CN111328604A - Green prevention and control method for diaphorina citri - Google Patents
Green prevention and control method for diaphorina citri Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/02—Stationary means for catching or killing insects with devices or substances, e.g. food, pheronones attracting the insects
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N27/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing hydrocarbons
Abstract
The invention discloses a citrus psylla green prevention and control method, which belongs to the field of crop pest prevention and control. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of high control efficiency, environmental protection, difficult generation of resistance and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of crop pest control, and particularly relates to a green control method for diaphorina citri.
Background
Diaphorina citri (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is one of the most harmful citrus pests in the world. The citrus psylla adults and nymphs absorb citrus young shoot juice, so that sprouts shrink and dry up in severe cases, and secretions discharged by the nymphs can cause sooty smoke and influence photosynthesis. In particular to the spread of citrus destructive and quarantine diseases citrus yellow shoot (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) and seriously threatens the steady development of the citrus industry.
The planting area and the yield of the citrus in China are all in the first place in the world and have a tendency of increasing year by year. The citrus industry in China is seriously threatened by citrus yellow shoot, the infection condition of the citrus yellow shoot occurs in more than 10 provinces, and no effective method for preventing and controlling the citrus yellow shoot exists at present. The diaphorina citri plays an important role in the spread of the huanglongbing as the only insect vector for the spread of the huanglongbing. Currently, diaphorina citri is mainly controlled by chemical control, but the large-scale application of chemical pesticides has many adverse effects. Therefore, the finding of a green, efficient and controllable prevention and control mode becomes an urgent problem to be solved for preventing and controlling the diaphorina citri. The push-pull strategy of pest control has proven to be an efficient green pest control method, and has been applied to green pest control of various pests. However, no specific research and practical application report exists at present for the 'push-pull' control strategy of the diaphorina citri.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects and provides a method for green control of diaphorina citri.
The above purpose is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for green control of diaphorina citri comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of planting a host plant of the diaphorina citri around a citrus fruit tree as a trap, spraying a repellent on the citrus fruit tree, and arranging a trap containing an attractant on the host plant, so that the diaphorina citri is driven from the citrus fruit tree and is trapped on the host plant to be killed.
Preferably, the host plant is murraya paniculata.
Preferably, the repellent is plant volatile component β -caryophyllene.
More preferably, the β -caryophyllene mass concentration is 5-10%.
Preferably, the attractant is plant volatile component ocimene.
More preferably, the mass concentration of the ocimene is 20-30%.
Preferably, the traps are arranged in the middle of the host plant, the height from the ground is 1-3 m, and the distance between the traps is 2-5 m, so that more diaphorina citri can be trapped.
Further preferably, the height of the traps from the ground is 2m and the distance between the traps is 3 m.
β -use of caryophyllene and ocimene in combined control of diaphorina citri β -caryophyllene is used for driving diaphorina citri away from citrus fruit trees, and ocimene is used for trapping diaphorina citri and further killing the diaphorina citri.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of high control efficiency, environmental protection, difficult generation of resistance and the like, can effectively control citrus yellow shoot, and increases the crop yield.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a 3.5m × 3.5.5 m × 3.0.0 m greenhouse "push-pull" test.
FIG. 2 shows the number of diaphorina citri transfers between the seeds of Murraya koenigii at 3d and 5 d. The different letters in the figure indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level.
FIG. 3 shows the amount of diaphorina citri transferred between the species 3d, 5d in navel orange and Murraya koenigii. The arrows in the figure represent the "push-pull" direction.
FIG. 4 shows the number of diaphorina citri induced at 3d and 7d in the field chamber "push-pull" induction test. The different letters in the figure indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level.
FIG. 5 is the reduction rate of diaphorina citri correction on navel orange trees 3d and 7d in the field chamber "push-pull" trapping test.
FIG. 6 shows the number of diaphorina citri on the 3d, 7d Murraya koenigii of the navel orange to Murraya koenigii "push + pull" system. The different letters in the figure indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level.
FIG. 7 shows the reduction rate of diaphorina citri on navel orange trees at 3d and 7d in the field chamber "push-pull" test of navel oranges to Murraya koenigii.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples.
Example 1 screening of diaphorina citri attractant and repellent actives
Phytophagous insects recognize host plants and non-host plant Volatiles (VOCs) mainly through olfaction, thereby promoting their growth and reproduction (dujia latitude 2001). With the increasing identification of components of host and non-host plant volatiles, artificial synthetic active ingredients have begun to be used in the development of attractants and repellents for pests (to jade et al 2015). The research determines the components of the leaf volatile matters of the diaphorina citri host plant murraya paniculata and the non-host plant lantana camara, performs indoor Y-type olfactometer concentration gradient behavior test on the same substances in the volatile matters of different treated leaves, and screens out active substances with inducing or repelling effects on the diaphorina citri.
1 materials and methods
1.1 test materials
1.1.1 test insects
The citrus psylla adults are collected in an open-air net room (114 degrees 86 '42' E, 25 degrees 7 '42' N and an altitude of 118m-120m) of a citrus scientific research institute base in Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province), and the net room plants are New Youler navel oranges, the height of which is about 1.8m-2m, the number of sporadic plants is 1.3m-1.5m, and the age of the trees is about 20-25 years.
1.1.2 test plants
Murraya paniculata (about 40cm-60cm high, planted in 2018 in 5 months), lantana camara (about 20cm-40cm high, planted in 2018 in 4 months).
1.1.3 test reagents
Folic alcohol (shanghai mclin biochemistry technology limited, 98%), folic acetate (shanghai mclin biochemistry technology limited, 98%), β -caryophyllene (beijing lark technology limited, 90%), 1, 8-cineole (shanghai echei sieeve chemical industry development limited, > 98%), ocimene (shanghai mclin biochemistry technology limited, not less than 98%), caryophyllene (tokyo chemical corporation, > 78%), α -pinene (shanghai mclin biochemistry technology limited, 98%), D-limonene (beijing lark technology limited, 95%), liquid paraffin (national drug group chemical reagent limited).
1.1.4 Instrument and Equipment
Headspace Sampler 7697A (Agilent technologies), GC System 7890B (Agilent technologies), MSD 5977A (Agilent technologies), 5mL sample bottles (Agilent technologies), Y-type olfactometer (made of glass, each arm is 10cm long, the included angle between two testing arms is 90 degrees, and the inner diameter is 1cm), pipettor (Eppendorf company, Germany), air pump, flowmeter, 100mL pear type bottle, activated carbon filter, gas washing bottle, and 10mL half-open plastic tube.
1.2 test methods
1.2.1 leaf sample Collection method
The collection place of the murraya paniculata leaf sample is the national navel orange engineering and technology research center of the university of Jiangnan teachers, and the collection place of the lantana camara leaf sample is in the Ganzhou citrus scientific research institute base.
The developmental stage and time of the leaf of Murraya koenigii are collected, wherein a tender shoots (not fully stretched, 8:30 am); b shoots (not fully extended, 12:00 am); c shoots (not fully extended, 17:30 pm); d young leaves (bright green, fully extended, 12:00 am); e old leaves (dark green, fully extended, 12:00 am); f tender shoot (not fully extended, summer, 12:00 am); g shoots (not fully extended, autumn, 12:00 am).
The development stage and time of the collected lantana camara leaves are a tender leaves (not fully stretched, 8:30 am); b young leaves (not fully extended, 12:00 am); c young leaves (not fully extended, 17:30 pm); d old leaves (dark green, fully extended, 8:30 am); e young leaves (not fully extended, summer, 12:00 am); f young leaves (not fully extended, autumn, 16:00 pm).
1.2.2 leaf volatiles determination
At the room temperature of 27 ℃, taking about 0.5g of plant leaf sample, putting the plant leaf sample into a 5mL sealed Headspace sample bottle, putting the sample bottle into a Headspace Sampler 7697 sample inlet, and setting the Headspace conditions as follows: the equilibration temperature was 60 ℃, the time was 15min, the quantification loop was set at 110 ℃, the transmission line was set at 130 ℃, and the cycle time for each sample was set at 82 min. 1 sample was taken for each leaf treatment.
1.2.3 assay conditions
After the instrument is started, the instrument is tuned, the tuning standard substance is acetone (carried by the instrument), all tuning parameters are within a normal range, the following test operation is carried out, the GC-MS condition is slightly modified according to Wanshan (2010), the chromatographic condition is that a chromatographic column is HP-5MS, 30m × 0.25 is × 0.25.25 mm and 3532.25 mm, carrier gas is helium, the column flow rate is 1mL/min, split injection is carried out, the sample injection amount is 1 mu l, the sample inlet temperature is 250 ℃, the initial chromatographic temperature is kept at 35 ℃ for 1min, the initial chromatographic temperature is increased to 150 ℃ at 3 ℃/min for 1min, and then the initial chromatographic temperature is increased to 240 ℃ at 4 ℃/min for 2min, and the mass spectrum condition is that an EI ionization source has electron energy of 70Ev, the auxiliary heater temperature is 270 ℃, the ion source temperature is 230 ℃, the rod temperature is 150 ℃ and the mass range is 50-550 AMU/s.
Indoor concentration gradient test for 1.2.4 several substances Y-sex olfactometer
The Y-mode olfactometer attachment is slightly modified with reference to zhengyuwei (2014). Respectively preparing 5 solutions with the concentrations of 0.1 mu g/mL, 1 mu g/mL, 10 mu g/mL, 100 mu g/mL and 1000 mu g/mL by using liquid paraffin for the phase-identical compounds in the total ion flow diagram of the volatile matters of the murraya jasminorage leaves and the lantana camara leaves obtained by analysis, respectively sucking 5mL by using a pipettor and putting the solution into a pear-shaped bottle, taking the liquid paraffin for the other pear-shaped bottle as blank control, putting 20 adults into a main arm port, quickly connecting a device, opening an air pump, controlling the flow rate to be 40mL/min, observing and recording the trend of the psyllids after 10min, only recording the number of the selected psyllids in the test, and not recording the unselected psyllids; each treatment was 8 replicates, and the two arms of the Y-olfactometer were interchanged every 2 replicates. Before the positive test, 5mL of liquid paraffin was placed in each of 2 pear-shaped flasks as a two-way control, and the test method was as described above to verify the accuracy of the Y-type olfactometer.
1.2.5 data analysis
Volatile measurements were qualitatively analyzed using Agilent Qualitative Analysis software, and the curves were analyzed by background subtraction and searching of the NIST05 spectral library for volatile components Y-type olfactometer chamber test data using the SPSS 24.0 data processing software using the Chi-square test (2 × 2 List.).
2 results and analysis
2.1 measurement of Murraya paniculata leaf volatiles and identification of ingredients
The volatile matter of Murraya koenigii leaf at different times of the day (morning, noon, afternoon), different developmental stages (young leaf, old leaf), and different seasons (summer, autumn) was measured, and the results showed that 29 substances with relative content of more than 1% were detected in all leaf volatile matters (Table 2.1), and the kinds and contents of the substances contained in each treatment were different, wherein terpenoids were mainly present, 3 identical substances were present in all leaf treatments, and the contents of the 3 substances in the volatile matters of different treated leaves were different, wherein the relative content of leaf alcohol was between 1.91% and 24.00%, the relative content of leaf alcohol acetate was between 2.14% and 13.63%, and the relative content of β -caryophyllene was between 12.35% and 69.12% (Table 2.2).
TABLE 2.1A summary of the substances contained in the volatiles of each leaf of Murraya koenigii
TABLE 2.2 retention time and percentage of the same substances in the volatile component of Murraya koenigii leaf
2.23 Compound Y-mode olfactometer indoor concentration gradient test
To verify the presence or absence of attracting or repelling effect of 3 identical compounds in murraya jasminorage leaf volatiles on diaphorina citri, indoor concentration gradient tests were performed on the 3 compounds using a Y-type olfactometer, and the results showed that phyllodulcin acetate had attracting effect on diaphorina citri at 3 concentrations of 1 μ g/mL, 10 μ g/mL, and 100 μ g/mL (P <0.05), the maximum attracting rate was 74.58%, had no effect on diaphorina citri at 2 concentrations of 0.1 μ g/mL and 1000 μ g/mL (P >0.05), that β -caryophyllene had repelling effect on diaphorina citri at 3 concentrations of 0.1 μ g/mL, 1 μ g/mL, and 10 μ g/mL (P <0.05), the maximum repelling rate was 71.96%, had no effect on diaphorina citri at 3 concentrations of 100 μ g/mL and 1000 μ g/mL (P >0.05), that phyllenol alcohol had no significant difference between the treated group at 5 concentrations of 5 concentrations and the repellent group (p.1.05), and thus had no attracting effect on diaphorina jasminorage leaf volatiles (P) from the same compound in the control active substance, and the 3 concentrations of 3 μ g/mL (P < 1.05).
TABLE 2.3 concentration gradient behavioral response of diaphorina citri to 3 compounds
Note: indicates significant differences at the 0.05 level; representative significantly different at 0.01 level; the representations differed significantly at the 0.001 level.
2.3 assay of volatile substance in leaf of lantana camara and identification of ingredients
The volatile matters of the lantana camara leaves at different times of the day (morning, noon and afternoon), old leaves and different seasons (summer and autumn) are measured, and the result shows that 23 substances with the relative content of more than 1 percent are detected in all the volatile matters of the leaves (Table 2.4), the substances contained in each volatile matter of the treated leaves are different in type and content, wherein terpenoids are taken as main substances, 5 same substances exist in all the leaf treatments, and the content of the 5 substances in the volatile matters of the different treated leaves is different, wherein the relative content of α -pinene is between 3.26 percent and 3.61 percent, the relative content of camphene is between 9.95 percent and 11.35 percent, the relative content of 1, 8-cineole is between 10.15 percent and 13.84 percent, the relative content of ocimene is between 2.18 percent and 3.23 percent, and the relative content of D-limonene is between 4.36 percent and 5.76 percent (Table 2.5).
TABLE 2.4A summary of the volatile contents of each leaf of lantana camara
TABLE 2.5 Retention time and percentage of the same materials as the volatile components of lantana camara leaves
2.45 Compound Y-type olfactometer indoor concentration gradient test
The results of indoor concentration gradient tests on 5 similar compounds in lantana camara leaf volatiles by using a Y-type olfactometer show that 1, 8-cineole has repellent effect on the citrus psyllids at concentrations of 10 mu g/mL and 100 mu g/mL 2 (P <0.05), the maximum repellent rate is 66.96%, has no effect on the citrus psyllids at concentrations of 0.1 mu g/mL, 1 mu g/mL and 1000 mu g/mL 3 (P >0.05), ocimene has attractant effect on the citrus psyllids at concentrations of 1 mu g/mL, 10 mu g/mL and 100 mu g/mL 3 (P <0.05), the maximum attractant rate is 69.53%, has no effect on the citrus psyllids at concentrations of 0.1 mu g/mL, 1000 mu g/m 2 (P >0.05), D-limonene has no effect on the citrus psyllids at concentrations of 10 mu g/mL, 100 mu g/mL 2 (P >0.05), and no effect on the citrus psyllids (P <0.05), thus the concentration of active substances in comparison group and no effect on the concentration differences between 0.05 and 0.2.
TABLE 2.6 concentration gradient behavioral response of diaphorina citri to 5 compounds
Note: indicates significant differences at the 0.05 level; the representations differed significantly at the 0.01 level.
Discussion of 3
Understanding the functions of host and non-host plant volatile matters in the behavior of phytophagous insect host selection and the like provides a theoretical basis for researching the coevolution relationship between phytophagous insects and plants, screening insect-resistant varieties of crops and utilizing active ingredients in plant volatile matters to control pests. At present, there are a lot of literature reports on the biological characteristics of plant volatiles and the role played in behavior such as selection of phytophagous insect hosts (root of Louyong and Cheng Jia 2000, Luwei et al 2007, Luyanhui et al 2008, Dynasty et al 2010).
The study performed measurements of leaf volatiles of the host plant murraya paniculata and the non-host plant lantana camara, and found 29 volatile components in the leaves of murraya paniculata and 23 volatile components in the leaves of lantana camara. Wherein 3 volatile components are present in the leaf of Murraya koenigii in all treatments and 5 volatile components are present in the leaf of lantana camara in all treatments. And the volatile composition and relative content of each treatment varied widely. The types and relative contents of plant volatile matters are related to not only the development stage and physiological state of the plant itself, but also the external conditions such as altitude, temperature and humidity, illumination, carbon dioxide concentration, whether the plant-feeding insects take the plant-feeding insects or not (Zhao Mei Nu et al 1996, Street et al 1997, Jiang Dongyue and Li Yonghong 2011). And (3) carrying out indoor Y-type olfactometer concentration gradient behavior test on 3 identical compounds in the leaf of the murraya paniculata and 5 identical compounds in the leaf of the lantana camara, and screening out 3 active substances with an attraction effect on the diaphorina citri and 2 active substances with a repellent effect on the diaphorina citri. In laboratory tests, several actives did not have a chemotactic response at high concentrations of diaphorina citri, which may be associated with saturation of diaphorina citri antenna receptors or desensitization to odor (Khurana and siddiqi 2013). Repellent active substances are found in a volatile matter of a murraya jasminorage leaf of a host plant, and are possibly related to insect pest induced plant volatile matters (HIPVs), and the HIPVs have been shown to generate repellent or attractive effects on the same kind of phytophagous insect individuals (Heath et al 2002, King Kong Chang et al 2010, Yavanna et al 2017). Attracting actives were found in the non-host plant lantana camara leaf volatiles, but in very small amounts. There were studies that analyzed statistically 34 documents on phytophagous insects and data were obtained on the interaction between 50 different insects and 374 plant volatiles. The result of the quinta analysis showed that plant volatiles had 78% of their attractive effect and only 3% of their repellent effect (szondrei and rodriguez-Saona 2010, salix populi et al 2012). This indicates that there are a large number of species of plant volatiles that are attractive to insects, while there may also be active substances in non-host plants that have an attractant effect on diaphorina citri.
Example 2 screening of conditions for application of attracting and repelling active substances to a Net Room in the field
The plant source attracting and repelling active substance has the advantages of being small in dosage, friendly to environment, not prone to generating pollution, not prone to generating resistance, simple to use in the field and the like, and can achieve sustainable control over target pests. Therefore, the natural substances have important significance in pest control, pest-resistant breeding and biological control. The research screens 2 kinds of repellent and 3 kinds of attracting active substances which are screened out according to the application conditions of the net room in the field, particularly influences of the repellent active substances on the selection and spawning of the diaphorina citri hosts, the attracting effect of the attracting active substances on the diaphorina citri and the most suitable hanging direction, height and distance of the field net room trapper.
1 Material Process
1.1 test materials
1.1.1 test plants
Murraya koenigii seedlings (planted in 2018 in 4 months and about 40cm-60cm in height).
1.1.2 test materials
Triangular traps (27cm × 20cm × 12cm, thickness 1cm, white, Beijing Zhongjie Square Biotech Co., Ltd.), adhesive plates (24cm × 20cm, white, Beijing Zhongjie Square Biotech Co., Ltd.), 1m long glass fiber rods, nylon tie tapes, spray pots, and absorbent cotton balls.
1.1.3 test reagents
The preparation method comprises the following steps of (1) acetic acid leaf alcohol ester (Shanghai Merlane Biotechnology limited, 98%), β -caryophyllene (Beijing Bailingwei Technique limited, 90%), 1, 8-cineole (Shanghai Tiei chemosynthesis industry development limited, > 98%), ocimene (Shanghai Merlane Biotechnology limited, > 98%), D-limonene (Beijing Bailingwei Technique limited, 95%) and liquid paraffin (national drug group chemical reagent limited).
2 test method
1.2.1 attraction active substance test site
The same as 1.1.1 of example 1.
1.2.2 repellent active substance test site
An insect-culturing greenhouse with a length of 3.5m × 3.5.5 m × 3.0.0 m in Ganzhou city Citrus scientific research institute base in Jiangxi province, wherein the insect-culturing plant is Murraya koenigii, the height of the tree is 40cm-60cm, and the age of the tree is 1.5-2 years.
1.2.3 screening of repellent active substances
β -caryophyllene, 1, 8-eucalyptol and dimethyl disulfide are respectively diluted to a concentration of 10% by using liquid paraffin, murraya paniculata seedlings with equivalent growth vigor are respectively treated by using a spraying pot, the murraya paniculata seedlings are randomly placed in a greenhouse after being uniformly sprayed, the number of citrus psyllid adults on the murraya paniculata after 1d, 3d, 5d and 7d are respectively recorded, the number of eggs laid on the murraya paniculata after 3d and 7d are respectively treated, the dimethyl disulfide (Rouseff et al 2008, Onagbola et al 2011) is used as a positive control, the liquid paraffin is used as a negative control, and 6 times of treatment are set for each treatment.
1.2.4 β screening for optimal Carophyllene concentration
Diluting β -caryophyllene with liquid paraffin to 5 concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, 50% and 100%, respectively treating murraya jasminorage seedlings with equivalent growth vigor with a spray can, spraying uniformly, randomly placing in an insect-culturing room, respectively recording the number of adult diaphorina citri on murraya jasminorage after 1d, 3d, 5d and 7d, and recording the number of eggs laid on murraya jasminorage after 3d and 7d treatment, and setting 6 times of treatment with liquid paraffin as control.
1.2.5 screening of attractant active Agents
Respectively taking 2mL of the inducing active substances by a pipettor, dripping the inducing active substances on the absorbent cotton balls, putting the inducing active substances into a green basket above the triangular trapper, randomly hanging the inducing active substances on citrus trees, and recording the number of the citrus psyllids on the sticky plate after 7 days. Methyl salicylate (mantet al 2012) was used as a positive control and liquid paraffin as a negative control, 5 replicates of each treatment.
1.2.6 screening of Ocimum concentration
Respectively diluting ocimene to 5 concentrations of 1%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 100% by using liquid paraffin, respectively dripping 2mL of ocimene onto a cotton ball by using a liquid transfer device, putting the cotton ball into a green basket above a triangular trap, randomly hanging the trap on a citrus tree, and recording the number of diaphorina citri on a sticky plate after 7 d. Liquid paraffin was used as a control, and 4 replicates were set for each treatment.
1.2.7 Effect of altitudinal on Ocimum attraction Effect
Adopting a complete random block experiment design, respectively setting the height of 100cm, 150cm and 200cm by using glass fiber rods, respectively dripping 2mL of ocimene with the concentration of 25% on a cotton ball by using a pipettor, and placing the cotton ball into a green basket above a triangular trap. After 7d, the number of diaphorina citri on the sticky plates in the traps was recorded. Liquid paraffin was used as a control, and 3 replicates were set for each treatment.
1.2.8 Effect of orientation on Ocimum attraction Effect
The method adopts a complete random block experimental design, and arranges the east, the west, the south, the north and the middle five directions in the citrus tree. 2mL of 25% Octrelene solution was pipetted onto a cotton ball and placed into a green basket over a triangular trap. After 7d, the number of adult diaphorina citri on the sticky plates was observed and recorded, liquid paraffin as a control, and 3 replicates for each treatment set.
Effect of 1.2.9 distance on Ocimum attraction Effect
Adopting a complete random block experiment design, setting the distances of 2m, 3m, 4m and 5m, respectively dripping 2mL of ocimene with the concentration of 25% on a cotton ball by using a pipettor, and placing the cotton ball into a green basket above a triangular trap. After 7d, the number of adult diaphorina citri on the sticky plates was observed and recorded, liquid paraffin as control, and 3 replicates per treatment set up.
1.2.10 data analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 24.0 data processing software, multiple comparisons between samples were performed using the Duncan's new repolarization method in one-way anova.
2 results and analysis
2.1 Effect of different repellent actives on diaphorina citri host selection and oviposition
Screening of the field application conditions was carried out for 2 diaphorina citri repellent actives, as a result of experiments in which β -caryophyllene treated diaphorina citri was significantly less than 1, 8-cineole (P <0.05) at 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d in the effect of the repellent active on diaphorina citri host selection, the number of diaphorina citri on murraya koenigii at 1d, 3d, 5d was not significantly different from the positive control dimethyl disulfide (P >0.05) at 7d in the case of β -caryophyllene treatment, and at 7d, the number of diaphorina citri on murraya koenigii treated with β -caryophyllene was significantly less than 1, 8-cineole, dimethyl disulfide and the control treatment (P <0.05) (table 3.1) in the effect of the repellent active on diaphorina citri oviposition, β -caryophyllene treated diaphorina citri on 3d is significantly less than 1, 8-cineole and the control group (P < 0.1) in the case of the effect of the repellent active on diaphorina camara koshiba, and the optimal for the control treatment, the control, the effect of diaphorina camara 3, and the control (P <0.05) in the control treatment, the optimal for the effect of β -caryophyllene treatment, the control was not significantly less than the control, the effect of diaphorina camara cam.
TABLE 3.1 Effect of different repellent actives on diaphorina citri host selection
Note that the data in the table are mean. + -. standard error, the same lower case letters in the column following the mean indicate no significant difference at the 0.05 level.
TABLE 3.2 Effect of different repellent actives on diaphorina citri oviposition
Note that the data in the table are mean. + -. standard error, the same lower case letters in the column following the mean indicate no significant difference at the 0.05 level.
2.2 Effect of varying concentrations of β -Dianthine on diaphorina citri host selection and oviposition
Concentration gradient tests were performed on the optimum repellent active β -caryophyllene, and the results showed that β -caryophyllene at 1d, 3d, 5d had no significant difference in the number of insects selected at the hosts of diaphorina citri at 1%, 5%, 10% 3 concentrations (P >0.05) in the test of the effect of different concentrations of β -caryophyllene on diaphorina citri host selection, that at 7d the number of diaphorina citri at 10% concentration treatment was significantly lower than 1%, 50%, 100% and the control group (P <0.05), while there was no significant difference with 5% concentration (P >0.05) (table 3.3) in the test of the effect of different concentrations on diaphorina citri at 3d and 7d, the number of eggs at β -caryophyllene treatment at 10% concentration was significantly lower than 1%, 50%, 100% and the control group (table 3.4), so that the optimum concentrations of diaphorina at 5% and 10% had the best effect on diaphorina at β -caryophyllene host selection, and that the optimal concentration of diaphorina at 5d had the best the effect of different concentrations on diaphorina selection.
TABLE 3.3 Effect of different concentrations of β -caryophyllene on diaphorina citri host selection
Note that the data in the table are mean. + -. standard error, the same lower case letters in the column following the mean indicate no significant difference at the 0.05 level.
TABLE 3.4 Effect of different concentrations of β -caryophyllene on oviposition of diaphorina citri
Note that the data in the table are mean. + -. standard error, the same lower case letters in the column following the mean indicate no significant difference at the 0.05 level.
2.3 attraction effect of different attraction active substances on diaphorina citri
The field trapping test is carried out on the 3 screened diaphorina citri trapping active substances, methyl salicylate is used as a positive control, and the result shows that: the ocimene had the best trapping effect on the citrus psyllids, and the mean number of trapped psyllids at 7D was 36.60 heads/trap, which was significantly higher than D-limonene (25.80 heads/trap), methyl salicylate (20.40 heads/trap) and control (3.67 heads/trap) (P <0.05), while there was no significant difference (P >0.05) with leaf alcohol acetate (30.80 heads/trap) (table 3.5). Therefore, the ocimene has good trapping effect on the field diaphorina citri.
TABLE 3.5 trapping Effect of different attracting actives on diaphorina citri
Note: the data in the table are mean ± sem, with the same letter after the same column data indicating that each treatment was significantly different at the 0.05 level.
2.4 attractant Effect of Ocimum basilicum at different concentrations on diaphorina citri
The luring active substance, namely ocimene, is respectively diluted to 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 100% to 6 concentrations by using liquid paraffin, and insect luring tests are carried out in the field, and the results show that: the ocimene has the best trapping effect on the diaphorina citri at the concentration of 25%, and the average number of the induced diaphorina citri at the 7 th day is 61.50 heads/trap. Significantly higher than 100% (39.75 heads/trap), 10% (46.25 heads/trap), 5% (34.50 heads/trap) and 1% (23.25 heads/trap) 4 concentrations (P <0.05), but with no significant difference (P >0.05) from the number of insects lured at 50% concentration of ocimene (57.00 heads/trap) (table 3.6). Therefore, the substance D has the best trapping effect on the diaphorina citri at the concentration of 25 percent in the field.
TABLE 3.6 trapping effect of substance D at different concentrations on diaphorina citri
Note: the data in the table are mean ± sem, and the same letters after the same column indicate that each treatment was significantly different at the 0.05 level.
2.5 Effect of height, orientation, distance on Ocimum attraction Effect
The field suspension conditions of the traps filled with the attractant active substance ocimene are screened, and test results show that the height has obvious influence on the attraction effect of the ocimene, the attraction effect of the ocimene is the best at 200cm under 200cm, 150cm and 100cm < 3 >, and the number average value of the lured psyllids at 7d reaches 24.33 heads/trap, and is remarkably higher than 150cm (14.33 heads/trap) and 100cm (11.00 heads/trap) (P <0.05) (Table 3.7). Studying the effect of suspension orientation on luring citrus psyllids by ocimene, it was found that the luring effect was the best when suspended in the central orientation, with the average number of psyllids lured at 7d being 30.27 heads/trap, significantly higher than the other orientations (P <0.05), the south orientation (21.33 heads/trap) (table 3.8). Studying the effect of suspension distance on the effect of ocimene on attracting diaphorina citri, it was found that there was no significant difference in the number of insects trapped at 3m, 4m, 5m (P >0.05), but significantly higher than the number of diaphorina citri trapped at 2m (P <0.05), with the maximum number of diaphorina citri trapped at a trap distance of 3m (52.33 heads/trap) (table 3.9). Therefore, ocimene has the best effect of trapping diaphorina citri at the height of 200cm, the middle position and the distance of more than 3 m.
TABLE 3.7 Effect of ocimene on Pediculus citri at different suspension heights
Note: the data in the table are mean ± sem, with the same letter after the same column data indicating that each treatment was significantly different at the 0.05 level.
TABLE 3.8 Effect of ocimene in different suspension orientations on the trapping of diaphorina citri
Note: the data in the table are mean ± sem, with the same letter after the same column data indicating that each treatment was significantly different at the 0.05 level.
TABLE 3.9 Effect of ocimene on Pediculus citri trapping at different suspension distances
Note: the data in the table are mean ± sem, and the same letters after the same column indicate that each treatment was significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Discussion of 3
The method has the advantages that the potential pheromone or the active substance with the attracting and repelling effects of the diaphorina citri is clear, and the method has important significance for the field control tool of the diaphorina citri (Mann et al 2012). At present, researches on attracting and repelling active substances of diaphorina citri are mostly focused on indoor researches (Patt and S tau 2010), and attracting active substances with good field application effects are not reported at present (Thomas 2010).
The study performed greenhouse verification tests on the screened 2 kinds of repellent active substances (β -caryophyllene and 1, 8-cineole), and the results showed that β -caryophyllene had the best effect on limiting the host selection and spawning behavior of diaphorina citri, and had the best effect on the host selection and spawning behavior of diaphorina citri at both 5% and 10% concentrations, the treatment of the repellent active substances covered the volatile matter of the hosts, making the hosts no longer suitable for the survival of pests, and at the same time, limiting their spawning on the upper side, thereby achieving the insect repelling effect, while the distance effect was affected in many ways, including the species and population density of pests, the species and dosage of repellents, and the environmental conditions (senecies width, etc.) as well as the field verification test results on the screened 3 kinds of attractant active substances, it was shown that ocimenene had the best trapping effect on diaphorina citri in the field, and at the trapping effect of diaphorina citri, when the concentration was 25%, the trapping effect was also found to be the midpart of diaphorina citri, the midpart of diaphorina citri was the midpart of diaphorina citri, and the middle part of diaphorina citri, the trapping was found to be the most difficult to be the trapping of diaphorina citri, and the trapping effect of diaphorina citri, the middle part of the insect was found to be the midrif when the insect trapping of the midrif was found to be the midrife, the midrifs, the midriff-attracting tree, the midrifs, the midrifles was the midrifles, the midrifles was not more difficult to be the midrifles, the midrifles were all were found that when the midrifles were all were found that the midrifles were more difficult to be the midrifles, the midrifles were the midrifles.
Compared with chemical pesticides, the application of the plant source attracting and repelling active substances has many advantages and has important significance for green prevention and control of pests. When the composition is applied to fields, the conditions such as the type, concentration, suspension mode and the like of the composition are fully considered so as to achieve the optimal control effect. The field application mode of the screened substances is optimized, and the screened substances have certain reference values for the actual application of attracting and repelling active substances of the diaphorina citri.
Example 3 "push-pull" technical study for the control of diaphorina citri
The pest "push-pull" strategy maximizes pest behavior manipulation efficiency by integrating the additive and synergistic effects of "push" and "pull" on pests. By tailoring the pest distribution, the efficiency of population reduction may also be improved. Pest control "push-pull" technology is generally non-toxic and is an effective tool in pest integrated management (IPM) programs to reduce pesticide use (Cook et al 2007). The research reduces the harm of the diaphorina citri to the maximum extent by applying the attracting and repelling active substances screened from the host plants and the non-host plants to the push-pull technology for controlling the diaphorina citri.
1 materials and methods
1.1 test materials
1.1.1 test plants
Folium Et cacumen Murrayae (planted in 2018 in 4 months and about 40-60 cm in height), and fructus Citri Junoris (about 40-60 cm in height).
1.1.2 test materials
Triangular traps (27cm × 20cm × 12cm, thickness 1cm, white, Beijing Zhongjie Square Biotech Co., Ltd.), adhesive plates (24cm × 20cm, white, Beijing Zhongjie Square Biotech Co., Ltd.), 1m long glass fiber rods, nylon tie tapes, spray pots, and absorbent cotton balls.
1.1.3 test reagents
β -Carophyllene (90% from Bailingwei science and technology Co., Ltd., Beijing), ocimene (98% or more from Shanghai Michelin Biotechnology science and technology Co., Ltd.), and liquid paraffin (chemical reagent Co., Ltd., national drug group).
1.2 test methods
Pushing-pulling test of Murraya koenigii single tree species in 1.2.13.5 m × 3.5.5 m × 3.0.0 m greenhouse
Two rows of murraya paniculata were placed in parallel in the north and south, each row having a distance of 2m, the distance between the trees being 0.75m from the edge of the net chamber (3.5m × 3.5.5 m × 3.0.0 m), and the test direction of "push-pull" was 0.75m from the west to the east (fig. 1). before the test, only the west row of murraya paniculata was placed, and at the same time, about 500 citrus psyllids were placed to allow the murraya paniculata to stand on the west row and grow for 24h, and then the east row of murraya paniculata was placed.4 tests were designed, a) the west row was treated with 10% repellent active substance β -caryophyllene spray, and the east row was treated with liquid paraffin spray, b) the west row was treated with liquid paraffin spray, and the east row was treated with 25% attractant active substance ocimenene spray, c) the west row was treated with 10% citrus active substance β -caryophyllene spray, and the east row was treated with 25% attractant substance controlle spray, and the number of the west-pull-transfer test was recorded by 3d and the west-push-pull test.
1.2.2 "push-pull" test between two species of Murraya paniculata and navel orange
The method mainly comprises 2 tests, namely a) placing murraya paniculata in a west row, and discharging navel orange seedlings in an east row, b) placing navel orange seedlings in a west row, placing murraya paniculata in an east row, wherein the placing mode and distance, the diaphorina citri release mode and the like are the same as 1.2.1, the treatment mode is that a repellent active substance β -caryophyllene spray treatment with the concentration of 10% is used in the west row, and a luring active substance ocimene spray treatment (push + pull) with the concentration of 25% is used in the east row, and the transfer number of diaphorina citri from west to east after 3d and 5d are respectively recorded.
1.2.3 field "push-pull" trapping test
The height of the trap was set to 2m using a glass fiber rod, and 4 tests were designed simultaneously, a) the trap was added with absorbent cotton balls with liquid paraffin while navel orange trees were treated with 10% concentration of repellent active substance β -caryophyllene spray, b) the trap was added with absorbent cotton balls with 25% concentration of attractant active substance ocimene while navel orange trees were treated with liquid paraffin spray, c) the trap was added with absorbent cotton balls with 25% concentration of attractant active substance ocimene while navel orange trees were treated with 10% concentration of repellent active substance β -caryophyllene spray, d) the trap was added with absorbent cotton balls with liquid paraffin while navel orange trees were also treated with liquid paraffin spray (Control), the number of the adult citrus psyllids caught on the 3d and 7d traps was recorded, and the change in four directions of the south orange trees was recorded while the adult citrus psyllids caught on any of the 3d and 7d traps were counted, and the reduction in four directions of the south orange trees was calculated.
1.2.4 field push-pull test between two species of navel orange and Murraya paniculata
Selecting a navel orange tree with the height of about 1.3m to 1.5m, and uniformly placing 3 murraya jasminorage trees in a position 2m away from the navel orange tree by taking a trunk as a center of a circle, wherein the experiments mainly comprise 4 experiments, namely a) spraying and treating the navel orange tree by using a repellent active substance β -caryophyllene with the concentration of 10% and spraying and treating murraya jasminorage (push) by using liquid paraffin, b) spraying and treating the navel orange tree by using liquid paraffin and spraying and treating the murraya jasminorage plant (pull) by using an attractant active substance ocimum basilicum with the concentration of 25%, c) spraying and treating the navel orange tree by using a repellent active substance β -caryophyllene with the concentration of 10%, and spraying and treating the murraya jasminorage plant (push + pull) by using the liquid paraffin, and spraying and treating the murraya jasminorage (Control) by using the liquid paraffin, recording the number of citrus imagoes on the 3 rd and 7 th murraya jasminorage (push + pull), and recording the south-branch change amount of the navel orange trees, and recording the south-3-7-th branch as well as the north-south-branch decline rate.
1.2.5 data processing
Percent decline rate (%) - (number of live insects before treatment-number of live insects after treatment)/number of live insects before treatment × 100
Corrected decline rate (%) (treatment decline rate-control decline rate)/(100-control decline rate) × 100
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 24.0 data processing software, multiple comparisons between samples were performed using the Duncan's new repolarization method in one-way anova.
2 results and analysis
2.1 prevention and control of "push-pull" in greenhouse between Murraya koenigii single species
The results of the 'push-pull' test between the murraya paniculata single tree species show that: at 3d, the number of diaphorina citri transferred was significantly greater for the "push + pull" treatment than for the "push", "pull" alone and Control (P <0.05), while there was no significant difference in the number of diaphorina citri transferred between the "push" and "pull" alone treatments (P >0.05), but significantly higher than for the natural case (Control) (P < 0.05). Similar results as in 3d also occur at 5d (FIG. 2). The test results demonstrate that the "push + pull" treatment can significantly increase the number of diaphorous citrus psyllids transferred relative to a single "push" or "pull" treatment.
2.2 prevention and cure effect of push-pull in greenhouse between two species of navel orange and Murraya paniculata
The diaphorina citri has different preferences on different germplasm resources, and in order to verify the feasibility of the murraya paniculata plant as a trap plant in the 'push-pull' test of the diaphorina citri, the 'push-pull' test is carried out between two varieties of navel oranges and murraya paniculata. The results show that: at 3d, there was no significant difference in the number of diaphorina citri transferred from navel orange to murraya in the "push-pull" test and the number of diaphorina citri transferred from murraya to navel orange in the "push-pull" test (P > 0.05); at 5d, the number of diaphorina citri transferred from navel orange to murraya paniculata in the "push-pull" test and was significantly greater (P <0.05) than the number of diaphorina citri transferred from murraya paniculata to navel orange in the "push-pull" test (fig. 3). The push-pull test of the navel orange to the murraya paniculata is superior to the push-pull test of the navel orange to the murraya paniculata, so that the murraya paniculata as a trap plant has great feasibility in the push-pull control of the citrus psyllids in commercial orchards.
2.3 field Net Room push-pull attraction control Effect of attracting and repelling active substances
The screened optimal attracting and repelling active substances and the optimal concentration thereof are subjected to a field 'push-pull' attracting test, and the results show that: at 3d, the number of insects trapped in the traps was significantly higher in the "push + pull" treatment than in the "push" alone and the control (P <0.05), with no difference between the number of insects trapped in the traps in the "pull" alone and the "push + pull" treatments (P > 0.05). Wherein the number of insects trapped in the "push + pull" treatment is 31.67 heads/trap, and the number of citrus psyllids trapped in the "pull" separate treatment is 21.66 heads/trap; at 7d, the number of diaphorina citri insects trapped by the "push + pull" treatment traps was 47 heads/trap, significantly higher than the "push", "pull" treatment alone and the control (P <0.05) (fig. 4). Therefore, the single pushing and pulling treatment has no good effect on the trapping effect of the diaphorina citri than the pushing and pulling combined treatment.
The corrected rate of decline was calculated for the diaphorina citri variation on the treated citrus trees and the results showed: at 3d, the corrected rate of decline of diaphorina citri on citrus trees treated by push + pull is 49.71 percent, which is respectively 9.14 percent higher than the corrected rate of decline of push treatment and 40.26 percent higher than the corrected rate of decline of pull treatment; the corrected rate of reduction of diaphorina citri on citrus trees treated with the "push + pull" at 7d was 77.78%, which was 15.56% higher and 60.05% higher, respectively, than the "push" and "pull" treatments (fig. 5). Thus, the single "push" and "pull" treatments had lower corrected rate of decline for diaphorina citri than the "push + pull" co-treatment.
2.4 prevention and cure effect of navel orange tree to Murraya koenigii in field net room
In an experiment for investigating whether the screened repellent active substances can be used for repelling the diaphorina citri on the citrus trees in the field, then the murraya paniculata treated by the attracting active substances is used for attracting the diaphorina citri, the diaphorina citri is attracted to the murraya paniculata, and then the diaphorina citri is eliminated, so that the use of chemical agents is reduced, the result shows that: at 3d, the number of diaphorina citri insects on the murraya jasminorage was significantly higher in the "push + pull" treatment than in the "push" and control (P <0.05), with no difference between the number of diaphorina citri insects on the murraya jasminorage in the "pull" and "push + pull" treatments (P > 0.05). Wherein the number of insects on the Murraya koenigii in the "push + pull" treatment is 45.33/Murraya koenigii, and the number of diaphorina citri lice on the Murraya koenigii in the "pull" treatment is 30/Murraya koenigii. The insect count of diaphorina citri on the control murraya paniculata without active treatment was 9.67 heads/murraya paniculata; at 7d, the number of worms on the "push + pull" treated murraya was 84/murraya, significantly higher than the "push", "pull" alone and the control (P <0.05) (fig. 6). Thus, a single "push" or "pull" treatment did not work well for the number of diaphorina citri lice attracted to murraya paniculata.
The corrected rate of decline was calculated for the diaphorina citri variation on the treated citrus trees and the results showed: at 3d, the rate of reduction corrected for diaphorina citri on citrus trees treated by "push + pull" was 55.46%, which was 17.04% higher and 34.23% higher than the rate of reduction corrected for "push" and "pull" respectively; the corrected rate of reduction of diaphorina citri on the citrus trees treated by "push + pull" at 7d was 77.78%, which was 17.37% higher and 53.68% higher, respectively, than the "push" and "pull" treatments (fig. 7). Thus, the single "push", "pull" treatment corrected the rate of decline for diaphorina citri less than the rate of decline corrected for the "push + pull" combination treatment.
Discussion of 3
The effective control of the quantity of the diaphorina citri population is an effective way for controlling the spread of the yellow shoot. The "push-pull" strategy for pest control is a green control method, which not only can effectively control the population number of pests, but also does not have adverse effects on the environment and the like (Cook et al 2007). At present, no report exists that the effective components separated from non-host plants (repelling plants) and host plants (attracting plants) are applied to the push-pull control of the diaphorina citri (Yan et al 2014).
The test applies the screened attracting and repelling active substances to the single Murraya koenigii tree species and the push-pull test between the navel orange and the Murraya koenigii in a net room. The test results confirmed that the number of diaphorina citri insects transferred by the "push + pull" treatment was significantly greater than the number of insects transferred by the "push", "pull" treatment alone and the control. This suggests that the use of attracting and repelling actives significantly increases the efficiency of the "push-pull" system, which also provides a prerequisite for the use of both. The results of the "push-pull" test conducted between the two species murraya paniculata and navel orange showed that the number of diaphorina citri transfers was significantly greater when the push-pull direction was navel orange to murraya paniculata than when the push-pull direction was murraya paniculata to navel orange treatment, indicating that there is a great likelihood that this plant of murraya paniculata would act as a "trap crop" in the "push-pull" control of diaphorina citri. Many researches also prove that murraya paniculata is the most favored host of diaphorina citri, and in addition, the times of young shoots extraction of navel oranges and other rutaceae plants in one year are about 3-4 times, which are divided into spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots, while the murraya paniculata can continuously generate new shoots and can also ensure that the murraya paniculata can be used as a trap crop to continuously attract the diaphorina citri to take food and lay eggs, and then the citrus psylla paniculata is killed. This is consistent with the indoor rearing of diaphorina citri by a number of research institutes, also mostly taking the species murraya paniculata (Skelley and Hoy 2004). The tests were also carried out on the diaphorina citri on "protected crops" with simultaneous treatment of the murraya paniculata with attractant active substances. The effectiveness of "trapped crops" has been further enhanced by applying additional attractive semiochemicals to "trapped crops" or by using semiochemicals with repellent effects to "protected crops", which are known as semi-chemically assisted trapped crops (Shelton and badens-Perez 2006), and have been well practiced in pest "push-pull" strategies for a variety of crops (Martel et al2005, Xu et al 2018). In a small-scale 'push-pull' test of the diaphorina citri in a field net room by using the murraya paniculata, the number of the diaphorina citri on the murraya paniculata treated by the 'push + pull' is obviously more than that on the 'push' treated, the 'pull' treated and the control murraya paniculata by the 7 th day, and meanwhile, the reduction rate of the diaphorina citri on the navel orange trees is calculated, the correction reduction rate of the diaphorina citri on the navel orange trees treated by the 'push + pull' reaches 81.16 percent and is respectively 17.37 percent higher than that of the 'push' treated and 53.68 percent higher than that of the 'pull' treated. In another citrus psylla trapping push-pull test, the number of citrus psyllids trapped by the push + pull treatment at 7d was significantly greater than the number of citrus psyllids trapped by the push, pull and control treatments, while the corrected rate of reduction of citrus psyllids on citrus trees treated by the push + pull treatment at 7d was 77.78%, which was 15.56% higher than the corrected rate of reduction of the push treatment and 60.05% higher than the corrected rate of reduction of the pull treatment. Both the use of repellent and attractant active substances increased the efficiency of the overall system relative to controls.
With the increase of the threat of citrus greening disease to the citrus industry in China, government departments in various regions also increase the cleaning work of diseased trees in barren (unmanaged) orchards, private orchards and commercial orchards, and simultaneously perform joint defense measures on citrus psyllids, thereby obtaining remarkable effect. The quantity of the field psyllids is greatly reduced, and the occurrence area of the citrus greening disease is gradually controlled. The test is carried out in a base of a citrus scientific research institute in Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, and only a single tree species and two tree species in a net room and fixed conditions such as fixed height, fixed distance and the like in the field are carried out, so that the possibility of carrying out the field push-pull test on the citrus psyllids by utilizing the volatile matters of the plant source is verified. In practical applications, the relative attractiveness of "trap crops" as a key element of push-pull strategies, the ratio of "protected crops" to "trap crops", the spatial arrangement of the two (i.e., peripheral planting alone or intercropping with "protected crops") and the colonization habits of pests are also important to the success of "push-pull" strategies, and thus a thorough understanding of the behavior of diaphorina citri is required. In agricultural systems, the goal is to maximize the yield of the entire system while minimizing costs and using as much harvestable intercropped or trapped crops as possible, rather than sacrificing crops. In this experiment, murraya paniculata was used as a "trap crop" and further investigation of the availability of murraya paniculata was required. In the trapping 'push-pull' test, the conditions of trap design, trapping position and the like are important when a trapping device for trapping the trapping in a large scale is used. Later on, the target resources of pests to be controlled (their specificity, sensory ability and mobility) and protection need to be fully considered. In addition, the effect of repelling and attracting active substances against the natural enemies of diaphorina citri was not investigated in this test. Predation natural enemies can make valuable contributions to biological control and are ignored in many applications (Symondson et al 2002, Collier and Van Steenwyk 2004). Therefore, the effect of the whole system on natural enemies of pests is also considered in subsequent work, and the control efficiency of the diaphorina citri is improved. For the problems in the test, such as the planting mode, density, dosage and other conditions of the Murraya koenigii plants; the conditions of height, spacing, orientation, density and the like of the trap suspension in the trapping test need to be further optimized according to the specific conditions of the controlled area in the later test.
Claims (10)
1. A method for green control of diaphorina citri is characterized by comprising the following steps: planting a host plant of the diaphorina citri around the citrus fruit tree as a trap, spraying a repellent on the citrus fruit tree, and arranging a trap containing an attractant on the host plant, so that the diaphorina citri is driven from the citrus fruit tree and is trapped on the host plant to be killed.
2. The method for controlling diaphorina citri in green according to claim 1, wherein: the host plant is murraya paniculata.
3. The method for green control of diaphorina citri according to claim 1, wherein said repellent is plant volatile component β -caryophyllene.
4. The method for green control of diaphorina citri according to claim 3, wherein the mass concentration of the β -caryophyllene is 5-10%.
5. The method for controlling diaphorina citri in green according to claim 1, wherein: the attractant is plant volatile component ocimene.
6. The method for controlling diaphorina citri in green according to claim 5, wherein: the mass concentration of the ocimene is 20-30%.
7. The method for controlling diaphorina citri in green according to claim 1, wherein: the traps are arranged in the middle of the host plant, the height from the ground is 1-3 m, the distance between the traps is 2-5 m, and a better trapping effect on the diaphorina citri can be achieved.
8. The method for controlling diaphorina citri in green according to claim 7, wherein: the height of the traps from the ground is 2m, and the distance between the traps is 3 m.
Application of 9, β -caryophyllene and ocimene in combined control of diaphorina citri.
10. The use of claim 9, wherein the citrus psyllids are repelled from the citrus tree using β -caryophyllene and are attracted to and eliminated by ocimene.
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| CN113875465A (en) * | 2021-10-11 | 2022-01-04 | 杨桂强 | Method for preventing and treating psylla and yellow shoot in citrus orchard |
| CN116210423A (en) * | 2023-03-21 | 2023-06-06 | 广东省科学院动物研究所 | Application of wormcast in enhancing citrus resistance and inhibiting feeding of diaphorina citri |
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| CN113875465A (en) * | 2021-10-11 | 2022-01-04 | 杨桂强 | Method for preventing and treating psylla and yellow shoot in citrus orchard |
| WO2023247331A1 (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2023-12-28 | Stephan Schmidt Kg | Insect repellent based on natural active ingredients and mineral carrier materials |
| CN116210423A (en) * | 2023-03-21 | 2023-06-06 | 广东省科学院动物研究所 | Application of wormcast in enhancing citrus resistance and inhibiting feeding of diaphorina citri |
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