CN111515538A - Electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method - Google Patents
Electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111515538A CN111515538A CN202010313823.5A CN202010313823A CN111515538A CN 111515538 A CN111515538 A CN 111515538A CN 202010313823 A CN202010313823 A CN 202010313823A CN 111515538 A CN111515538 A CN 111515538A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/346—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in combination with welding or cutting covered by groups B23K5/00 - B23K25/00, e.g. in combination with resistance welding
- B23K26/348—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in combination with welding or cutting covered by groups B23K5/00 - B23K25/00, e.g. in combination with resistance welding in combination with arc heating, e.g. TIG [tungsten inert gas], MIG [metal inert gas] or plasma welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/60—Preliminary treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
Abstract
The invention provides an electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method, which takes an electric arc heat source as a main heat source for additive manufacturing, simultaneously introduces laser and vibration, crushes dendritic crystals at the tip of a molten pool by vibration, increases nucleation particles, achieves the purpose of refining grains, improves the spreadability of molten pool metal in the forming process by laser, simultaneously avoids generating micro bubbles in the molten pool due to vibration, further eliminates micro pores formed in the structure, obtains good forming, and has good application prospect in the rapid manufacturing of metal materials, particularly the rapid and high-quality construction of large-scale structures of ships.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of additive manufacturing, and particularly relates to an electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method.
Background
The additive manufacturing can improve the utilization rate of the titanium alloy material, can realize the rapid manufacturing of parts with complex structures, and has wide application prospects in the fields of aerospace, ships, medical treatment, chemical industry and the like. At present, the additive manufacturing of metal materials mainly uses high-energy beams and electric arcs as heat sources, and the components are rapidly formed by powder laying/feeding, wire feeding and the like. However, the additive manufacturing process is a rapid non-equilibrium solidification process, and the phenomena of coarse grains, obvious anisotropy and the like of a forming structure easily occur in the forming process of a metal material due to heat accumulation and radiation directionality, so that the performance and the use of a formed workpiece are influenced.
The existing method for controlling the morphology and the performance of the tissue is mainly intervened by singly adding a grain refiner and adopting a method of stirring a molten pool by ultrasonic oscillation and a magnetic field. The addition of alloying elements as grain refiners can achieve the purpose of controlling coarse grains in the formed structure, but new elements are also introduced, possibly leading to performance degradation and the like. Refining grains by the stirring action of the magnetic field is an earlier way of using, but the alternating magnetic field affects the stability of the arc during the arc additive process. The purpose of refining grains can be realized by adopting an ultrasonic oscillation mode, a great amount of micro-bubble cores can be generated in the solidification process of a molten pool due to the cavitation effect and the sound flow effect of ultrasonic vibration, and the micro-bubble cores can be remained to form gaps in a formed tissue, so that the service performance of the tissue is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electric arc, laser and vibration coupled material increase manufacturing method, which takes an electric arc heat source as a main heat source to increase material, simultaneously introduces laser and vibration, breaks dendritic crystals at the tip of a molten pool by vibration, increases nucleation particles, achieves the purpose of refining grains, improves the spreadability of molten pool metal in the forming process by laser, avoids generating micro bubbles in the molten pool due to vibration, eliminates micro pores formed in a structure, obtains good forming, and has good application prospect in the rapid manufacturing of metal materials, particularly the rapid and high-quality construction of large-scale structures of ships.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method is used for slicing a three-dimensional model of a target metal part to obtain an additive manufacturing path, setting process parameters of additive manufacturing according to the path, and further comprising the following steps of:
mounting a vibration device to realize integral vibration of the substrate and metal parts on the substrate in a forming process, wherein the vibration direction is a vertical direction and a horizontal direction;
step two, according to the set process parameters and paths, performing layer-by-layer deposition forming on the substrate by adopting an arc fuse in an inert gas environment until a target metal part is obtained;
in the second step, the substrate and the obtained metal part are vibrated by the vibration device while deposition forming, and the vibration frequency is based on the condition that dendrites in the metal molten pool can be broken to refine grains;
during vibration, according to the shape of a metal melting pool on the obtained metal part, laser with large light spot and low energy density is adopted to act on the metal melting pool so as to improve the fluidity of metal in the metal melting pool and avoid the defect of generating gaps due to vibration.
The target metal part is made of any one of titanium, steel, aluminum and copper.
The vibration device is a mechanical vibration device.
The mechanical vibration device is a vibration exciter.
The vibration device is an ultrasonic vibration device.
The substrate needs to be cleaned before use.
The method for cleaning the substrate comprises the steps of mechanically polishing the surface of the substrate, removing oil stains on the surface of the substrate by using acetone and alcohol solvents in an ultrasonic cleaning mode respectively, drying for later use, measuring the size of the cleaned substrate, placing the substrate on a workbench, and fixing the substrate by using a clamp for later use.
The vibration frequency of the substrate and the metal parts on the substrate is 10-50 kHz, and the amplitude is 50-500 mu m.
When the vibration frequency of the substrate and the metal parts on the substrate is 10-40 kHz and the amplitude is less than 200 mu m, a gradient structure can be obtained on the formed metal parts, and the thickness of the gradient structure is positively correlated with the duration time of vibration.
The process parameters comprise wire feeding speed, forming speed, protective gas flow and laser power; wherein the wire feeding speed is 4.5-9.5m/min, the forming speed is 0.2-0.5m/min, the protective gas flow is 15-20L/min, and the laser power is 0.5-2.0 kw.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: in the additive manufacturing process, multiple energy forms such as electric arc, laser, vibration and the like simultaneously act on molten metal in the additive manufacturing process; for vibration, the substrate and the metal parts on the substrate are vibrated in an ultrasonic or mechanical vibration mode, so that dendrites in a molten pool can be broken, the effect of refining grains is achieved, but the cavitation effect and the acoustic flow effect of vibration can generate a large number of micro-bubble cores in the solidification process of the metal molten pool, and the micro-bubble cores can form gaps in a formed tissue and further influence the service performance of the tissue; therefore, the laser is introduced to act on the metal molten pool while vibrating, so that the surface tension of molten metal in the molten pool can be changed, the fluidity of the molten metal is improved, and the generated gap can be filled in time in the rapid solidification process, thereby avoiding the generation of gap defects in a forming structure; when the laser is adopted, the laser with large light spot (such as the diameter of 2 mm) and low energy density (such as the power of 0.5-1.0 kw) is adopted, so that the fluidity of the molten metal in a metal molten pool can be improved, and the phenomena of collapse and flowing of the formed metal caused by overhigh heat input can be avoided.
The invention can obtain the structure with compact internal structure, less defects and refined grains, and can also prepare the workpiece with the gradient structure.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a gold phase diagram of a Ti80 titanium alloy structure based on arc fuse additive manufacturing.
FIG. 2 is a gold phase diagram of a Ti80 titanium alloy structure produced by the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following drawings and examples, but the invention is not limited thereto.
Referring to the drawings, an arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method comprises the following steps:
(1) cleaning, namely mechanically polishing the surface of a substrate for bearing a target metal part, removing oil stains on the surface of the substrate by using acetone and an alcohol solvent respectively in an ultrasonic cleaning mode, drying for later use, measuring the size of the cleaned substrate, placing the substrate on a workbench, and fixing the substrate by using a clamp for later use;
(2) establishing a three-dimensional model of a target metal part, obtaining a three-dimensional model file, carrying out slicing processing on the file to obtain an additive manufacturing path, and setting appropriate process parameters such as wire feeding speed, current, voltage, laser power, defocusing amount and the like;
(3) installing a vibration device to realize the integral vibration of the base plate and the metal parts on the base plate in the forming process, wherein the vibration direction is vertical direction and horizontal direction, the vibration device can be a mechanical vibration device or an ultrasonic vibration device, and the mechanical vibration device can adopt a vibration exciter;
(4) according to the set process parameters and paths, performing layer-by-layer deposition forming on the substrate by adopting an arc fuse under the protection of an inert gas environment;
(5) while each layer is deposited and formed, the base plate and the obtained metal part are vibrated by the vibration device, and the vibration frequency is based on crushing dendrites in the metal molten pool to refine grains;
(6) during vibration, according to the shape of a metal melting pool on the obtained metal part, laser with large light spot and low energy density is adopted to act on the metal melting pool so as to improve the fluidity of metal in the metal melting pool and eliminate the gap defect caused by vibration;
(7) the above steps (5) and (6) are carried out along with the deposition forming of the step (4) until the final forming of the objective metal part.
The vibration frequency of the substrate and the metal parts on the substrate is 10 to 50kHz, and the amplitude is 50 to 500 μm.
By controlling the frequency and duration of vibration, gradient structures with different thicknesses can be obtained on the target metal part, the specific vibration frequency is 10-40 kHz, the amplitude is less than 200 mu m, and the thickness of the gradient structures is positively correlated with the duration of vibration.
The present invention will be further described below by comparing the prior art with the additive manufacturing method according to the present invention, with titanium alloys as the additive manufacturing target.
The Ti80 titanium alloy is used as a substrate, the specification of a wire material used for material increase is phi 1.2mm, and the Ti80 titanium alloy substrate comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 5.5-6.5% of Al, 2.5-3.5% of Nb, 1.5-2.5% of Zr, 0.6-1.5% of Mo, 0.25% of Fe, 0.15% of Si, 0.10% of C, 0.05% of N, 0.015% of H, 0.15% of O and the balance of Ti.
Mechanically polishing the surface of a Ti80 titanium alloy substrate, respectively removing oil stains by using acetone and alcohol solvent in an ultrasonic cleaning mode, drying for later use, measuring the size of the cleaned Ti80 titanium alloy substrate, placing the substrate on a workbench, and fixing the substrate by using a clamp for later use.
The prior art is as follows: when the arc fuse additive manufacturing method in the prior art is adopted: establishing a three-dimensional model of a target metal part, obtaining a three-dimensional model file, carrying out slicing treatment on the file to obtain a processing path of electric arc additive, setting additive process parameters, and carrying out layer-by-layer deposition on the part to be processed by adopting an electric arc fuse wire under an inert gas environment to ensure that a formed part is not oxidized, wherein the surface of a formed Ti80 titanium alloy component is silvery white.
Wherein the wire feeding speed is 4.5-9.5m/min, the forming speed is 0.2-0.5m/min, and the protective gas flow is 15-20L/min.
The method comprises the following steps: when the electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method is adopted, a three-dimensional model of a target metal part is established, a three-dimensional model file is obtained, the file is sliced, a processing path of electric arc additive is obtained, additive technological parameters are set, the part to be processed is subjected to layer-by-layer deposition by adopting an electric arc fuse wire under an inert gas environment, a formed part is ensured not to be oxidized, the surface of a formed Ti80 titanium alloy component is silvery white, high-frequency ultrasonic vibration is carried out on a substrate and a workpiece on the substrate in the layer-by-layer deposition process, and laser irradiation is carried out on a metal molten pool on the workpiece at the same time, wherein the wire feeding speed is 4.5-9.5m/min, the forming speed is 0.2-0.5m/min, the protection range is 15-20L/min, the laser power is 1kw, and the defocusing amount is +1 mm; the ultrasonic vibration frequency is 20 kHz; and through detection, the mechanical property of the formed titanium alloy workpiece is higher than that of a forging piece of the same grade.
Then, the titanium alloy components prepared by the two methods are analyzed by a metallographic microscope, and the comparison result is shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, wherein fig. 1 is a gold phase diagram of a Ti80 titanium alloy structure manufactured by arc fuse additive manufacturing, fig. 1 (B) is an enlargement at a position in fig. 1 (a), and fig. 1 (c) is an enlargement at a position B in fig. 1 (a); fig. 2 is a gold phase diagram of a Ti80 titanium alloy structure manufactured by the method of the present invention, and fig. 2 (B) is an enlargement at B in fig. 2 (a).
By comparison, as shown in fig. 1, the Ti80 titanium alloy structure manufactured by the arc fuse additive manufacturing method penetrates through the columnar crystal structure of multiple layers, and the structure performance after forming is reduced. The additive manufacturing method of electric arc, laser and vibration coupling can effectively refine grains and obtain a good structure, so that the microstructure of the manufactured Ti80 alloy is an irregular polygon, and the original beta crystal (prior-beta) is a polygon instead of a columnar crystal penetrating through multiple layers. It can be seen that the coupled additive manufacturing method of the present invention can effectively refine grains relative to the structure in fig. 1.
Therefore, the additive manufacturing is carried out through the organic combination of electric arc, laser and ultrasonic vibration (or mechanical vibration), so that the defects of internal unfused and pore spaces and the like in the forming process can be effectively reduced, and the crystal grains can be effectively refined on the premise of exerting the respective advantages and not increasing the heat input; gradient tissue can also be obtained by adjusting the time and frequency of ultrasonic vibration.
The above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and not to limit the same, and it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the specific embodiments of the present invention can be modified or substituted with equivalents with reference to the above embodiments, and any modifications or equivalents without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention are within the scope of the claims to be appended.
Claims (10)
1. Firstly, slicing is carried out on a three-dimensional model of a target metal part to obtain an additive manufacturing path, and process parameters of additive manufacturing are set according to the slicing process, and the method is characterized by further comprising the following steps after the process parameters are set:
mounting a vibration device to realize integral vibration of the substrate and metal parts on the substrate in a forming process, wherein the vibration direction is a vertical direction or a horizontal direction;
step two, according to the set process parameters and paths, performing layer-by-layer deposition forming on the substrate by adopting an arc fuse in an inert gas environment until a target metal part is obtained;
in the second step, the substrate and the obtained metal part are vibrated by the vibration device while deposition forming, and the vibration frequency is based on the condition that dendrites in the metal molten pool can be broken to refine grains;
during vibration, according to the shape of a metal melting pool on the obtained metal part, laser with large light spot and low energy density is adopted to act on the metal melting pool so as to improve the fluidity of metal in the metal melting pool and avoid the defect of generating gaps due to vibration.
2. The arc, laser, vibration coupled additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein the target metal part is made of any one of titanium, steel, aluminum, and copper.
3. An arc, laser, vibration coupled additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein said vibration device is a mechanical vibration device.
4. An arc, laser, vibration coupled additive manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein said mechanical vibration device is an exciter.
5. An arc, laser, vibration coupled additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein said vibration device is an ultrasonic vibration device.
6. An arc, laser, vibration coupled additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein said substrate requires a cleaning process prior to use.
7. The arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method according to claim 6, wherein the substrate is cleaned by mechanically polishing the surface of the substrate, ultrasonically cleaning the substrate with acetone and alcohol solvent, drying for later use, measuring the size of the cleaned substrate, placing the substrate on a workbench, and fixing the substrate with a clamp for later use.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate and the metal parts on the substrate have a vibration frequency of 10 to 50kHz and an amplitude of 50 to 500 μm.
9. The arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method according to claim 8, wherein when the vibration frequency of the substrate and the metal parts on the substrate is 10-40 kHz and the amplitude is less than 200 μm, a gradient structure can be obtained on the formed metal parts, and the thickness of the gradient structure is positively correlated with the duration of vibration.
10. The arc, laser, vibration coupled additive manufacturing method of claim 1, wherein said process parameters comprise wire feed speed, forming speed, shielding gas flow, laser power; wherein the wire feeding speed is 4.5-9.5m/min, the forming speed is 0.2-0.5m/min, the protective gas flow is 15-20L/min, and the laser power is 0.5-2.0 kw.
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| CN202010313823.5A CN111515538A (en) | 2020-04-20 | 2020-04-20 | Electric arc, laser and vibration coupled additive manufacturing method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112775439A (en) * | 2020-12-07 | 2021-05-11 | 上海航天设备制造总厂有限公司 | Modification method for eutectic silicon in aluminum alloy prepared by SLM |
| CN113102862A (en) * | 2021-05-13 | 2021-07-13 | 重庆大学 | Ultrasonic-assisted electric arc additive manufacturing method |
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