CN111524624A - Thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system - Google Patents
Thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system Download PDFInfo
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- CN111524624A CN111524624A CN202010261013.XA CN202010261013A CN111524624A CN 111524624 A CN111524624 A CN 111524624A CN 202010261013 A CN202010261013 A CN 202010261013A CN 111524624 A CN111524624 A CN 111524624A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D7/00—Arrangements for direct production of electric energy from fusion or fission reactions
- G21D7/04—Arrangements for direct production of electric energy from fusion or fission reactions using thermoelectric elements or thermoionic converters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
- F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
- F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
- F01K25/103—Carbon dioxide
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
- F01K7/32—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines using steam of critical or overcritical pressure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D9/00—Arrangements to provide heat for purposes other than conversion into power, e.g. for heating buildings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
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Abstract
The invention provides a thermal ion conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system, which comprises a thermal ion conversion module, an intermediate heat exchanger and a Brayton cycle module; the thermionic conversion module is internally provided with a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element and an alkali metal heat pipe, and the thermionic conversion module is externally coated with a reflecting layer and a shielding layer; the Brayton energy conversion system consists of a turbine, a heat regenerator, a precooler, a compressor and a generator; a through heat pipe is arranged between the thermionic conversion module and the intermediate heat exchanger; the part of the heat pipe in the thermionic conversion module is set as an evaporation section, and the part of the heat pipe in the intermediate heat exchanger is set as a condensation section; an inlet of the Brayton energy conversion system is connected with a shell side outlet of the intermediate heat exchanger; and the outlet of the Brayton energy conversion system is connected with the shell side inlet of the intermediate heat exchanger. The invention adopts the design of cooling the solid reactor core by the heat pipe and combining thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle power generation, thereby realizing the multi-stage utilization of heat of nuclear fission energy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a thermal ion conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system, in particular to a nuclear reactor system which can realize energy gradient utilization by thermal ion conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation, and belongs to the technical field of nuclear reactor engineering.
Background
Thermionic conversion is the direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy by the phenomenon of metal emitting electrons at high temperatures. The thermionic energy conversion system can utilize heat sources in different forms such as solar energy, fossil energy and nuclear energy, the related technology is applied to Russian TOPAZ series space reactors, and the thermionic energy conversion system has the advantages of few moving parts, good redundancy, small heat dissipation surface area, low mass-power ratio, large power range and the like. However, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the thermionic reactor is relatively low, and the conversion efficiency which can be realized by the current engineering is less than 15%, so that a large amount of heat is dissipated to the environment in the operation process of the reactor, the temperature of the receiving end of the thermionic thermoelectric conversion element is still as high as 1000K, and the high-quality heat can be completely used as the heat input of other energy conversion systems.
The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle taking gas as a working medium, has the same working principle as a gas turbine, and has the advantages of high thermoelectric conversion efficiency, strong system safety, wide power range and the like. Especially when supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a flowing heat exchange working medium, the miniaturization of an energy conversion system can be realized, the application requirement of a special environment is met, the operating temperature range is below 1000K, and the waste heat of the thermionic reactor can be completely used as a heat source of Brayton cycle.
Therefore, how to combine the above two technical advantages to design a reactor system to meet the energy and power supply requirement in special application environments such as deep space exploration is a problem that needs to be solved urgently by those skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a reactor system which can realize cascade utilization of energy and realize combined power generation by combining the characteristics of thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: a thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation nuclear reactor system comprises a thermionic conversion module, an intermediate heat exchanger, and a Brayton cycle module; the thermionic conversion module is internally provided with a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element and an alkali metal heat pipe, and the thermionic conversion module is externally coated with a reflecting layer and a shielding layer; the Brayton energy conversion system consists of a turbine, a heat regenerator, a precooler, a compressor and a generator; a through heat pipe is arranged between the thermionic conversion module and the intermediate heat exchanger; the heat pipe is divided into an evaporation section and a condensation section, the part of the heat pipe in the thermion conversion module is set as the evaporation section, and the part of the heat pipe in the intermediate heat exchanger is set as the condensation section; an inlet of the Brayton energy conversion system is connected with a shell side outlet of the intermediate heat exchanger; and the outlet of the Brayton energy conversion system is connected with the shell side inlet of the intermediate heat exchanger.
Furthermore, a hexagonal honeycomb moderator matrix is arranged in the thermionic conversion module; a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element is arranged in the moderator matrix; an alkali metal heat pipe is also arranged in the moderator matrix; the alkali metal heat pipe and the thermionic thermoelectric conversion element are arranged at intervals.
Furthermore, the thermionic thermoelectric conversion element is designed in a cylindrical shape, consists of nuclear fuel, a thermionic power generation element and a stainless steel shell, and is used for converting heat generated by nuclear fission into electric energy and loading the electric energy.
Furthermore, the thermionic power generation element is positioned at the periphery of the nuclear fuel and sequentially comprises an emitter, a cesium air cavity, a receiver and an insulator from inside to outside, the stainless steel shell is covered on the outer side of the insulator, and the helium air cavity is reserved between the stainless steel shell and the insulator.
Furthermore, the alkali metal heat pipe comprises a stainless steel metal wall surface and an internal flowing heat exchange alkali metal working medium sodium, and is used for leading out the heat of the reactor core and ensuring that the receiver is at a lower temperature.
Furthermore, the intermediate heat exchanger consists of a heat exchanger shell and a condensation section of the heat pipe and is used for transferring waste heat of the thermionic conversion module to the Brayton energy conversion system so as to realize secondary utilization of energy.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention uses the alkali metal heat pipe to realize the cooling of the thermion receiving stage, the operating characteristics of the heat pipe can ensure the temperature of the receiving stage, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved while the system is simplified.
2. The invention can realize the smooth conduction of the heat of the reactor core by utilizing the high-efficiency heat transfer characteristic of the heat pipe, realizes the miniaturization of the reactor core, and greatly improves the inherent safety of the reactor by the passive characteristic.
3. The effective temperature range of the thermionic thermoelectric conversion is 2000-1000K, and the operating temperature range of the supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle is below 1000K.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle combined power nuclear reactor system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the core arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a thermionic fuel element of the present invention.
Wherein: the system comprises a 1-thermionic conversion module, a 2-intermediate heat exchanger, a 3-load, a 4-Brayton cycle module, a 5-thermionic thermoelectric conversion element, a 6-alkali metal heat pipe, a 7-reflecting layer, an 8-shielding layer, a 9-moderator matrix, a 10-heat exchanger shell, a 41-turbine, a 42-heat regenerator, a 43-precooler, a 44-compressor, a 45-generator, a 51-nuclear fuel, a 52-thermionic power generation element, a 53-stainless steel jacket, a 54-emitter, a 55-cesium air cavity, a 56-receiver, a 57-insulator, a 61-stainless steel metal wall surface and 62-alkali metal working medium sodium.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of a thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle combined power nuclear reactor system of the present invention includes a thermionic conversion module 1, an intermediate heat exchanger 2, and a Brayton cycle module 4; the thermionic conversion module 1 is internally provided with a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element 5 and an alkali metal heat pipe 6, and is externally coated with a reflecting layer 7 and a shielding layer 8; a through heat pipe 6 is arranged between the thermionic conversion module 1 and the intermediate heat exchanger 2; the heat pipe 6 is divided into an evaporation section and a condensation section, the part of the heat pipe 6 in the thermion conversion module 1 is set as the evaporation section, and the part of the heat pipe 6 in the intermediate heat exchanger 2 is set as the condensation section; the alkali metal heat pipe 6 comprises a stainless steel metal wall surface 6 and an internal flowing heat exchange alkali metal working substance potassium 62, and is used for guiding out the heat of the reactor core and ensuring that the receiving electrode 56 is at a lower temperature.
As shown in fig. 2, a hexagonal honeycomb moderator matrix 9 is provided in the thermionic conversion module 1; a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element 5 is arranged in the moderator matrix 9; an alkali metal heat pipe 6 is also arranged in the moderator matrix 9; the alkali metal heat pipe 6 is arranged at a distance from the thermionic thermoelectric conversion element 5.
The thermionic thermoelectric conversion element 5, as shown in fig. 3, is of a cylindrical design, and is composed of a nuclear fuel 51, a thermionic power generation element 52, and a stainless steel envelope 53, for converting heat generated by nuclear fission into electric energy, and for loading 3. The thermionic power generation element 52 is positioned at the periphery of the nuclear fuel 51, and sequentially comprises an emitter 54, a cesium air cavity 55, a receiver 56 and an insulator 57 from inside to outside, the stainless steel cladding 53 is coated on the outer side of the insulator 57, and a helium air cavity 58 is reserved between the stainless steel cladding 53 and the insulator 57.
The Brayton energy conversion system 4 consists of a turbine 41, a heat regenerator 42, a precooler 43, a compressor 44 and a generator 45; the intermediate heat exchanger 2 consists of a heat exchanger shell 10 and a condensation section of the heat pipe 6 and is used for transferring waste heat of the thermionic conversion module 1 to the Brayton energy conversion system 4 so as to realize secondary utilization of energy; an inlet of the Brayton energy conversion system 4 is connected with a shell side outlet of the intermediate heat exchanger 2; the outlet of the brayton energy conversion system 4 is connected to the shell-side inlet of the intermediate heat exchanger 2.
The principle of the combined power generation nuclear reactor system is as follows:
the nuclear fuel 51 in the thermionic conversion module 1 undergoes a nuclear fission reaction to generate heat, when the temperature of the emitter 54 of the thermionic power generation element rises to a certain temperature (generally above 1500K), electrons in the metal of the emitter 54 obtain enough kinetic energy to escape from the metal surface, the electrons jump over the electrode gap and reach the receiver 56, a potential difference is formed between the emitter 54 and the receiver 56, and the external load 3 is switched on, so that a low-voltage direct-current power supply loop is formed. The alkali metal heat pipe 6 transfers the residual heat after the thermionic conversion to the intermediate heat exchanger 2 above the core, and cools the receiver 56 of the thermionic conversion element, so that a sufficient temperature difference is formed between the emitter 54 and the receiver 56. The thermionic element effects a first conversion of nuclear fission energy.
The intermediate heat exchanger 2 transfers the heat of the alkali metal heat pipe 6 to the Brayton energy conversion system (4) for secondary conversion of nuclear fission energy. The supercritical carbon dioxide simple brayton cycle is used as an example in this patent and is mainly composed of a turbine 41, a regenerator 42, a precooler 43, a compressor 44 and a generator 45. The supercritical carbon dioxide working medium in the brayton energy conversion system 4 absorbs heat in the intermediate heat exchanger 2 and then enters the turbine 41 to expand and do work, the exhaust gas enters the heat regenerator 42 to be cooled and then enters the precooler 43 to be further cooled, and is pressurized in the compressor 44, and then is preheated by the heat regenerator 42 and returns to the intermediate heat exchanger 2 to complete one cycle. The turbine 41 and the compressor 44 are designed coaxially to drive the generator 45 to generate electricity. The supercritical carbon dioxide brayton cycle effects a second conversion of nuclear fission energy.
The operation working medium in the alkali metal heat pipe is sodium, the working range is 900-.
In summary, the invention discloses a thermal ion conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation nuclear reactor system, comprising a thermal ion conversion module, an intermediate heat exchanger and a Brayton cycle module; the thermionic conversion module is internally provided with a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element and an alkali metal heat pipe, and the thermionic conversion module is externally coated with a reflecting layer and a shielding layer; the Brayton energy conversion system consists of a turbine, a heat regenerator, a precooler, a compressor and a generator; a through heat pipe is arranged between the thermionic conversion module and the intermediate heat exchanger; the part of the heat pipe in the thermionic conversion module is set as an evaporation section, and the part of the heat pipe in the intermediate heat exchanger is set as a condensation section; an inlet of the Brayton energy conversion system is connected with a shell side outlet of the intermediate heat exchanger; and the outlet of the Brayton energy conversion system is connected with the shell side inlet of the intermediate heat exchanger. The invention adopts the design of cooling the solid reactor core by the heat pipe and combining thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle power generation, thereby realizing the multi-stage utilization of heat of nuclear fission energy.
Claims (10)
1. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system, comprising: comprises a thermionic conversion module (1), an intermediate heat exchanger (2) and a Brayton cycle module (4); a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element (5) and an alkali metal heat pipe (6) are arranged inside the thermionic conversion module (1), and a reflecting layer (7) and a shielding layer (8) are coated outside the thermionic conversion module; the Brayton energy conversion system (4) consists of a turbine (41), a heat regenerator (42), a precooler (43), a compressor (44) and a generator (45); a through heat pipe (6) is arranged between the thermionic conversion module (1) and the intermediate heat exchanger (2); the heat pipe (6) is divided into an evaporation section and a condensation section, the part of the heat pipe (6) in the thermionic conversion module (1) is set as the evaporation section, and the part of the heat pipe (6) in the intermediate heat exchanger (2) is set as the condensation section; the inlet of the Brayton energy conversion system (4) is connected with the shell side outlet of the intermediate heat exchanger (2); the outlet of the Brayton energy conversion system (4) is connected with the shell side inlet of the intermediate heat exchanger (2).
2. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 1, wherein: a hexagonal honeycomb moderator matrix (9) is arranged in the thermionic conversion module (1); a thermionic thermoelectric conversion element (5) is arranged in the moderator matrix (9); an alkali metal heat pipe (6) is also arranged in the moderator matrix (9); the alkali metal heat pipe (6) and the thermionic thermoelectric conversion element (5) are arranged at intervals.
3. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the thermionic thermoelectric conversion element (5) is designed in a cylindrical shape, consists of nuclear fuel (51), a thermionic power generation element (52) and a stainless steel cladding (53), and is used for converting heat generated by nuclear fission into electric energy and loading (3).
4. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 3, wherein: the thermionic power generation element (52) is positioned at the periphery of the nuclear fuel (51) and sequentially comprises an emitter (54), a cesium air cavity (55), a receiver (56) and an insulator (57) from inside to outside, the stainless steel cladding (53) is wrapped on the outer side of the insulator (57), and a helium air cavity (58) is reserved between the stainless steel cladding (53) and the insulator (57).
5. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the alkali metal heat pipe (6) comprises a stainless steel metal wall surface (61) and an internal flowing heat exchange alkali metal working medium sodium (62).
6. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 3, wherein: the alkali metal heat pipe (6) comprises a stainless steel metal wall surface (61) and an internal flowing heat exchange alkali metal working medium sodium (62).
7. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 4, wherein: the alkali metal heat pipe (6) comprises a stainless steel metal wall surface (61) and an internal flowing heat exchange alkali metal working medium sodium (62).
8. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the intermediate heat exchanger (2) consists of a heat exchanger shell (10) and a condensation section of the heat pipe (6) and is used for transferring waste heat of the thermionic conversion module (1) to the Brayton energy conversion system (4) so as to realize secondary utilization of energy.
9. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 4, wherein: the intermediate heat exchanger (2) consists of a heat exchanger shell (10) and a condensation section of the heat pipe (6) and is used for transferring waste heat of the thermionic conversion module (1) to the Brayton energy conversion system (4) so as to realize secondary utilization of energy.
10. A thermionic conversion and brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system according to claim 5, wherein: the intermediate heat exchanger (2) consists of a heat exchanger shell (10) and a condensation section of the heat pipe (6) and is used for transferring waste heat of the thermionic conversion module (1) to the Brayton energy conversion system (4) so as to realize secondary utilization of energy.
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| CN113140348A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-07-20 | 国科中子能(青岛)研究院有限公司 | Reactor nuclear power supply and have its removal carrier |
| CN113539541A (en) * | 2021-07-19 | 2021-10-22 | 安徽中科超安科技有限公司 | Nuclear power generation power supply system and nuclear power automobile with same |
| CN113744901A (en) * | 2021-08-09 | 2021-12-03 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | Hot plate reactor core heat exchanger, nuclear reactor equipment and manufacturing method |
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Application publication date: 20200811 |