CN111511791B - 使用曼尼希多元醇来生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法 - Google Patents
使用曼尼希多元醇来生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111511791B CN111511791B CN201880082425.8A CN201880082425A CN111511791B CN 111511791 B CN111511791 B CN 111511791B CN 201880082425 A CN201880082425 A CN 201880082425A CN 111511791 B CN111511791 B CN 111511791B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于生产包括至少一个顶层和硬质聚氨酯泡沫层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法,在该方法中,将(a)多异氰酸酯与(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、任选地(c)阻燃剂、(d)推进剂、(e)催化剂和任选地(f)助剂和添加剂混合以形成反应混合物,将反应混合物施用于顶层并且固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫。其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚醇(b1),其通过具有4至8的平均官能度和300至600mg KOH/g的羟值的起始剂或起始剂混合物的烷氧基化来制备;至少一种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),其可以是烷氧基化的,其可通过在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团–NHR(其中R为任意的有机基团或为氢)的芳族化合物、一种或多种醛和/或酮、以及一种或多种伯胺或仲胺的反应而制备;以及至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3)。芳族曼尼希缩合物的比例为大于5重量%至小于20重量%,相对于组分(b)的总重量计。本发明进一步地涉及根据该方法可获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于生产包括至少一个外层和硬质聚氨酯泡沫层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法,通过将(a)多异氰酸酯与(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、(c)任选阻燃剂、(d)发泡剂、(e)催化剂和(f)任选助剂和佐剂混合以形成反应混合物,将反应混合物施用于外层,并且使其固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫;其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚醇(b1),其通过具有4至8的平均官能度和300至600mg KOH/g的羟值的起始剂或起始剂混合物的烷氧基化来制备;至少一种芳族曼尼希(Mannich)缩合物(b2),其可以是烷氧基化的,其可通过在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团–NHR(其中R为任意的有机基团或为氢)的芳族化合物、一种或多种醛和/或酮、以及一种或多种伯胺或仲胺的反应而制备;以及至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3);芳族曼尼希缩合物的量为大于5重量%至小于20重量%,基于组分(b)的总重量计。本发明进一步地涉及可通过该方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件。
硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有悠久的历史,主要用于隔热保温(例如在制冷设备中、在热水存储设施中、在区域供热管道中)或在构造(例如在由多个外层和以硬质聚氨酯泡沫制成的核心所组成的复合元件)中。
目前广泛实施的是,在连续式双带生产线上生产的特别是由多个金属外层及基于异氰酸酯的泡沫制成的芯所组成的复合元件,这些元件通常也被称为夹层元件。除了用于冷藏库隔热的夹层元件以外,用于装饰各种不同建筑物外部的元件也日益重要。
在生产夹层元件时的一些情况下,在下部外层和基于异氰酸酯的泡沫之间会出现不希望的空气夹杂物,这被称为空隙。金属片和泡沫之间的这些空气夹杂物可能会导致金属片鼓起,并且在外部上使用这些元件时使外部失去吸引力,尤其是在温度波动急剧的情形下以及在外层为暗色调的颜色时。因此,具有低空隙数的高表面质量,以及外层与硬质聚氨酯泡沫之间的有效粘附,是生产夹层元件的重要因素。
由于技术原因,通常期望具有相对低的阻燃剂含量或改善的防火性。防火性可以通过使用聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫来改善。聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫通常是必须在至少60℃的温度下,通过三聚催化剂,使多异氰酸酯与具有异氰酸酯反应性氢原子的化合物反应而获得,其中三聚催化剂的实例为羧酸铵或羧酸碱金属盐。由于聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫也包含高比例的聚氨酯键,因此术语“硬质聚氨酯泡沫”也涵盖了这种聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫。
聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫的缺点是它们与外层的粘附性低,通常需要使用增粘剂。此外,特别是在厚度为100mm或更小的薄的夹层元件的情况下,在技术上难以确保所需的反应温度,因此导致防火性能恶化。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法,其中即便不使用增粘剂,硬质聚氨酯泡沫也显示出与一个或多个外层的有效粘附,以及甚至在低于60℃的加工温度下——具体而言在模具和外层温度下——也显示出非常好的防火性。
出乎意料地,该目的已经通过一种用于生产包括至少一个外层和硬质聚氨酯泡沫层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法来实现,通过将(a)多异氰酸酯与(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物、(c)任选阻燃剂、(d)发泡剂、(e)催化剂和(f)任选助剂和佐剂混合以形成反应混合物;将反应混合物施用于外层;并且使其固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫。其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚醇(b1),其通过具有4至8的平均官能度和300至600mg KOH/g的羟值的起始剂或起始剂混合物的烷氧基化来制备;至少一种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),其可以是烷氧基化的,其可通过在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团–NHR(其中R为任意的有机基团或为氢)的芳族化合物、一种或多种醛和/或酮、以及一种或多种伯胺或仲胺的反应而制备;以及至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3);芳族曼尼希缩合物的量为大于5重量%至小于20重量%,基于组分(b)的总重量计。本发明进一步地涉及可通过该方法获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件。
在生产本发明的复合元件时,优选使用第二外层,从而形成具有顶部外层和底部外层并且在介于中间的空间中包含硬质聚氨酯泡沫的夹层元件。该方法适合连续或不连续使用。例如,在双带的启动过程中以及对于使用不连续压机生产的复合元件,不连续操作可能有问题。在使用双带生产线时可连续施用。在该双带工艺中,反应混合物例如通过高压或低压技术生产,并经常使用振荡或固定的耙子施加器施加到下部外层。然后将上部外层施加到完全反应的反应混合物上。随后进行最终固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫,优选仍然在双带***中。这样的方法是已知的,并且记载于例如Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,“聚氨酯”,Carl-Hanser-Verlag Munich,第3版,1993,第4.2.2、6.2.2和6.2.3节中。
所使用的外层可以是软质或硬质(优选硬质)的外层,例如石膏板、玻璃砖、铝箔、铝、铜板或钢板,优选铝箔、铝板或钢板,更优选钢板。这些外层也可以用例如常规的涂料或清漆涂覆。外层可以是涂覆的或未涂覆的。外层可以例如通过电晕、弧光灯或等离子体处理或其他常规技术进行预处理。
双带工艺中的外层优选以1至60m/min,优选2至50m/min,更优选2.5至30m/min,更特别是2.5至20m/min的恒定速度输送。在此,至少从应用泡沫***的角度出发,外层处于水平位置。
使用本发明的方法,在将反应混合物施加到下部外层之前,优选使外层——单层或多层——从辊上展开,任选地对其提供整形的、任选地经加热、任选地进行了预处理以增强聚氨酯的发泡性,并且任选地涂覆了增粘剂。在连续式双带法中,优选将反应混合物在双带内固化,最后修整至所需长度。
所考虑的多异氰酸酯(a)是常规的脂族、脂环族和芳脂族,优选芳族多官能异氰酸酯。这些类型的多官能异氰酸酯本身是已知的,或者可以通过本身已知的方法制备。特别地,多官能异氰酸酯也可以作为混合物使用,因此在这种情况下,组分(a)包含多种多官能异氰酸酯。被考虑作为多异氰酸酯的多官能异氰酸酯在每个分子中具有两个(以下称为二异氰酸酯)或多于两个异氰酸酯基团。
具体的异氰酸酯特别包括以下物质:在亚烷基中具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如十二烷1,12-二异氰酸酯、2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯,优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3和1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任意所需的混合物、1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷(IPDI)、六氢甲苯2,4和2,6-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二环己基甲烷4,4'-,2,2'和2,4'-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物;优选芳族多异氰酸酯,例如甲苯2,4-和2,6-二异氰酸酯及其相应的异构体混合物、二苯基甲烷4,4'-,2,4'-和2,2'-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二苯基甲烷4,4'-和2,4'-二异氰酸酯的混合物,聚苯基-聚亚甲基多异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷4,4'-,2,4'-和2,2'-二异氰酸酯和聚苯基-聚亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(粗MDI)、以及粗MDI和甲苯二异氰酸酯的混合物。
特别合适的是二苯基甲烷2,2'-,2,4'--和/或4,4'-二异氰酸酯(MDI)、亚萘基1,5-二异氰酸酯(NDI)、甲苯2,4-和/或2,6-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、3,3'-二甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯、1,2-二苯基乙烷二异氰酸酯和/或对亚苯基二异氰酸酯(PPDI)、三亚甲基二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、七亚甲基二异氰酸酯和/或八亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯,2-乙基亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯、五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、亚丁基1,4-二异氰酸酯、1-异氰酸酯基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,IPDI)、1,4-和/或1,3-双(异氰酸酯基甲基)环己烷(HXDI)、环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯、1-甲基环己烷2,4-和/或2,6-二异氰酸酯、以及二环己基甲烷4,4'-,2,4'-和/或2,2'-二异氰酸酯。
还经常使用改性的多异氰酸酯,它们是通过有机多异氰酸酯的化学反应获得的,并且在每个分子中具有至少两个反应性异氰酸酯基团。尤其是包括含有酯、脲、缩二脲、脲基甲酸酯、碳二亚胺、异氰脲酸酯、脲二酮、氨基甲酸酯和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基团的多异氰酸酯,其还经常与未反应的多异氰酸酯一起。
组分(a)的多异氰酸酯特别优选包含2,2'-MDI或2,4'-MDI或4,4'-MDI(也称为单体二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯或MMDI)或低聚MDI,其由具有至少3个芳族环且官能度至少为3的MDI较高级多环同系物组成;或上述二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中的两种或三种的混合物;或粗MDI,它是在生产MDI中获得的;或优选地,至少一种MDI低聚物和上述低分子量MDI衍生物2,2'-MDI、2,4'-MDI或4,4'-MDI中的至少一种的混合物(也称为聚合MDI)。MDI的异构体和同系物通常通过蒸馏粗MDI获得。
聚合MDI优选不仅包含双环MDI,而且还包含一种或多种具有大于2(尤其是3或4或5)的官能度的MDI的多环缩合产物。聚合MDI是已知的,并且经常被称为聚苯基-聚亚甲基多异氰酸酯。
包含聚合MDI的多异氰酸酯的平均官能度可以在约2.2至约4的范围内变化,尤其是2.4至3.8,并且尤其是2.6至3.0。这种具有不同官能度的基于MDI的多官能异氰酸酯的一种特定混合物是粗MDI,其在制备MDI中作为中间体而获得。
基于组分(a)的总重量计,组分(a)优选包含至少70重量%、更优选至少90重量%、尤其是100重量%的一种或多种选自下述的异氰酸酯:2,2'-MDI、2,4'-MDI、4,4'-MDI和MDI的低聚物。此处,低聚的MDI的量优选为至少20重量%,更优选大于30至小于80重量%,基于组分(a)的总重量计。
具有至少两个异氰酸酯反应性氢原子的化合物(b)包含至少一种聚醚醇(b1),其优选通过具有4至8的平均官能度和300至600mg KOH/g的羟值的起始剂或起始剂混合物的烷氧基化来制备;至少一种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),其可以是烷氧基化的,其可通过在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团–NHR(其中R为任意的有机基团或为氢)的芳族化合物、一种或多种醛和/或酮、以及一种或多种伯胺或仲胺的反应而制备;和至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3)。此外,组分(b)可以包含扩链剂和/或交联剂(b4),至少一种具有2至4的官能度和100至小于300mg KOH/g的羟值的聚醚醇(b5),以及在聚氨酯化学中很常见并且具有至少两个异氰酸酯反应性氢原子但是并不落在化合物(b1)至(b5)的定义中的其他化合物。这种具有异氰酸酯反应性氢原子的其他化合物是已知的,并且记载于例如Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,“聚氨酯”Carl-Hanser-Verlag,Munich,第三版,1993,第3.1或6.1.1节。
除组分(b1)至(b5)以外,在每种情况下基于组分(b)的总重量计,组分(b)优选包含小于20重量%、更优选小于10重量%、尤其是不包含其他具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基呈反应性的氢原子的化合物。在此,组分(b)的平均官能度优选为2.5至6.0,更优选3.0至4.5,并且羟值优选为250至450mg KOH/g。
在一个特别有利的实施方案中,组分(b)由以下物质的混合物组成:20至60重量%、尤其是30至50重量%的一种或多种聚醚醇(b1),大于5至小于20重量%、尤其是6至18重量%、优选7至16重量%的呈烷氧基化或未烷氧基化形式的一种或多种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),以及20至60重量%、尤其是30至50wt%的芳族聚酯多元醇,各自基于成分(b1)至(b3)计。
在更优选的实施方案中,组分(b)包含20至60重量%、尤其是30至50重量%的一种或多种聚醚醇(b1),大于5至小于20重量%、尤其是6至18重量%、优选7至16重量%的呈烷氧基化或未烷氧基化形式的一种或多种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),20至60重量%、尤其是30至50重量%的一种或多种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3),0至15重量%、优选0至12重量%、且尤其是3至10重量%的扩链剂和/或交联剂(b4),以及0至20重量%、优选0至15重量%、尤其是3至12重量%的一种或多种聚醚醇(b5),各自基于组分(b1)至(b5)的总和计。
聚醚醇b1)通常是通过将环氧烷加成到H官能起始物质上来制备。该方法是公知常识且常用于制备此类产品。
使用的起始物质可以是醇或胺。所使用的胺可以是脂族胺,例如乙二胺。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,可以使用芳族胺,尤其是甲苯二胺(TDA)或二苯基甲烷二胺和聚亚苯基-聚亚甲基多胺的混合物。在每种情况下基于组分b)的重量计,组分b)优选包含至多65重量%,更优选至多40重量%的基于芳族胺的聚醚醇。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,组分b)不包含基于脂族或芳族胺的聚醚醇。
因此,为了制备聚醚醇b1),优选的H官能起始物质是多官能醇。
更具体地,这些是具有2至8的官能度的醇。其实例为二醇(例如乙二醇或丙二醇)、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇以及糖醇(例如蔗糖或山梨醇),例如以不同的醇的混合物的形式。固体起始物质例如蔗糖和山梨糖醇经常与液体起始物质特别是例如乙二醇或甘油混合。在这种情况下,选择数均官能度作为起始物质的官能度。
多元醇b1)优选使用高官能度的醇与已经描述的在室温下为液体的醇,尤其是甘油的混合物来制备。所用的高官能度醇优选糖化合物(例如葡萄糖,山梨糖醇,甘露醇和蔗糖),多元酚,甲阶酚醛树脂(例如酚和甲醛的低聚缩合物),以及酚、甲醛和二烷醇胺的曼尼希缩合物,以及三聚氰胺。特别优选糖醇,特别是蔗糖或山梨糖醇。
已经表明,使用以山梨糖醇为起始物的聚醚醇,在加工和泡沫性能方面具有优势。因此,存在更好的固化和改善的压缩应力。
所用的环氧烷优选为环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷或这些化合物的混合物。特别优选使用纯的环氧丙烷。
将环氧烷加成到起始物质上优选在催化剂的存在下进行。所使用的催化剂主要是碱性化合物,其中氧化物尤其是碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物具有最大的技术意义。通常使用氢氧化钾作为催化剂。
本发明的一个实施方案使用胺作为催化剂来制备聚醚醇(b1)。所述的胺优选为具有至少一个叔氨基的那些、咪唑、胍或其衍生物。这些胺催化剂优选具有至少一个与环氧烷反应的基团,例如伯氨基或仲氨基,或更优选羟基。
本发明的聚醚醇(b1)的羟值为300至600mg KOH/g,优选350至550mg KOH/g。
作为芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),其可以是烷氧基化的,所用的曼尼希缩合物是通过在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团–NHR(其中R为任意的有机基团例如烷基或为氢)的芳族化合物、一种或多种醛和/或酮、以及一种或多种伯胺或仲胺的反应来制备的。
在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团-NHR的芳族化合物的实例为苯酚,邻、对和间甲酚,乙基苯酚,壬基苯酚,十二烷基苯酚,对苯基苯酚,2-氯苯酚,2,6-二氯苯酚,2-溴苯酚,2-溴-6-环己基苯酚,对硝基苯酚,3,5-二甲基苯酚,对异丙基苯酚,β-萘酚,羟基蒽,在三嗪环上含有至少一个氨基的取代的s-三嗪化合物(例如三聚氰胺),氰尿二酰胺,氰尿酰胺,胍胺和苯并胍胺,以及各种双酚,包括2,2-双(4-羟苯基)丙烷(双酚A);优选苯酚,具有1至10个碳原子的单烷基苯酚和双酚A;特别优选的化合物是双酚A和壬基苯酚。
适用于制备曼尼希缩合物(b2)的醛和/或酮的实例是甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛、环己酮、苯乙酮、2,3-二氢-1-茚酮、乙酰基萘以及1-四氢萘酮和2-四氢萘酮。特别优选使用甲醛。
适用于制备曼尼希缩合物(b2)的伯胺或仲胺的实例为单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、异丙醇胺、二异丙醇胺、羟乙胺、乙醇异丙醇胺、乙醇-2-羟丁胺、异丙醇-2-羟丁胺、异丙醇-2-羟基己胺、乙醇-2-羟基己胺、双(2-羟丙基)胺、N-羟乙基哌嗪、N-羟丁胺、N-羟乙基-2,5-二甲基哌嗪;特别优选二乙醇胺。
组分(b2)中使用的曼尼希缩合物也可以被烷氧基化。烷氧基化通过已知方法进行,如在关于组分(b1)的制备中已记载。此处优选的环氧烷是环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、1,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-和2,3-环氧丁烷、四氢呋喃和氧化苯乙烯,优选环氧乙烷和1,2-环氧丙烷,尤其是1,2-环氧丙烷。环氧烷可以单独使用、相继交替使用或作为混合物使用。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,基于使曼尼希缩合物b2)发生烷氧基化所用的环氧烷的总重量计,1,2-环氧丙烷的量为至少50重量%,优选至少80重量%,更优选至少90重量%,尤其是100重量%。
组分(b2)中使用的芳族曼尼希缩合物多元醇优选具有2至6,更优选3至5的官能度。芳族曼尼希缩合多元醇(b2)的OH值优选为200至650,更优选为300至550mg KOH/g。
在一个优选的实施方案中,曼尼希碱由芳族化合物对壬基苯酚和/或苯酚和/或双酚A,仲胺二乙醇胺和/或二异丙醇胺和甲醛合成。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,所记载的曼尼希碱是烷氧基化的。
根据本发明,组分(b)包含至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3)。合适的聚酯多元醇(b3)可以优选由芳族二羧酸、或芳族和脂族二羧酸的混合物制备、更优选仅由芳族二羧酸与多元醇来制备。代替游离的二羧酸,也可以使用相应的二羧酸衍生物,例如具有1至4个碳原子的醇的二羧酸酯或二元羧酸酐。
所用的芳族二羧酸或芳族二羧酸衍生物优选为邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸,以混合物或单独使用;优选使用邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐和对苯二甲酸。特别优选使用对苯二甲酸或对苯二甲酸二甲酯,尤其是对苯二甲酸。脂族二羧酸可以与芳族二羧酸混合使用,起次要作用。脂族二羧酸的实例是丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、癸烷二羧酸、顺丁烯二酸和反丁烯二酸。
多元醇的实例如下:乙二醇、二乙二醇、1,2和1,3-丙二醇、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,10-癸二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷和季戊四醇、和/或它们的烷氧化物。优选使用乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷和/或它们的烷氧化物,或所述多元醇中的至少两种的混合物。
本发明的一个具体实施方案还使用聚醚醇作为多元醇,所述聚醚醇是甘油和/或三羟甲基丙烷与环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷、优选与环氧乙烷的反应产物,聚醚醇的OH值为500至750mg KOH/g。这使组分(b3)的储存稳定性提高。
聚酯多元醇(b3)优选不仅使用芳族二羧酸或其衍生物和多元醇,而且还使用至少一种脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物、优选脂肪酸来制备。
脂肪酸可以含有羟基。此外,脂肪酸可以含有双键。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,脂肪酸优选不含羟基。
在此,基于组分b3)的重量计,组分(b3)的平均脂肪酸含量优选大于1重量%,更优选大于2.5重量%,更优选大于4重量%,非常优选大于5重量%。
基于组分b3)的总重量计,组分(b3)的平均脂肪酸含量优选低于30wt%,更优选低于20wt%。
脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物优选为基于可再生原材料的脂肪酸或脂肪酸衍生物,所述可再生原材料选自蓖麻油、多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性油、葡萄籽油、黑角茴香油、南瓜仁油、琉璃苣籽油、大豆油、小麦胚芽油、菜籽油、葵花籽油、花生油、杏仁油、开心果油、扁桃仁油、橄榄油、澳洲坚果油、鳄梨油、沙棘油、芝麻油、***油、榛子油、报春花油、野玫瑰油、红花油、胡桃油,基于肉豆蔻油酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、11-十八碳烯酸、岩芹酸、顺9-二十碳烯酸、芥子酸、神经酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、鰶鱼酸和二十二碳六烯酸的羟基改性脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯。
优选使用油酸作为脂肪酸。
为了制备聚酯多元醇(b3),可将脂族和芳族多元羧酸和/或其衍生物与多元醇进行缩聚,这在没有催化剂的情况下或优选地在存在酯化催化剂的条件下,通常在惰性气体例如氮气气氛下,在150-280℃、优选180-260℃的温度的熔体中,任选在减压下进行,并且该反应进行直至获得所需的酸值,小于10、优选小于2的酸值是有利的。根据一个优选的实施方案,在大气压下将酯化混合物在上述温度下进行缩聚直至酸值为80至20、优选40至20,然后使其在小于500mbar、优选40至400mbar的压力下缩聚。所考虑的酯化催化剂包括例如铁、镉、钴、铅、锌、锑、镁、钛和锡催化剂,呈金属、金属氧化物或金属盐形式。或者,可以在液相中在稀释剂和/或共沸物形成剂的存在下进行缩聚,所述共沸物形成剂为例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯或氯苯,以例如通过蒸馏来共沸除去缩合水。
为了制备聚酯多元醇(b3),有利的是将有机多元羧酸和/或其衍生物与多元醇以1:1至2.3、优选1:1.05至2.2、并且更优选1:1.1至2.1的摩尔比进行缩聚。
聚酯多元醇(b3)的数加权平均官能度优选大于或等于2,更优选大于2,非常优选大于2.2,尤其是大于2.3,从而得到由其制备的具有更高交联密度的聚氨酯,因此对于聚氨酯泡沫而言具有更好的机械性能。特别优选地,聚酯多元醇(b3)的数均官能度为小于4,尤其是小于3。
所得的聚酯多元醇(b3)的数均分子量通常为200至2000g/mol,优选为300至1000g/mol,尤其是400至700g/mol。聚酯多元醇(b3)的OH值优选为100至800,更优选600至150,尤其是400至200mg KOH/g。
此外,出于例如改变机械性能(例如硬度)的目的,组分(b)可以包含扩链剂和/或交联剂(b4)。所用的扩链剂和/或交联剂是二醇和/或三醇以及具有小于280g/mol、优选62至250g/mol、更优选62至200g/mol、进一步更优选62至150g/mol、尤其是60至130g/mol的分子量的氨基醇。所考虑的实例包括具有2至8个、优选2至6个碳原子的脂族、脂环族和/或芳脂族二醇,例如乙二醇,1,2-丙二醇,二乙二醇,二丙二醇,1,3-丙二醇,1,4-丁二醇,1,6-己二醇,邻、间和对二羟基环己烷,双(2-羟乙基)氢醌。还考虑脂族和脂环族三醇,例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷及1,2,4-和1,3,5-三羟基环己烷。
在生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫时使用扩链剂、交联剂或其混合物的情况下,基于组分(B)的总重量计,其有效地以0至15重量%、优选0至5重量%的量使用。组分(B)优选包含小于2重量%、更优选小于1重量%、尤其是不包含扩链剂和/或交联剂(b4)。
作为聚醚醇(b5),可使用具有2至4的官能度和为100至小于300mg KOH/g的OH值的聚醚醇。聚醚醇(b5)可以类似于聚醚醇(b1)来制备,所用的起始剂分子是具有2至4的官能度的化合物。可以用于制备聚醚醇(b5)的起始剂分子的实例是:含有羟基或胺基的化合物,实例选自乙二醇、二乙二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、甲胺、乙胺、异丙胺、丁胺、苄胺、苯胺、甲苯胺、甲苯二胺(TDA)、萘胺、乙二胺、4,4'-亚甲基二苯胺、1,3-丙二胺、1,6-己二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺,以及其他具有2至4的羟度(hydricity)的醇或具有1或2个官能度的胺,还有任何所需的混合物。优选使用乙二醇、二乙二醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷和/或季戊四醇。
在本发明的上下文中,认为聚醚醇的官能度是理论上的官能度,基于起始剂分子的官能度计。在使用不同官能度的起始剂分子的混合物时,所得的官能度可以是分数。为了标称官能度,不考虑例如因为副反应对于官能度的影响。
本发明的一个优选的实施方案另外使用阻燃剂c)。阻燃剂c)的用量优选为10至45重量%,更优选20至45重量%,尤其是22至30重量%,基于组分b)和c)的总重量计。
阻燃剂c)可包含与异氰酸酯基团反应的氢原子。在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,阻燃剂不包含与异氰酸酯基团反应的氢原子。
优选使用在分子中包含至少一个磷原子的阻燃剂c)。
所述产物可以优选为下文更详细描述的那些产物。
一个优选的类别是分子量小于400g/mol的含磷化合物,特别是分子中具有一个磷原子的含磷化合物。优选膦酸酯和/或磷酸酯。特别优选使用选自以下的膦酸酯和磷酸酯:乙烷膦酸二乙酯(DEEP)、磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCPP)、丙基膦酸二甲酯(DMPP)和磷酸三乙酯(TEP),更优选地选自TCPP和(TEP)。这些化合物的用量优选为5至40重量%,基于b)和d)的质量的总和计。
所用的发泡剂(d)可以是化学和物理发泡剂。化学发泡剂是与异氰酸酯基团反应的化合物,并且在此操作中释放出气体,尤其是二氧化碳、或二氧化碳和一氧化碳。通常它们包含水和/或甲酸,优选水。
代替化学发泡剂或与化学发泡剂结合,也可以使用所谓的物理发泡剂。这些是对成分组分呈惰性的化合物,通常在室温下为液体,并且在氨基甲酸酯反应的条件下会蒸发。这些化合物的沸点优选低于50℃。物理发泡剂还包括在室温下为气态并且在压力下掺入或溶解在成分组分中的化合物,例如二氧化碳、低沸点烷烃和氟代烷烃。
发泡剂主要选自水、甲酸、具有至少4个碳原子的烷烃和/或环烷烃、二烷基醚、酯、酮、缩醛、具有1至8个碳原子的氟代烷烃和在烷基链中具有1至3个碳原子的四烷基硅烷,尤其是四甲基硅烷。
物理发泡剂例如可以包括例如丙烷,正丁烷,异丁烷和环丁烷,正戊烷,异戊烷和环戊烷,环己烷,二甲醚,甲基乙基醚,甲基丁基醚,甲酸甲酯,丙酮,以及可在对流层中分解从而对臭氧层有害的氟代烷烃:例如三氟甲烷、二氟甲烷、1,1,3,3,3-五氟丙烯、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷、1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、二氟乙烷和七氟丙烷。所述的物理发泡剂可以单独使用或以任何所需的彼此组合使用。
特别优选的物理发泡剂是氟代烷烃和/或烃,更优选具有4至8个碳原子的脂族或脂环族烃,尤其是戊烷,例如正戊烷或异戊烷,以及正戊烷和异戊烷的混合物。
发泡剂组分(d)的用量通常是2至30重量%,优选2至20重量%,更优选2至15重量%,基于组分b)至e)的总重量计。
在一个优选的实施方案中,发泡剂混合物c)仅包含烃作为物理发泡剂,更优选与化学发泡剂水组合。特别优选的烃是正戊烷、环戊烷、异戊烷以及这些异构体的混合物。尤其是使用正戊烷和异戊烷的混合物作为物理发泡剂c)。
用于生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫的催化剂e)尤其是能够极大地促进含有反应性氢原子(尤其是羟基)的组分(b)化合物与多异氰酸酯(a)反应的化合物。
有效使用的为碱性聚氨酯催化剂,实例是叔胺,例如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基苄胺、二环己基甲基胺、二甲基环己胺、N,N,N',N'-四甲基二氨基二乙基醚、双(二甲基氨基丙基)脲、N-甲基-和N-乙基吗啉、N-环己基吗啉、N,N,N',N'-四甲基乙二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基丁二胺、N,N,N,N-四甲基己烷-1,6-二胺、五甲基二亚乙基三胺、双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、二甲基哌嗪、N-二甲基氨基乙基哌啶、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1-氮杂双环[2.2.0]辛烷、1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(Dabco);和烷醇胺化合物,例如三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基-和N-乙基二乙醇胺、二甲基氨基乙醇、2-(N,N-二甲基氨基乙氧基)乙醇;N,N',N”-三(二烷基氨基烷基)六氢三嗪,例如N,N',N”-三(二甲基氨基丙基)-s-六氢三嗪和三亚乙基二胺。所考虑的其他催化剂如下:脒,例如2,3-二甲基-3,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶,四烷基氢氧化铵(例如四甲基氢氧化铵),碱金属氢氧化物(例如氢氧化钠),和碱金属烷醇盐(例如甲醇钠和异丙醇钾),碱金属羧酸盐,以及具有10至20个碳原子和任选OH侧基的长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐。
基于100重量份的组分(b)计,优选使用0.001至10重量份、更优选0.01至7重量份、尤其是0.1至5重量份的催化剂或催化剂组合物。
另一种可能性是在没有催化的情况下进行反应。在这种情况下,利用了以胺起始而制备的多元醇的催化活性。
还考虑用于NCO基团的彼此之间的三聚反应的催化剂:形成异氰脲酸酯基团的催化剂,实例是铵离子盐或碱金属盐,特别是羧酸铵或羧酸碱金属盐,其单独使用或与叔胺结合使用。与氨基甲酸酯键相比,异氰脲酸酯的形成导致泡沫中更大程度的交联并且导致更高的阻燃性。
优选使用至少一种碱性聚氨酯催化剂,优选地选自叔胺。特别优选使用二甲基环己胺、三乙胺、四甲基己二胺、N,N’,N”-三(二烷基氨基丙基)六氢三嗪或1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷。尤其是,催化剂包含二甲基环己胺。优选地,所用的至少一种催化剂是来自三聚催化剂类,优选铵离子盐或碱金属盐,更优选羧酸铵或羧酸碱金属盐。尤其是将乙酸钾用作唯一的三聚催化剂。
特别优选用作催化剂(e)的是催化剂混合物,其包含叔胺作为聚氨酯催化剂,以及羧酸金属盐或羧酸铵(例如羧酸碱金属盐)作为三聚催化剂。
任选地,可以将另外的助剂和/或佐剂(f)加入到反应混合物中以生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫。实例可包括表面活性物质、泡沫稳定剂、泡孔调节剂、填充剂、染料、颜料、水解抑制剂以及具有抑真菌和抑细菌活性的物质。
所考虑的作为表面活性物质的化合物的实例用于支持起始材料的均质化,并且还任选地适用于调节塑料的泡孔结构。实例将包括乳化剂,例如蓖麻油硫酸钠盐或脂肪酸的钠盐;以及脂肪酸与胺的盐,例如二乙胺油酸盐,二乙醇胺硬脂酸盐和二乙醇胺蓖麻油酸盐;磺酸盐,例如为十二烷基苯磺酸或二萘基甲烷二磺酸和蓖麻油酸的碱金属盐或铵盐;泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷-氧化烯共聚物和其他有机聚硅氧烷、乙氧基化烷基酚、乙氧基化脂肪醇、液体石蜡、蓖麻油或蓖麻油酸酯、土耳其红油和花生油;以及泡孔调节剂,例如石蜡,脂肪醇和二甲基聚硅氧烷。为了改善乳化效果、泡孔结构和/或泡沫的稳定性,上文所述的具有聚氧化烯基团和氟代烷烃基团作为侧基的低聚丙烯酸酯也是合适的。
填料,特别是加强填料是常规的有机和无机填料、加强剂、增重剂、用于改善涂料、涂布材料的磨损行为的试剂等,这些填料本身是已知的。可提及的具体实例包括:无机填料例如硅酸盐矿物,实例是页硅酸盐,例如叶蛇纹石、蛇纹石、角闪石、闪石、温石棉和滑石;金属氧化物,例如高岭土、氧化铝、氧化钛和氧化铁;金属盐,例如白垩、重晶石;和无机颜料,例如硫化镉和硫化锌;以及玻璃等。优选使用高岭土(陶土)、硅酸铝、以及硫酸钡和硫酸钡的共沉淀物,还有纤维形式的天然和合成矿物,例如硅灰石、金属纤维、尤其是任选可经胶料(size)涂覆的不同长度的玻璃纤维。所考虑的有机填料的实例包括:碳、三聚氰胺、松香、环戊二烯基树脂和接枝聚合物以及纤维素纤维、聚酰胺纤维、聚丙烯腈纤维、聚氨酯纤维和基于芳族和/或脂族二羧酸酯的聚酯纤维以及特别是碳纤维。
有机和无机填料可以单独使用或作为混合物使用,并且如果使用的话,基于组分(b)至(f)的重量计,将其以0.5至50重量%,优选1至40重量%的量加入到反应混合物中是有利的。
上述常规的助剂和佐剂(f)的更多细节可参见技术文献,例如J.H.Saunders和K.C.Frisch的专著,“High Polymers”第XVI卷,Polyurethanes,第1和2部分,IntersciencePublishers,分别于1962年和1964年,或者Kunststoff-Handbuch,Polyurethane,第VII卷,Hanser-Verlag,Munich,第3版,1993。
为了生产硬质聚氨酯泡沫,将组分(a)至(f)混合以形成反应混合物。在此,可优选地通过两组分方法进行操作,其中将组分(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)和任选地(f)混合以形成多元醇组分,然后将其与多异氰酸酯(a)混合。已证明这种两组分方法在实践中是优选。在本发明的上下文中,反应混合物是指基于异氰酸酯基计,小于90%的反应转化率下的异氰酸酯(a)和异氰酸酯反应性化合物(b)的混合物。
在本发明的方法中,多异氰酸酯(a)与由组分(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)和任选地(f)组成的多元醇组分以这样的量反应:使得异氰酸酯指数为120至250,优选160至230,特别是180至220。异氰酸酯指数是异氰酸酯基团与对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的基团的摩尔比乘以100。
将起始组分在15至90℃,优选20至60℃,更特别是20至45℃的温度下混合。可以通过高压或低压计量机,将反应混合物倒入封闭的支撑模具中。该技术例如用于制造离散的夹层元件。
本发明的硬质泡沫优选在连续的双带生产线上生产。在双带工艺中,使用高压机器以计量多元醇组分和异氰酸酯组分,并在混合头中混合它们。可以预先使用单独的泵将催化剂和/或发泡剂计量加入多元醇混合物中。将反应混合物连续施加到下部外层。具有反应混合物的下部外层,和上部外层进入双带***中,其中反应混合物起泡并且固化。一旦物料离开双带***,就将连续的股线切割成所需的尺寸。以此方式,可以生产具有金属外层的夹层元件或具有软质外层的绝缘元件。
通过本发明的方法生产的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的密度为0.02至0.75g/cm3,优选0.025至0.24g/cm3,尤其是0.03至0.1g/cm3。它们特别适合用作建筑或制冷行业的绝缘材料,例如用作夹层元件的中间层。根据经验,在生产相对薄的夹层元件期间,在双带工艺中泡沫表面与在底部运行的下层之间的表面缺陷会以特定的频率发生。因此,除了改善的泡沫机械性能之外,本发明的多元醇组分还能够显著地改善泡沫质量。已证明使用本发明的方法生产具有20至200mm、更优选30至150mm、非常优选30至100mm、尤其是30至80mm的泡沫厚度的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件是有利的。该“厚度”应理解为从外层到外层的泡沫的厚度。
本发明的另一主题是可通过本发明的方法生产的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件。本发明的硬质聚氨酯泡沫以特别高的阻燃性而著称,因此允许阻燃剂的用量减少,尤其是有毒的卤代阻燃剂的用量减少。根据EN ISO 11925-2测试,本发明的硬质泡沫的火焰高度优选小于15cm。
此外,本发明的硬质PU泡沫即使在<55℃的低模塑温度下且没有额外施加增粘剂的情况下,也能满足有效加工和最终产品质量的所有必要要求:快速泡沫固化、对金属外层具有有效的泡沫粘附、泡沫表面上的较少缺陷、高的抗压强度以及良好的隔热性能。此外,本发明的包含组分(b)、(d)和(e)的多元醇组分是相稳定的;换言之,即使在20℃下储存2周,该混合物仍是均质的并且没有相分离。
下文以实施例说明本发明:
实施例
起始材料:
聚醚多元醇1:具有490mg KOH/g的羟值和4.3的平均官能度的聚醚醇,通过使作为起始剂的蔗糖和甘油的混合物进行丙氧基化来制备。
聚醚多元醇2:具有188mg KOH/g的羟值和2.0的官能度的聚醚醇,通过使作为起始剂的乙二醇进行乙氧基化来制备。
聚醚多元醇3:具有605mg KOH/g的羟值和3.0的官能度的聚醚醇,通过使作为起始剂的三羟甲基丙烷进行乙氧基化来制备。
聚酯多元醇1:使对苯二甲酸、二乙二醇、油酸及具有乙氧基化至600mg KOH/g的羟值的三羟甲基丙烷进行酯化的产物,该产物的羟值为245mg KOH/g且官能度为2.5。
聚酯多元醇2:使对苯二甲酸、二乙二醇、油酸及具有乙氧基化至530mg KOH/g的羟值的甘油进行酯化的产物,该产物的羟值为245mg KOH/g且官能度为2.5。
TCPP:磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯
TEP:磷酸三乙酯
催化剂A:三聚催化剂,由47重量%乙酸钾的单乙二醇溶液组成
催化剂B:二甲基环己胺
戊烷S 80/20:80重量%正戊烷和20重量%异戊烷的混合物。
在双带工艺中生产50mm、100mm和170mm厚的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件时,将表1中所示且调节至20±1℃的多元醇组分与M50(也调节至20±1℃)进行反应。M50的量一直都是经过选择的,以使得所生产的所有的硬质泡沫均具有200±10的异氰酸酯指数。
为了生产复合元件,所用的下部外层是厚度为0.05mm、加热至35±2℃的铝箔,和略成型的、厚度为0.5mm、且加热至37±1℃的铝板。双带的温度始终为50±1℃。
为了生产50mm厚的复合元件,选择催化剂B和水的量,以使得反应混合物的凝胶时间精确为25秒,反应混合物与上层带的接触时间精确为20秒,并且泡沫的总密度为36.5±1g/l。
为了生产100mm厚的复合元件,选择催化剂B和水的量,以使得反应混合物的凝胶时间精确为30秒,反应混合物与上层带的接触时间精确为24秒,并且泡沫的总密度也为36.5±1g/l。
为了生产170mm厚的复合元件,选择催化剂B和水的量,以使得反应混合物的凝胶时间精确为35秒,反应混合物与上层带的接触时间精确为29秒,并且泡沫的总密度为36.5±1g/l。
基于组分a)至f)计,所有形式均以1.8重量%的戊烷S 80/20进行处理。
表1
对于所有本发明和比较例,均取长2.0m,宽1.25m的样品。在这些样品上测定下述性质。
对于所有本发明实施例和比较实施例,均取出2.0m长且1.25m宽的样品。在这些样品上,测定下文所述的性质。
这些性质的测定如下:
横向拉伸强度的测定:
使用带锯,从样品中取出100mm x 100mm x夹层厚度(50mm、100mm、170mm)的尺寸的其他试样。在分布于元件宽度上(左、中、右)的相同位置处取出试样,并且根据EN 1607按照夹层标准DIN EN ISO 14509-A.1,测定泡沫的横向拉伸强度或与外层的粘附力。
压缩强度的测定:
使用带锯,从样品中取出100mm x 100mm x夹层厚度(50mm、100mm、170mm)的尺寸的其他试样。在分布在元件宽度上的相同位置(左、中、右)取出试样,并且根据EN 826按照夹层标准DIN EN ISO 14509-A.2测定泡沫的压缩强度。
在去除下部外层后泡沫表面的评估:
在机械去除在双带工艺中其上直接施加了液体反应混合物的铝箔和铝片(下部外层)后,目视评估泡沫表面并进行评级,等级1表示最佳泡沫表面,等级5表示最差的泡沫表面:
铝箔 | 成型片材 | |
等级1 | 目测无瑕疵(天鹅绒状表层) | 目测无瑕疵(天鹅绒状表层) |
等级2 | 小面积确少一致性 | 小面积确少一致性 |
等级3 | 空隙深度:<0.2cm | 空隙深度:<0.2cm |
等级4 | 空隙深度:0.3–0.6cm | 空隙深度:0.3–0.6cm |
等级5 | 空隙深度:>0.6cm | 空隙深度:>0.6cm |
表2
表2中的结果表明,根据本发明实施例生产的泡沫的拉伸强度远高于对应的比较实施例的拉伸强度。另外,与所有的比较实施例的泡沫相比,所有的本发明实施例的泡沫均表现出明显更好的压缩强度。
此外,相对于比较实施例1的泡沫,本发明实施例1的泡沫中的两个外层(铝箔和成型片材)的表面质量均得以显著地改善。相对于比较实施例2的泡沫,本发明实施例2的泡沫在与成型片板的界面处显示出质量上的优势。根据经验,在制造相对薄的夹层元件期间,在双带工艺中泡沫表面与底部运行的外层之间的表面缺陷会以特定的频率发生。因此,例如本发明的实施例1、2和3所述,本发明的多元醇组分不仅可以实现改善的泡沫力学,而且还可以显著地改善泡沫质量,特别是在加工成厚度≤100mm的硬质泡沫复合元件的情况下。
Claims (12)
1.生产包括至少一个外层和硬质聚氨酯泡沫层的硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的方法,通过以下方式进行:
将下述物质混合以形成反应混合物:
(a)多异氰酸酯与
(b)具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物,
(c)任选阻燃剂,
(d)发泡剂,包含至少一种具有4至8个碳原子的脂族或脂环族烃,
(e)催化剂,和
(f)任选助剂和佐剂;
将反应混合物施用于外层,并且使其固化以形成硬质聚氨酯泡沫;
其中组分(b)包含:至少一种聚醚醇(b1),其通过具有4至8的平均官能度的起始剂或起始剂混合物的烷氧基化来制备,并且所述聚醚醇(b1)具有300至600mg KOH/g的羟值;
至少一种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),其可以是烷氧基化的,其通过在芳环上带有至少一个羟基和/或至少一个基团–NHR——其中R为任意的有机基团或为氢——的芳族化合物、一种或多种醛和/或酮、以及一种或多种伯胺或仲胺的反应而制备;
至少一种芳族聚酯多元醇(b3);
0至15重量%的扩链剂和/或交联剂(b4),和
0至15重量%的至少一种聚醚醇(b5),其具有2至4的官能度和100至小于300mg KOH/g的羟值,
各自基于组分(b1)至(b5)的总重量计;
芳族曼尼希缩合物的量为大于5重量%至小于20重量%,基于组分(b)的总重量计;并且
在组分(a)至(f)混合时的异氰酸酯指数为160至230;
组分b)不包含基于脂族或芳族胺的聚醚醇。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物(b)包含:20至60重量%的一种或多种聚醚醇(b1),大于5至小于20重量%的呈烷氧基化或未烷氧基化形式的一种或多种芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2),和20至60重量%的芳族聚酯多元醇(b3),各自基于组分(b1)至(b5)的总重量计。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物(b)的羟值为150-350mg KOH/g。
4.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中芳族曼尼希缩合物(b2)是1,2-丙氧基化的,并且具有200至650mg KOH/g的OH值。
5.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中芳族聚酯多元醇(b3)是通过二羧酸或其衍生物、至少一种二元醇和至少一种脂肪酸发生酯化而获得的,所述二羧酸或其衍生物选自邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸衍生物、间苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸衍生物、对苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸衍生物或其混合物。
6.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中聚酯醇(b3)具有大于2至小于4的OH官能度和200至400mg KOH/g的羟值。
7.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中多异氰酸酯(a)包括一种或多种选自以下的异氰酸酯:2,2'-MDI、2,4'-MDI、4,4'MDI和MDI的低聚物。
8.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中催化剂(e)包含羧酸金属盐或羧酸铵。
9.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中发泡剂(d)仅包含烃作为物理发泡剂。
10.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件通过双带工艺连续地生产。
11.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件的厚度为30至100mm。
12.一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫复合元件,其可通过根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法获得。
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