CN111386317B - 用于电泳显示器的颜料 - Google Patents
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Abstract
聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料通过喹吖啶酮颜料与环氧封端的聚硅氧烷在有效使聚硅氧烷上的环氧基团与喹吖啶酮颜料反应并将聚硅氧烷键合至喹吖啶酮颜料的条件下制备。如此制备的喹吖啶酮颜料具有通过烃连接基团键合到喹吖啶酮氮原子之一上的聚硅氧烷基团,所述烃连接基团在喹吖啶酮氮原子的α或β位碳原子上带有羟基基团。这些喹吖啶酮颜料可用于电泳显示器。
Description
本申请涉及:
(a)第6,822,782和7,411,720号美国专利;
(b)第9,752,034号美国专利;
(c)第9,697,778号美国专利;和
(d)第9,921,451号美国专利。
本发明涉及用于电泳显示器的颜料,以及涉及含有这种颜料的电泳介质和显示器。尽管不是排它性地,但本发明的颜料尤其旨在用于能够使用包含多个着色粒子的单层电泳介质呈现多于两种颜色的电泳显示器中。
术语“灰色状态”在本文中以其在成像领域中的常规含义使用,是指像素的两个极端光学状态中间的状态,而并非一定意味着这两个极端状态之间的黑白转换。例如,下面提到的几个E Ink专利和公开的申请描述了电泳显示器,其中,极端状态是白色和深蓝色,因此中间的“灰色状态”实际上是淡蓝色。实际上,如已经提到的,光学状态的变化可能根本不是颜色变化。术语“黑色”和“白色”在下文中可用于指显示器的两个极端光学状态,并且应理解为通常包括非严格黑色和白色的极端光学状态,例如上述白色和深蓝色状态。
术语“双稳态的”和“双稳态性”在本文中以其在本领域中的常规含义使用,是指包括具有在至少一种光学性质上不同的第一和第二显示状态的显示元件的显示器,并且使得在通过有限持续时间的寻址脉冲驱动任何给定元件以呈现其第一或第二显示状态之后,在寻址脉冲终止后,该状态将持续改变显示元件的状态所需的寻址脉冲的最小持续时间的至少几倍,例如至少四倍。第7,170,670号美国专利中示出了一些基于粒子的能显示灰阶的电泳显示器不仅在它们的极端黑色和白色状态下稳定,而且在它们的中间灰度状态下也是稳定的,并且对于一些其它类型的电光显示器也是如此。这种类型的显示器被适当地称为“多稳态的”而不是双稳态的,但是为了方便,术语“双稳态的”在本文中可以用于涵盖双稳态的显示器和多稳态的显示器两者。
基于粒子的电泳显示器多年来一直是密集研究和开发的主题。在这种显示器中,多个带电粒子(有时称为颜料粒子)在电场的影响下移动穿过流体。当与液晶显示器相比时,电泳显示器可以具有良好的亮度和对比度、宽视角、状态双稳态性以及低功耗的属性。然而,这些显示器的长期图像质量的问题已经妨碍了它们的广泛使用。例如,构成电泳显示器的粒子易于沉降,从而导致这些显示器的使用寿命不足。
如上所述,电泳介质需要流体的存在。在大多数现有技术的电泳介质中,该流体是液体,但是可以使用气态流体制备电泳介质;例如,参见Kitamura,T.等人,“用于电子纸状显示器的电气调色剂运动(Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-likedisplay)”,IDW Japan,2001,Paper HCS1-1,以及Yamaguchi,Y.,等人,“使用摩擦带电的绝缘粒子的调色剂显示器(Toner display using insulative particles chargedtriboelectrically)”,IDW Japan,2001,Paper AMD4-4)。还参见第7,321,459和7,236,291号美国专利。当在允许这种沉降的方向上使用介质时,例如在介质设置在竖直平面上的标志中,这种基于气体的电泳介质由于如同基于液体的电泳介质的粒子沉降而容易出现相同类型的问题。实际上,粒子沉降在基于气体的电泳介质中比在基于液体的电泳介质中似乎是更严重的问题,因为气态悬浮流体与液态悬浮流体相比具有更低的粘度,这允许电泳粒子更快地沉降。
转让给或署名麻省理工学院(MIT)、E Ink Corporation、E Ink California,LLC.和相关公司的许多专利和申请描述了封装的和微孔电泳以及其它电光介质中使用的各种技术。封装的电泳介质包括许多小囊,每个小囊本身包括在流体介质中含有电泳移动粒子的内相和围绕内相的囊壁。通常,囊本身保持在聚合物粘结剂内以形成位于两个电极之间的粘附层。在微孔电泳显示器中,带电粒子和流体不封装在微囊内,而是保留在载体介质内形成的多个腔内,所述载体介质通常是聚合物膜。[[在下文中,术语“微腔电泳显示器”可用于涵盖封装的和微孔电泳显示器两者。]]这些专利和申请中描述的技术包括:
(a)电泳粒子、流体和流体添加剂;参见例如第5,961,804;6,017,584;6,120,588;6,120,839;6,262,706;6,262,833;6,300,932;6,323,989;6,377,387;6,515,649;6,538,801;6,580,545;6,652,075;6,693,620;6,721,083;6,727,881;6,822,782;6,831,771;6,870,661;6,927,892;6,956,690;6,958,849;7,002,728;7,038,655;7,052,766;7,110,162;7,113,323;7,141,688;7,142,351;7,170,670;7,180,649;7,226,550;7,230,750;7,230,751;7,236,290;7,247,379;7,277,218;7,286,279;7,312,916;7,375,875;7,382,514;7,390,901;7,411,720;7,473,782;7,532,388;7,532,389;7,572,394;7,576,904;7,580,180;7,679,814;7,746,544;7,767,112;7,848,006;7,903,319;7,951,938;8,018,640;8,115,729;8,199,395;8,257,614;8,270,064;8,305,341;8,361,620;8,363,306;8,390,918;8,582,196;8,593,718;8,654,436;8,902,491;8,961,831;9,052,564;9,114,663;9,158,174;9,341,915;9,348,193;9,361,836;9,366,935;9,372,380;9,382,427;和9,423,666号美国专利;和第2003/0048522;2003/0151029;2003/0164480;2003/0169227;2003/0197916;2004/0030125;2005/0012980;2005/0136347;2006/0132896;2006/0281924;2007/0268567;2009/0009852;2009/0206499;2009/0225398;2010/0148385;2011/0217639;2012/0049125;2012/0112131;2013/0161565;2013/0193385;2013/0244149;2014/0011913;2014/0078024;2014/0078573;2014/0078576;2014/0078857;2014/0104674;2014/0231728;2014/0339481;2014/0347718;2015/0015932;2015/0177589;2015/0177590;2015/0185509;2015/0218384;2015/0241754;2015/0248045;2015/0301425;2015/0378236;2016/0139483;和2016/0170106号美国专利申请公开;
(b)囊、粘结剂和封装方法;参见例如第6,922,276和7,411,719号美国专利;
(c)微孔结构、壁材料和形成微孔的方法;参见例如第7,072,095和9,279,906号美国专利;
(d)用于填充和密封微孔的方法;参见例如第7,144,942和7,715,088号美国专利;
(e)含有电光材料的膜和子组件;参见例如第6,982,178和7,839,564号美国专利;
(f)显示器中使用的背板、粘合剂层和其它辅助层和方法;参见例如第7,116,318和7,535,624号美国专利;
(g)颜色形成和颜色调整;参见例如第6,017,584;6,545,797;6,664,944;6,788,452;6,864,875;6,914,714;6,972,893;7,038,656;7,038,670;7,046,228;7,052,571;7,075,502;7,167,155;7,385,751;7,492,505;7,667,684;7,684,108;7,791,789;7,800,813;7,821,702;7,839,564;7,910,175;7,952,790;7,956,841;7,982,941;8,040,594;8,054,526;8,098,418;8,159,636;8,213,076;8,363,299;8,422,116;8,441,714;8,441,716;8,466,852;8,503,063;8,576,470;8,576,475;8,593,721;8,605,354;8,649,084;8,670,174;8,704,756;8,717,664;8,786,935;8,797,634;8,810,899;8,830,559;8,873,129;8,902,153;8,902,491;8,917,439;8,964,282;9,013,783;9,116,412;9,146,439;9,164,207;9,170,467;9,170,468;9,182,646;9,195,111;9,199,441;9,268,191;9,285,649;9,293,511;9,341,916;9,360,733;9,361,836;9,383,623;和9,423,666号美国专利;和第2008/0043318;2008/0048970;2009/0225398;2010/0156780;2011/0043543;2012/0326957;2013/0242378;2013/0278995;2014/0055840;2014/0078576;2014/0340430;2014/0340736;2014/0362213;2015/0103394;2015/0118390;2015/0124345;2015/0198858;2015/0234250;2015/0268531;2015/0301246;2016/0011484;2016/0026062;2016/0048054;2016/0116816;2016/0116818;和2016/0140909号美国专利申请公开;
(h)用于驱动显示器的方法;参见例如第7,012,600和7,453,445号美国专利;和
(i)显示器的应用;参见例如第7,312,784和8,009,348号美国专利。
许多上述专利和申请认识到,封装的电泳介质中的围绕离散的微囊的壁可以被连续相代替,从而产生所谓的聚合物分散的电泳显示器,其中,电泳介质包括多个电泳流体离散液滴和聚合物材料的连续相,并且认识到即使离散囊膜与每个单独的液滴没有关联,这种聚合物分散的电泳显示器内的电泳流体的离散液滴也可以被视为囊或微囊;参见例如上述第6,866,760号美国专利。因此,出于本申请的目的,这种聚合物分散的电泳介质被认为是封装的电泳介质的子种类。
尽管电泳介质通常是不透明的(例如,由于在许多电泳介质中,粒子基本上阻止了可见光透射通过显示器)并以反射模式操作,但是许多电泳显示器可以被制成以所谓的“快门模式”操作,其中一种显示状态是基本上不透明的,而一种是透光的。参见,例如,第5,872,552;和6,130,774;6,144,361;6,172,798;6,271,823;6,225,971;和6,184,856号美国专利。与电泳显示器相似,但依赖于电场强度的变化的介电电泳显示器可以以类似的模式操作;参见第4,418,346号美国专利。其它类型的电光显示器也可能能够以快门模式操作。以快门模式操作的电光介质在用于全彩色显示器的多层结构中可能是有用的;在这种结构中,与显示器的观看表面相邻的至少一个层以快门模式操作以暴露或隐藏距离观看表面更远的第二层。
封装的电泳显示器通常不会遭受传统电泳设备的聚类和沉降失效模式,并且提供进一步的优点,例如在各种柔性和刚性基材上印刷或涂布显示器的能力。(“印刷”一词的使用旨在包括所有形式的印刷和涂布,包括但不限于:预计量涂布,诸如小块模具涂布(patchdie coating)、狭缝或挤出涂布,坡流或阶流涂布,幕式涂布;辊涂,诸如辊衬刮刀涂布、正向和反向辊涂;凹版涂布;浸渍涂布;喷涂;弯月面涂布;旋涂;刷涂;气刀涂布;丝网印刷工艺;静电印刷工艺;热印刷工艺;喷墨印刷工艺;电泳沉积(参见第7,339,715号美国专利);和其它类似技术。)因此,所得到的显示器可以是柔性的。此外,因为可以(使用各种方法)印刷显示介质,所以可以廉价地制造显示器本身。
大多数简单的现有技术电泳介质基本上显示仅两种颜色。这种电泳介质或者在具有不同第二颜色的着色流体中使用具有第一颜色的单一类型的电泳粒子(在这种情况下,当粒子位于显示器的观察表面附近时显示第一颜色,并且当粒子与观察表面间隔开时显示第二颜色),或者在未着色流体中具有不同第一和第二颜色的第一和第二类型的电泳粒子(在这种情况下,当第一类粒子位于显示器的观察表面附近时显示第一颜色,并且当第二类粒子位于观察表面附近时显示第二颜色)。通常,两种颜色是黑色和白色。如果期望全彩色显示器,则可以将滤色器阵列沉积在单色(黑色和白色)显示器的观看表面上。带有滤色器阵列的显示器依赖于区域共享和颜色共混来产生颜色刺激。可用的显示区域在三种或四种原色诸如红色/绿色/蓝色(RGB)或红色/绿色/蓝色/白色(RGBW)之间共享,并且滤色器可以以一维(条纹)或二维(2x2)重复图案排列。原色或多于三原色的其它选择在本领域中也是已知的。三个(在RGB显示器的情况下)或四个(在RGBW显示器的情况下)子像素被选择得足够小,使得在预期的观察距离下,它们在视觉上共混在一起为具有均匀颜色刺激(“颜色共混”)的单个像素。区域共享的固有缺点是颜色始终存在,并且只能通过将基础的单色显示器的相应像素切换为白色或黑色(打开或关闭相应的原色)调制颜色。例如,在理想的RGBW显示器中,红色、绿色、蓝色和白色原色中的每一个都占据显示区域的四分之一(四个中的一个子像素),白色子像素与基础的单色显示白色一样亮,并且每个彩色子像素都不比单色显示白色的三分之一亮。显示器作为整体显示的白色的亮度不能超过白色子像素亮度的一半(显示器的白色区域是通过显示每四个中的一个白色子像素产生的,加上其彩色形式的每个彩色子像素相当于白色子像素的三分之一,因此三个彩色子像素的结合贡献不超过一个白色子像素)。颜色的亮度和饱和度通过颜色像素切换到黑色的区域共享降低。当混合黄色时,区域共享尤其成问题,因为它比任何其它同等亮度的颜色都更亮,并且饱和黄色几乎和白色一样亮。将蓝色像素(显示区域的四分之一)切换为黑色会使黄色太暗。
多层、堆叠的电泳显示器在本领域中是已知的;参见,例如,J.Heikenfeld,P.Drzaic,J-S Yeo和T.Koch,Journal of the SID,19(2),2011,第129-156页。在这种显示器中,与传统的彩色印刷非常类似,环境光以三种减色法原色中的每一种穿过图像。第6,727,873号美国专利描述了一种堆叠式电泳显示器,其中三层可切换单元被放置在反射背景上。类似的显示器是已知的,其中着色粒子横向移动(参见第WO 2008/065605号国际申请),或者使用竖直和横向运动的组合,被隔离在微坑中。在这两种情况下,每层都设有电极,电极用于在逐个像素的基础上集中或分散着色粒子,使得三层中的每一层都需要一层薄膜晶体管(TFT)(其中三层TFT中的两层必须是基本上透明的)和一个透光的反电极。这种电极的复杂布置制造昂贵,并且在现有技术中,难以提供足够透明的像素电极平面,特别是因为必须通过几层电极观察显示器的白色状态。随着显示器堆叠的厚度接近或超过像素尺寸,多层显示器还遭受视差问题。
第8,576,476和8,797,634号美国专利描述了具有单个背板的多色电泳显示器,所述单个背板包括可独立寻址的像素电极和公共的透光前电极。在背板和前电极之间设置有多个电泳层。这些应用中描述的显示器能够在任何像素位置呈现任何原色(红色、绿色、蓝色、青色、品红色、黄色、白色和黑色)。然而,使用位于单个寻址电极组之间的多个电泳层存在缺点。特定层中的粒子所经历的电场低于用相同电压寻址的单个电泳层的情况。另外,最靠近观察表面的电泳层中的光学损失(例如,由光散射或不希望的吸收引起的)可能影响在基础的电泳层中形成的图像的外观。
在本领域中已经描述了包含仅单层电泳介质的多色电泳显示器,所述电泳介质层包含三到六种不同类型的粒子;参见,例如,US2015/0103394;US2015/0097877;US2016/0085132;US2016/0140909;US2016/0275874;第8,031,392;8,717,664;9,170,468;9,285,649;9,513,527;9,514,814;和9,671,668号美国专利。如果不是全部的话,大多数这些单层显示器的操作取决于对各种类型的粒子之间相互作用的密切控制,使得介质对所施加的电场的电光响应随着电场的大小及其极性而变化。例如,在第8,717,664号美国专利的图2所示的显示器中,+15V的驱动电压产生黑色,而+5V的驱动电压产生红色。
显然,在这种类型的多色显示器中,极不可能找到具有所有期望的颜色和粒子相互作用的一组粒子,并且在实践中通常有必要在至少一些粒子上提供某种类型的涂层,通常是聚合物涂层,以控制粒子相互作用。当然,有大量关于用聚合物涂布电泳粒子的文献。前述的第6,822,782号美国专利(其主要涉及单色显示器)描述了一种电泳介质,其包括多个悬浮在悬浮流体中的颜料粒子,所述颜料粒子具有约1至约15重量%的化学键合至颜料粒子或围绕颜料粒子交联的聚合物颜料。
第9,688,859号美国专利描述了一种用于处理具有带有亲核基团的表面的颜料粒子的方法。在使亲电基团与粒子表面上的亲核基团反应的条件下,使颜料粒子与具有可聚合基团或聚合引发基团和至少一个亲电基团的试剂接触,从而使可聚合基团或聚合引发基团连接至粒子表面。然后使用可聚合基团或聚合引发基团形成连接至颜料粒子的聚合物。如此处理的颜料中有二甲基喹吖啶酮颜料。
第5,725,651号美国专利描述了具有长度为1至18个碳的伯烷基链的N-烷基化的喹吖啶酮颜料,以及用于通过使喹吖啶酮经受N-去质子化反应,然后经受烷基化而制备这种喹吖啶酮颜料的方法。喹吖啶酮的烷基化也描述于“烷基和树枝状取代的喹吖啶酮:合成、结构和发光性质(Alkyl and Dendron Substituted Quinacridones:Synthesis,Structures,and Luminescent Properties)”J.Phys.Chem.B 2007,111,5082-5089。
前述第9,752,034号美国专利描述了喹吖啶酮颜料,其被甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、马来酸酐或4-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基偏苯三酸酐表面官能化以产生官能化的颜料。然后活化官能团以键合疏水性聚合物,从而用疏水性聚合物涂布颜料。
前面四段中描述的用于制备聚合物涂布的颜料的各种方法都需要至少两步合成;在大多数情况下,第一步在颜料上引入可聚合基团或聚合引发基团,而第二步由可聚合基团或聚合引发基团产生聚合物链。此外,由于许多聚合物形成步骤产生其长度随反应条件和/或在不同的聚合物粒子之间而变化很大的聚合物链,因此聚合物链的长度可能会显著变化。如果形成共聚物链,则各个链的化学组成也可能显著变化。聚合物链中的这种变化可能影响粒子-粒子相互作用和粒子与流体之间的相互作用两者,并且每种影响都可能引起粒子的电光响应的变化和因此显示器的变化。
本发明提供了用于将聚合物链连接至颜料粒子的单个步骤方法。如果使用单分散颜料链,则可获得窄分子量分布的聚合物涂层。
因此,本发明提供了一种用于制备聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料的方法,所述方法包括使喹吖啶酮颜料与环氧封端的聚硅氧烷在有效使聚硅氧烷上的环氧基团与喹吖啶酮颜料反应并将聚硅氧烷键合至喹吖啶酮颜料的条件下反应。
在该方法中,聚硅氧烷可以是聚二甲基硅氧烷或其它聚二烷基硅氧烷。聚硅氧烷链的分子量可以在约3000至约30,000的范围。环氧基团可以形成环氧烷基醚基团或环氧环烷基基团的部分。特别优选的环氧封端的聚硅氧烷包括下式的不对称的单(2,3-环氧基)丙基醚封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷:
(作为Gelest MCR-E21可商购自Gelest,Inc.,1Progress Drive,Morrisville PA19067)和[2-3%(环氧基环己基乙基)甲基硅氧烷]-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物:
(可作为Gelest ECMS-227商购)。
在本发明的方法中使用的喹吖啶酮颜料可以是例如下面的式I:
其中每个R独立地是氢、C1-C3烷基基团或卤素。优选地,两个基团R都是甲基基团。其它喹吖啶酮也可以使用本文所述的技术进行处理。用于本发明方法的一种特别优选的喹吖啶酮材料是颜料紫19(CAS#1047-16-1)和颜料红122(CAS#980-26-7)的预研磨组合,该组合可作为喷墨品红色E 02 VP2621商购自Clariant(Basel,Switzerland)。
应该理解,在本发明的方法中,聚硅氧烷上的环氧环可以在两个方向上打开。通常,在两种可能的反应中几乎没有能量差异,因此获得的产物是两种异构体的混合物,一种异构体具有喹吖啶酮氮的α位的羟基基团,而另一种异构体具有喹吖啶酮氮的β位的羟基基团。本发明的颜料主要旨在用于电泳显示器,并且在该应用中使用异构体的混合物是令人满意的,因为聚硅氧烷基团的主要功能是帮助喹吖啶酮颜料分散在大多数商业电泳显示器中使用的非水疏水流体(通常是约6至8个碳原子的轻质烃)中,并且为此目的,连接基团及其羟基取代基的确切形式在很大程度上是不相关的。如果有必要分离异构体以用于其他用途,则喹吖啶酮颜料合成领域的技术人员将了解可用于分离异构体的常规技术如制备色谱法。
本发明还扩展到聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料,其中聚硅氧烷基团通过烃连接基团键合到喹吖啶酮氮原子之一,所述烃连接基团在喹吖啶酮氮原子的α或β位碳原子上带有羟基基团。这种类型的优选的聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料是由下式表示的那些:
其中L是烃连接基团,Sil是聚硅氧烷基团,虚线表示羟基取代基连接至喹吖啶酮氮原子的α或β位碳原子。
本发明还扩展到包含分散在流体中的本发明的颜料粒子或通过本发明的方法制备的颜料粒子的电泳介质。除了本发明的颜料粒子之外,这种电泳介质还可包含至少两种其它类型的颜料粒子,该三种类型的粒子具有彼此不同的颜色。电泳介质可以是前述US2016/0085132中描述的类型,并且除流体外还包含:
(a)分散在流体中的多个第一和多个第二粒子,所述第一和第二粒子带有相反极性的电荷,所述第一粒子是光散射粒子,并且所述第二粒子具有减色法原色之一;和
(b)分散在流体中的多个第三和多个第四粒子,所述第三和第四粒子带有相反极性的电荷,所述第三和第四粒子各自具有彼此不同且不同于第二粒子的减色法原色,
其中分离由第三和第四类型的粒子形成的聚集体所需的电场大于分离由任何其他两种类型的粒子形成的聚集体所需的电场。
供选择地,所述电泳介质除流体外还可包含:
(a)分散在流体中的多个第一和多个第四粒子,所述第一和第四粒子带有相反极性的电荷,并且各自具有包含至少约60重量%的丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯单体的聚合物涂层,其中酯基团包括包含至少约六个碳原子的烃链,所述第一和第四粒子中的一种是光散射粒子,并且所述第一和第四粒子中的另一种是具有减色法原色之一的基本上非光散射粒子;
(b)分散在流体中的多个第二粒子,所述第二粒子带有与第四粒子相同的极性的电荷,具有包含至少约60重量%的含聚二甲基硅氧烷的单体的聚合物涂层,并且具有不同于第一和第四粒子中的基本上非光散射的一种粒子的减色法原色,第二粒子是本发明的颜料粒子;和
(c)多个第三粒子,其带有与第一粒子相同的极性的电荷,其是基本上非光散射的,并且其减色法原色不同于第一和第四粒子中的基本上非光散射的一种粒子且不同于第二粒子的减色法原色。
本发明还提供了一种电泳显示器,其包括本发明的电泳介质层和与电泳介质层相邻设置并布置成向其施加电场的至少一个电极。
附图的图1-5是a*b*平面(在常规的L*a*b*色空间中)的颜色图,其示出了可从本发明的各种全彩色电泳介质和类似的现有技术介质获得的颜色,如下面的实施例中所述。
如上所述,本发明提供了一种用于制备聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料的方法和如此制备的颜料以及使用这些颜料的电泳介质和显示器,所述方法包括使喹吖啶酮颜料与环氧封端的聚硅氧烷在有效使聚硅氧烷上的环氧基团与喹吖啶酮颜料反应并将聚硅氧烷键合至喹吖啶酮颜料的条件下反应。
同样如上所述,包括仅单层电泳介质的多色电泳显示器的操作通常取决于对各种类型的粒子之间的相互作用的密切控制。具体地,在前述US2016/0085132中描述的电泳介质通常需要一种粒子(公开为品红色粒子),该粒子具有足以使该粒子容易地分散在通常用于实际电泳介质中的烃流体中的聚合物涂层,但是其中聚合物层足够稀疏并且聚合物链本身具有足够适中的分子量,从而在不存在添加的电荷控制剂(CCA)的情况下在这种烃溶剂中产生疏松絮凝的分散体。这种疏松絮凝的烃分散体具有高粘度,其稠度类似于番茄浓汤。如果人们试图通过包括首先将可聚合基团或聚合引发基团连接至颜料粒子,然后在可聚合基团或聚合引发基团的位点进行聚合的现有技术方法合成这种颜料,则可能难以对如此制备的聚合物链的分子量提供足够精确的控制,和/或聚合物链之间的分子量分布可能太大,对聚合物涂布的颜料的性质有不利影响,或在大量颜料之间有过度的变化。通过在单个步骤中将预形成的聚合物链直接连接至颜料,本发明允许非常密切控制聚合物链的分子量,以提供一致的电光性质并减少颜料批次之间的变化。
现在给出以下实施例,尽管仅通过举例说明,以显示本发明的方法中使用的优选试剂、条件和技术的细节,以及所得颜料的性质。
实施例1
将喷墨品红色E02(可购自Clariant-1重量份)添加到乙酸乙酯(约7.8重量份)中,将所得的颜料分散体在高剪切下混合,并转移至250mL圆底烧瓶中。将不对称的单(2,3-环氧基)丙基醚封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷(Gelest MCR-E21分子量约为5000–约1重量份)添加到烧瓶中,并使所得混合物在氮气下于46℃反应过夜。然后将聚合物涂布的颜料从烧瓶中移出,洗涤并离心数次,以得到最终产物。
将所得颜料分散在Isopar(注册商标)G烃流体中以产生15.8%重量/体积的分散体。用另外的Isopar G稀释该分散体,并添加50重量%(基于颜料的重量)的Solsperse(注册商标)19K电荷控制剂以产生含有5重量%固体的分散体。在标准测试电池中测得该分散体的ζ电势为+21mV;相比之下,如前述US 2016/0085132中所述,使用常规两步法制备的现有技术品红颜料在相同条件下测量为约+40-50mV。
实施例2
将喷墨品红色E02(1重量份)加入到乙酸乙酯(约7重量份)中,并将得到的颜料分散体在高剪切下混合,并转移至250mL圆底烧瓶中。将[2-3%(环氧基环己基乙基)甲基硅氧烷]-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物(Gelest ECMS-227分子量约为18000-20000–约1重量份)添加到烧瓶中,并使所得混合物在氮气下于46℃反应过夜。然后将聚合物涂布的颜料从烧瓶中移出,洗涤并离心数次,以得到最终产物。
将所得颜料分散在Isopar G烃流体中以产生15%重量/体积的分散体。用另外的Isopar G稀释该分散体,并添加50重量%(基于颜料的重量)的Solsperse 19K电荷控制剂,以产生含有5重量%固体的分散体。在标准测试电池中测得该分散体的ζ电势为+22mV。
实施例3:色域测试
基本上如前述US 2016/0085132的实施例13中所述,使用3重量%和3.5重量%的品红颜料装载量,将在以上实施例1中制备的颜料配制成多色电泳介质。使用实施例13中所用的现有技术颜料制备对照介质。如实施例13中所述,以所有八种颜色驱动介质,并计算每种颜料的平均dsNAP和最大色域。结果显示在下表1中,并绘制在图1-3中。
表1
从表1和图1-3中可以看出,含有本发明的品红颜料的两种介质都给出了比含有现有技术品红颜料的介质的品红色饱和度更大的品红色饱和度,并且赋予相当的色域,即使实施例1的品红颜料与最初制备的完全一样使用,并且没有进行配方优化。
在第二系列实验中,基本上如上述US 2016/0085132的实施例13中所述,使用3重量%的品红颜料装载量,将以上实施例2中制备的颜料配制成多色电泳介质。使用实施例13中所用的现有技术颜料制备对照介质。如实施例13中所述,以所有八种颜色驱动介质,并计算每种颜料的平均dsNAP和最大色域。结果显示在下表2中,并绘制在图4和图5中。
表2
从表2以及图4和图5中可以看出,含有本发明的品红颜料的介质比含有现有技术品红颜料的介质赋予更大的品红色饱和度,并且赋予稍大的色域,即使实施例2的品红颜料与最初制备的完全一样使用,并且没有进行配方优化。
从前述内容可以看出,本发明可以提供一种将不同分子量的聚合物链连接至喹吖啶酮颜料的简单的、单个步骤方法。所得的颜料组允许精细调整品红颜料与其自身以及与多色单层电泳显示器中其他颜料的相互作用能。
Claims (11)
2.权利要求1所述的聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料,其中两个R基团都是甲基基团。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述聚硅氧烷的环氧基团形成环氧烷基醚基团或环氧环烷基基团的部分。
6.权利要求3所述的方法,其中两个R基团都是甲基基团。
7.一种电泳介质,其包含分散在流体中的根据权利要求1的颜料的粒子。
8.权利要求7所述的电泳介质,其还包含除喹吖啶酮颜料粒子以外的至少两种类型的颜料粒子,该三种类型的颜料粒子具有彼此不同的颜色。
9.权利要求7所述的电泳介质,其除了所述流体外还包含:
(a)分散在流体中的多个第一和多个第二粒子,所述第一和第二粒子带有相反极性的电荷,所述第一粒子是光散射粒子,并且所述第二粒子具有减色法原色之一;和
(b)分散在流体中的多个第三和多个第四粒子,所述第三和第四粒子带有相反极性的电荷,所述第三和第四粒子各自具有彼此不同且不同于第二粒子的减色法原色,其中所述多个第四粒子是根据权利要求1所述的聚硅氧烷取代的喹吖啶酮颜料粒子,
其中分离由所述第三和第四类型的粒子形成的聚集体所需的电场大于分离由任何其他两种类型的粒子形成的聚集体所需的电场。
10.权利要求7所述的电泳介质,其除了所述流体外还包含:
(a)分散在流体中的多个第一和多个第四粒子,所述第一和第四粒子带有相反极性的电荷,并且各自具有包含至少60重量%的丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯单体的聚合物涂层,其中酯基团包括包含至少六个碳原子的烃链,所述第一和第四粒子中的一种是光散射粒子,并且所述第一和第四粒子中的另一种是具有减色法原色之一的基本上非光散射粒子;
(b)分散在流体中的多个第二粒子,所述第二粒子带有与第四粒子相同的极性的电荷,具有包含至少60重量%的含聚二甲基硅氧烷的单体的聚合物涂层,并且具有不同于所述第一和第四粒子中的基本上非光散射的一种粒子的减色法原色,所述第二粒子是权利要求1或2所述的颜料的粒子;和
(c)多个第三粒子,其带有与第一粒子相同的极性的电荷,其是基本上非光散射的,并且其减色法原色不同于所述第一和第四粒子中的基本上非光散射的一种粒子且不同于所述第二粒子的减色法原色。
11.一种电泳显示器,其包括根据权利要求7所述的电泳介质层和至少一个电极,所述至少一个电极邻近所述电泳介质层设置并布置成向其施加电场。
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