The fiber of claim 1, the vulcanizing agent consisting of a mercapto silicone oil and a photoinitiator.
6. The fiber according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the silicone rubber to the fluorine-silicon compound containing anthraquinone is 100: 0.1-1.5.
7. The fiber according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the number of moles of the 9, 10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonyl chloride to the number of moles of amino groups in the fluorosilicone polymer is 1: 1.1-2.
8. A preparation method of the fiber according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the fiber is obtained by weighing the raw materials according to the formula, uniformly mixing the silicon rubber and the fluorine-silicon compound containing anthraquinone, extruding and crosslinking by ultraviolet irradiation.
9. A textile fabric obtained by weaving or blending a fibre according to any one of claims 1 to 8 with other fibres.
10. Use of the textile fabric of claim 9 for the treatment of wastewater.
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