CN111513207A - Production method and use effect of biological feed capable of improving meat quality - Google Patents
Production method and use effect of biological feed capable of improving meat quality Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a production method and a use effect of a biological feed capable of improving meat quality. In order to reduce the crude fiber of the DDGS and improve the crude fat content of the DDGS, the feed is prepared by taking brewer's grains (DDGS) as a substrate and performing semi-solid fermentation on Aspergillus niger and Mortierella pusilla. According to the single-factor test scheme, the optimal proportion of fermentation conditions such as fermentation strains, inoculation proportion (2.5-20%), water-solid ratio (0-2%), fermentation time (1-6d), fermentation temperature (22-34 ℃), ammonium sulfate (0.2-1.0%), molasses concentration (2-10%) and the like is optimized. After the fermented DDGS is used for the Xiang yellow chicken feed, compared with the unfermented group, the addition of the fermented DDGS obviously reduces the pH value and the drip loss of the breast muscle while maintaining the original production performance. The meat quality of Xiang yellow chicken is obviously improved by adding the biological feed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of biological feed production capable of improving meat quality, in particular to biological feed production capable of improving the nutritive value of brewer's grains through microbial fermentation, and belongs to the technical field of feeds.
Background
The non-grain feed resources which are most widely applied at present mainly comprise two large blocks of grain byproducts and miscellaneous meal, wherein the grain byproducts mainly comprise corn DDGS, corn germ meal and corn gluten feed (corn byproducts); rice bran, broken rice (rice by-product); wheat bran, fine wheat bran, wheat middling (wheat by-product), and the like. The miscellaneous meal mainly comprises rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, sunflower meal, flax meal, palm meal and the like. The grain by-product is a novel raw material between energy feed and fiber feed, and the miscellaneous meal is a protein raw material capable of replacing part of bean meal. In order to save costs, these non-grain feed resources have already made a large proportion of the formulation in actual production. However, during processing, a significant portion of the plant cell wall components remain in these non-food feed sources, thereby significantly increasing their fiber content and also making the fiber composition more complex. The previous study shows that: the addition of corn DDGS, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, rapeseed meal and sunflower meal to the basic ration can reduce the digestion energy, metabolic energy and net energy of the ration; in the prediction equation established by the corn byproducts, the miscellaneous meal and the like, the fiber content is negatively related to the digestion energy and the metabolism energy. The difficulty in solving the application of unconventional feeds is therefore to increase the availability of its fibres.
The microbial treatment technology is a process of degrading cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other macromolecular carbohydrates in agricultural and sideline products crude fiber into micromolecular monosaccharides, disaccharides and amino acids through breeding certain special biological enzyme systems and strains and properly combining the enzyme systems and the strains, thereby improving the digestibility of the feed. Meanwhile, a large amount of microbial mycoprotein and other metabolites rich in nutrition are also generated and accumulated in the microbial treatment process of the agricultural byproducts, so that the feed is softened and becomes fragrant, and the nutrition is increased. Thereby replacing part of grain and effectively reducing the feed cost. The fermentation process produces various useful metabolites, such as antibiotics, vitamins, organic acids, hormones, etc., some of which can enhance animal disease resistance, such as antibiotics, and some of which can promote metabolism, such as hormones and vitamins, and some of which have antiseptic effect on feed, such as various organic acids. Some living microorganisms can promote the growth and the propagation of beneficial flora and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
The microbial protein feed can improve the conversion utilization rate of the feed. The beneficial microorganisms can enhance the digestive ability of digestive tract microorganisms and promote the digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients by animals. And most of the fermented feed has sauce flavor and good palatability, and the feed intake of the livestock and poultry is increased. In addition, the microorganisms produce acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid and other organic acids during fermentation, and these acids can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms such as colibacillus and other harmful microorganisms in vivo and in vitro, and raise the disease resistance of animal. The pig with high feed utilization rate has obvious difference in the structural integrity of the intestinal tract and the transportation and degradation of endotoxin compared with the pig with low feed utilization rate, and has less intestinal inflammatory reaction. In the aspect of energy metabolism utilization, the carcass slaughtering rate and lean meat percentage of the pigs with high feed utilization rate are higher when the pigs are slaughtered, and more energy is preferentially deposited into protein instead of fat, and the in vivo N deposition is increased. The pigs with low feed utilization rate have the characteristics of increased feeding time and frequency and heavy internal organs and intestinal contents, so that the requirement for maintaining energy is higher, and the feed utilization rate of the pigs is influenced by the basic metabolism level. The research of gene expression level shows that the down regulation of gene expression related to mitochondrial energy metabolism and ATP generation in pig muscle tissue and the up regulation of gene expression related to skeletal muscle differentiation and proliferation, the maintenance requirement reduction and the increase of muscle protein deposition capacity are important physiological bases of pigs with high feed utilization rate. The pig tissue with high feed utilization rate has stronger oxidation resistance and cell repair capacity, and the organism metabolism and olfactory signal conduction path are obviously related to the pig feed utilization rate.
Based on the research progress, the beer lees is supposed to be used as a main raw material, and through systematic research on the influence of fermentation conditions of different strains on the nutritive value of the beer lees, a proper strain is searched, the fiber content of the beer lees is reduced, the protein quality of the beer lees is improved, and a reasonable mode for producing the fermented beer lees biological feed by fermentation is established. Further discussing the application of the fermented brewer's grain feed in the production of livestock and poultry, and expecting to improve the immunity of livestock and poultry to diseases, promote the health of livestock and poultry, improve the quality of livestock products, achieve the high-efficiency utilization of brewer's grain and provide a more practical theoretical and practical basis for the production of feed in China by applying the fermented brewer's grain protein feed to the production of pigs or poultry. The method has profound significance for relieving the problems of feed resource shortage, meat quality improvement and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a biological production method and an application effect thereof, which are used for solving the problems in the prior art, improving the nutritional value of an industrial byproduct brewer's grain and improving the meat quality.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme: the invention provides a production method of a biological feed, the biological feed takes Aspergillus niger, Mortierella pusilla and the like as fermentation strains, takes beer grains as fermentation substrates, and the weight fractions of the fermentation conditions are respectively as follows:
strains (aspergillus niger: mortierella isabellina 1: 1);
the inoculation ratio (2.5-20%);
water-solid ratio (0-2%);
fermentation time (1-6%);
fermentation temperature (22-34 deg.C);
ammonium sulfate (0.2-1.0%);
molasses concentration (2-10%);
the biological feed has the effects of improving the quality of chicken and reducing the drip loss of breast muscles.
The invention discloses the following technical effects: compared with the brewer's grains, the total energy, crude fiber and dry matter content of the fermented brewer's grains are obviously reduced, but the crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content are obviously increased (P < 0.05). After fermentation, the total energy, dry matter, crude fat and organic matter total intestinal apparent metabolic rate of the beer lees is obviously reduced, and the total intestinal apparent metabolic rate of crude protein and crude fiber is not influenced (P is less than 0.05). Compared with the control group, the fermented brewer's grains have no significant influence on the breast muscle color score, the cooking loss, the shearing force, the crude fat and crude protein contents of breast muscles and leg muscles of Xiang yellow chickens, but the breast muscle pH and drip loss of the fermented brewer's grains are significantly reduced (P < 0.05).
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the attached tables in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, the present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying tables and embodiments.
Example 1
1 materials and methods
1.1 activation of the bacteria and preparation of the fermentation Medium
The Mortierella pusilla M.isabellina As3.3410 was purchased from China general microbiological culture Collection center, Aspergillus niger was provided by national institute of bioscience and environmental sciences, Aspergillus niger or Mortierella pusilla (M.isabellina As3.3410) was activated on potato agar slant medium at 28 deg.C for 7 days, and then a single colony was inoculated into potato liquid seed medium and shake-cultured at 28 deg.C for 2d at 180 r/min. And filtering the Aspergillus niger or Mortierella pusilla spore solution which is cultured for 2d and is in logarithmic growth phase by eight layers of sterile gauze to obtain spore suspension. DDGS is a by-product of beer production by fermentation of wheat and rice with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is given away by Hengyang Yanjing brewery. Crushing DDGS, sieving with a 40-mesh sieve, adding appropriate amount of water, and treating at 0.2MP 120 deg.C for 20min for use. The detection shows that the contents of DDGS crude fiber, crude fat, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) are respectively 12.70 +/-0.23%, 5.65 +/-0.30%, 45.55 +/-0.58% and 19.69 +/-0.41%. 3.36g of molasses,0.56 gamma onium sulfate
1.2 fermentation Condition optimization
Adding 52g DDGS, 3.36g molasses and 0.56g ammonium sulfate into a 250mL triangular flask, adding 56mL water, sterilizing at 120 ℃ for 20min, adding bacterial liquid, culturing at 28 ℃ for 6 days, and collecting the product to be tested. During the fermentation, single-factor tests are carried out on the fermentation conditions such as the inoculation ratio (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 20%), the water-solid ratio (0,0.5,0.8,1.1,1.5,2.0), the addition ratio of ammonium sulfate (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%), molasses (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) and the fermentation temperature (22 ℃,25 ℃,28 ℃,31 ℃,34 ℃). And (4) obtaining the optimal fermentation condition by taking the reduction amplitude of the crude fiber and the improvement amplitude of the crude fat as optimization targets.
1.3 sample Collection analysis
Drying the fermented product at 65 deg.C to constant weight, sieving with 40 mesh sieve, and storing in refrigerator at-20 deg.C. Crude fat reference GThe B/T6433-2006 takes petroleum ether as an extractant for measurement, crude fiber is measured by referring to a filtration method GB/T6434-2006, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) is measured by referring to GB/T20806-2006 and is treated by boiling with a neutral detergent, and insoluble residue, namely NDF, is measured. Measurement of acid-washed fiber (ADF) measurement of insoluble residue, i.e., ADF, by boiling treatment with an acid detergent according to NY/T1459-2007[8]。
1.4 statistical analysis of data
Each experiment was performed 6 replicates. The results were analyzed using the GLM program of SAS8.0 software. When the difference is significant, the mean between groups is subjected to multiple comparisons by the Duncan method, and the result is expressed as mean value. + -. standard error (or standard deviation). Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05.
2 results and analysis
The results show that the inoculation ratio, the water-solid ratio, the fermentation temperature, the ammonium sulfate and the molasses addition concentration significantly influence the crude fiber content of the fermentation product (P < 0.05). After fermentation, the crude fat of DDGS increased from 5.65 + -0.30% to 6.08 + -0.06%, the crude fiber decreased from 12.70 + -0.23% to 11.04 + -0.08%, and the neutral detergent fiber decreased from 45.55 + -0.58% to 39.97 + -0.69%.
Example 2
Test animal selection and rearing management
48 Xiang yellow chickens of the same age of the day and the same variety of 30 days are selected as test animals, and the test chicken house is positioned in an animal house of the Yang-balancing teachers and universities, and is naturally ventilated and sufficiently illuminated. In the experiment, Xiang yellow chickens were raised in a three-dimensional single cage, and were fed once in the morning and evening every day without any restriction on drinking water. Sanitary cleaning and disinfection are carried out on time every day. Feces and urine were collected daily and the health of the flock was observed.
2 design of the experiment
2.1 daily ration and animals
The experiment was divided into control and experimental groups, each group was 12 replicates, with 4 chickens per replicate. The group A was fed with basal diet (see Table 1), the group B was fed with basal diet supplemented with 20% brewer's grains, and the group C was fed with basal diet supplemented with 20% fermented brewer's grains. The nutrient metabolism rate test was performed by the alternative method.
TABLE 1 broiler basic diet composition and nutritional level (air-dry basis)
Table 1Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets(air-dry basis)
Note: premix feed to each kilogram of diet: VA 11000 IU; VC is 15 mg; VD 32000 IU; VE 1 mg; VK31 mg; VB 11 mg; VB 25 mg; VB60.8mg; VB120.001mg; folic acid 0.2 mg; nicotinic acid 2.5 mg; biotin 0.5 μ g; 8mg of copper; 60mg of manganese; 80mg of iron; 40mg of zinc; 0.35mg of iodine; selenium 0.15mg.
2.2 sample Collection and processing
After 3 days of feed transition period, continuously collecting feces and urine for 4 days, and dripping sulfuric acid in time after each feces collection to prevent ammonia and nitrogen from volatilizing; and adding toluene dropwise for treatment for corrosion prevention. Mixing the collected excrement and urine every day, drying at 65 ℃, fully grinding by using a mortar, sieving by using a 40-mesh sieve, and placing into a refrigerator at-20 ℃ for storage to be tested.
2.3 index detection
The total energy, crude protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus and crude ash content in the fermented brewer's grains, feed and excrement are detected by referring to the book of feed analysis and feed quality detection technology. Determining the hydrolyzed amino acid by adopting an amino acid analyzer; the macroelements and microelements were detected by ICP analysis.
According to book of animal nutriology of Mr. Yang Feng, the nutrient apparent metabolic rate of the fermented brewer's grains is calculated according to substitution method.
2.4 data processing and analysis
The experimental data were single factor anova using SAS8.0 software, the differences between groups were tested using Duncan, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard error (mean ± SE), with a significance level P < 0.05.
3 results and analysis of the experiments
The total energy, crude fiber, dry matter content of fermented brewer's grains was significantly reduced compared to brewer's grains, but the crude protein, crude fat, crude ash content was significantly increased (P <0.05) (table 2). After fermentation, the total energy, dry matter, crude fat and organic matter total intestinal apparent metabolic rate of the beer lees is obviously reduced, and the total intestinal apparent metabolic rate of crude protein and crude fiber is not influenced (P is less than 0.05) (Table 3). Compared with the control group, the fermented brewer's grains had no significant effect on the breast muscle color score, cooking loss, shearing force, crude fat and crude protein content of breast and leg muscles of Xiang yellow chickens, but the breast muscle pH and drip loss of the fermented brewer's grains were significantly reduced (P <0.05) (Table 4).
The production method of the biological feed has the effects of reducing the content of the brewer's grain crude fiber, the neutral detergent fiber and the acidic detergent fiber and increasing the content of the brewer's grain crude fat, calcium and phosphorus, and the fermented biological feed can be used for Xianghuang chickens to obviously reduce the drip loss of breast muscles of the Xianghuang chickens.
The above is only one embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several similar modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the inventive concept of the present invention, and these should also be considered as within the protection scope of the present invention.
TABLE 1 broiler basic diet composition and nutritional level (air-dry basis)
Table 1Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets(air-dry basis)
Note: premix feed to each kilogram of diet: VA 11000 IU; VC is 15 mg; VD 32000 IU; VE 1 mg; VK31 mg; VB 11 mg; VB 25 mg; VB60.8mg; VB120.001mg; folic acid 0.2 mg; nicotinic acid 2.5 mg; biotin 0.5 μ g; 8mg of copper; 60mg of manganese; 80mg of iron; 40mg of zinc; 0.35mg of iodine; selenium 0.15mg.
TABLE 2 conventional nutrient contents of brewer's grains (BDG) and fermented brewer's grains (FBDG)
Table 2.Nutrients concentration of wheat-rice based DDGS(BDG)andfermented BDG
| Nutrients for nutrition | BDG | FBDG | SEM | P value |
| Dry matter Dry matter,% | 96.10 | 88.02 | 0.44 | ＜0.0001 |
| Crude fat cride fat% | 16.99 | 23.69 | 0.32 | ＜0.0001 |
| Total Gross energy, MJ/kg | 21.30 | 20.59 | 0.14 | 0.044 |
| Crude protein loud protein% | 37.82 | 48.91 | 1.78 | 0.021 |
| Crude fiber crank fiber,％ | 18.44 | 11.27 | 0.40 | 0.000 |
| Crude Ash,%) | 3.22 | 3.76 | 0.09 | 0.020 |
TABLE 3 Total intestinal apparent metabolic rate of brewer's grains (BDG) and fermented brewer's grains (FBDG)
Table 3In vivo nutrients total intestinal apparent digestibility ofwheat-rice based DDGS(BDG) and fermented BDG
| Nutrient Nutrients nutrents% | BDG | FBDG | SEM | P value |
| Dry matter | 76.30 | 72.75 | 0.504 | 0.012 |
| Crude fat loud fat | 86.93 | 83.68 | 0.265 | 0.001 |
| Total energy Gross energy | 80.75 | 78.64 | 0.564 | 0.011 |
| Crude protein Crude protein | 35.17 | 38.79 | 2.352 | 0.471 |
| Crude fiber crank fiber | 23.51 | 21.11 | 0.770 | 0.170 |
| Organic matter | 79.83 | 75.63 | 0.511 | 0.006 |
TABLE 4 influence of addition of 20% brewer's grains or fermented brewer's grains on meat quality of 42-70-day-old Xiang yellow chickens
Table 4Quality of meat from broilers supplemented with either 20％fermented distiller’s dried grains with solubles or 20％fermented distiller’sdried grains with solubles from 42 to 70days of age
1FDDGS fermented brewery mash, DDGS brewery mash.
Claims (4)
1. A biological feed is characterized in that brewer's grains are used as fermentation substrates, and Aspergillus niger and Mortierella pusilla are used for fermenting the brewer's grains by a semi-solid state fermentation method. The fermentation medium comprises the following components: 85-90% of beer lees, 2-10% of molasses and 0.20-1.00% of ammonium sulfate. Adding 0-2 times of water by mass volume ratio into the fermentation culture medium, treating at 120 deg.C for 20min in a high-temperature high-pressure sterilizing pot, inoculating 2.5-20% of spore liquid of Aspergillus niger and Mortierella pusilla M.isabellina As3.3410 (1:1), and fermenting at 22-34 deg.C for 1-6 days to obtain the biological feed.
2. A process for producing the biological feed of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(1) activating Aspergillus niger and Mortierella pusilla As3.3410 on potato solid culture medium for 4 days respectively, collecting flat plates, cleaning with sterilized distilled water, and filtering with eight layers of gauze to obtain spores. Or picking single colony from solid plate culture medium, activating on potato liquid culture medium for 24h, and filtering with eight layers of gauze to obtain spore.
(2) Adding 0-2 times of water in mass volume ratio into the fermentation culture medium, processing at 120 deg.C for 20min, inoculating 2.5-20% mixed bacterial spore suspension, and fermenting at 22-34 deg.C for 1-6d to obtain biological feed.
3. Nutritional ingredients the nutritional value of the biological feed according to claim 1 is characterized in that:
(1) compared with the unfermented feed, the fermented feed has the advantages that the crude fiber content is reduced from 14.50 +/-0.50% to 10.63 +/-0.34%, the neutral detergent fiber content is reduced from 48.02 +/-0.34% to 32.74 +/-0.36%, the acid detergent fiber content is reduced from 24.41 +/-0.66% to 17.13 +/-0.49%, meanwhile, the crude fat content of DDGS is improved from 5.07 +/-0.06% to 6.34 +/-0.20%, the calcium content is improved from 0.29 +/-0.01% to 0.39 +/-0.02%, and the phosphorus content is improved from 1.13 +/-0.08% to 1.25 +/-0.08%. After the conventional nutrient components of the fermented DDGS, such as total energy, crude protein, amino acid and trace element, are detected, the lysine, threonine and tryptophan of the fermented DDGS respectively contain 1.62 percent, 1.39 percent and 0.25 percent, and the magnesium, zinc and manganese contents of the fermented DDGS are 384.88 mu g/g, 153.65 mu g/g and 145.39 mu g/g respectively. In addition, the research evaluates the nutrient metabolism rate of the DDGS on broiler chickens by an alternative method, and compared with the unfermented DDGS, the metabolism rate of various conventional nutrients of the fermented DDGS is reduced, but the amino acid metabolism rate is improved.
4. The use method and the use effect of the biological feed of the feed preparation claim 1 are characterized in that:
(1) the use method of the biological feed in the broiler feed can replace 20% of corn-soybean meal feed at most, obviously reduce the pH value and the drip loss of the breast muscle (the drip loss is reduced from 1.48 to 0.96, SEM is 0.11, P is 0.048) while maintaining the original production performance, reduce the proportion of C14 in the fatty acid composition of leg muscle (0.75vs.0.65, SEM is 0.01, P is 0.032), have no obvious influence on the fatty acid composition of the breast muscle, and effectively improve the meat quality of the broiler feed.
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