CN111253012A - Domestic sewage treatment system with high-load percolation coupling system and treatment process - Google Patents
Domestic sewage treatment system with high-load percolation coupling system and treatment process Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The system is characterized in that the system is provided with 3 operation modes of a normal operation mode, a low carbon nitrogen ratio operation mode and a high carbon nitrogen ratio operation mode, wherein the normal operation mode, the low carbon nitrogen ratio operation mode and the high carbon nitrogen ratio operation mode are different in construction degree of a rain and sewage diversion pipe network in different areas, sewage is firstly subjected to treatment such as grating and sedimentation through a pretreatment unit, enters an anaerobic tank, stays in the anaerobic tank for a period of time, then enters a regulating tank, then enters a high-load percolation coupling system in a timing, quantitative and intermittent manner through a water pump, and finally goes out through a total discharge port after sequentially passing through each stage of aerobic-facultative system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of sewage treatment, in particular to a domestic sewage treatment system with a high-load percolation coupling system and a treatment process.
Background
The domestic sewage has low COD and high ammonia nitrogen, and is an important reason for abnormal operation of a plurality of newly-built sewage treatment plants. The phenomenon is more prominent in village and town sewage treatment plants with incomplete pipe network construction and incomplete rain and sewage diversion construction. Due to the characteristics of the sewage, the problems of difficult sludge culture, low ammonia nitrogen removal rate, low pH value of effluent, low total nitrogen removal rate and the like often occur in the operation process.
In general, a sewage treatment plant with a large scale and specially operated and managed adds carbon sources such as glucose, starch, methanol and the like to an aerobic zone or an anaerobic denitrification zone to maintain the sludge concentration and supplement the carbon sources required by denitrification. This will further increase the cost of sewage treatment. However, in the first-level small and medium-sized sewage treatment stations in some villages and towns, the carbon source is difficult to supplement at regular time and quantity by a special person.
A nitrification-denitrification coupling biological membrane filtration system in a drainage rare earth mine tail water treatment system and a treatment process (patent number: ZL201910513047.0) has the characteristics of low operation cost, stable operation, strong load impact resistance, no sludge discharge and the like in the practical engineering application of treating rare earth tail water with lower carbon-nitrogen ratio. As the rare earth tail water basically does not contain COD and other nutrient elements and has the characteristics of large water adhesion, strong volatility and the like, the system is provided with a series of auxiliary structures such as an organic carbon source pool, a disinfection backflow pool and the like, and is provided with more electric control valves, so that the requirements on the automatic control and the operation management of the system are higher.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention simplifies a nitrification-denitrification coupling biomembrane filtering system in a drainage rare earth mine tail water treatment system and a treatment process (patent number: ZL201910513047.0) by improvement, so that the system becomes a new system and a new process which are more suitable for domestic sewage. The invention is solved by the following technical scheme:
a domestic sewage treatment system with a high-load percolation coupling system and a treatment process mainly comprise a pretreatment unit and a core treatment unit; the pretreatment unit mainly comprises a water inlet grating and a primary sedimentation tank. The water inlet grille is mainly used for removing larger floating objects such as branches and leaves in the water body. The primary sedimentation tank is mainly used for removing settleable matters or floating matters, so that fine solids are flocculated into larger particles, the solid-liquid separation effect is enhanced, and the load of subsequent treatment facilities is reduced.
The core processing unit includes: anaerobic tank, equalizing basin, high load infiltration coupled system. The anaerobic tank is mainly used for decomposing macromolecular organic matters into micromolecular organic matters and is used as one of denitrification places, and when the total nitrogen of system effluent exceeds the standard, reflux liquid flows back to the anaerobic tank to perform denitrification by utilizing an organic carbon source in the anaerobic tank. The regulating reservoir mainly functions in regulating flow rate and homogenizing water quality, and the water is homogenized intermittently, regularly and quantitatively to the high load percolation coupling system via the lift pump of the regulating reservoir. The high-load percolation coupling system is formed by connecting two aerobic-facultative systems in series, the two aerobic-facultative system layers are separated by an impermeable membrane, and each aerobic-facultative system consists of an aerobic filter material layer, a homogenization filter material layer and a facultative filter material layer except a dephosphorization filter material layer on the surface layer of the system;
the high-load percolation coupling system firstly carries out surface-layer homogenization water distribution on most of sewage through a layer of water distribution pipe, and a small part of sewage directly enters the facultative filter material layer through a layer of air distribution pipe connected with the water inlet main pipe; vertical guide pipes are arranged among the aerobic filter material layers and are connected with the transverse water dispersing pipes in the homogenization filter material layers; the water outlet pipe of the previous facultative filter layer is connected with the water distribution pipe of the next level, the water outlet of the previous facultative filter layer is the water inlet of the aerobic filter layer of the next level; the main water outlet pipe of the next-stage water collecting pipe is divided into two branch pipes, namely a water outlet pipe and a return pipe. The medium-pressure fan respectively ventilates and supplies oxygen to the aerobic filter material layers through the first layer of air distribution pipe and the second layer of air distribution pipe; the medicine feeding pipe is connected with a layer of gas distribution pipe. The main air pipe is provided with a heating device at the end close to the medium-pressure fan, and the heating device is started under the low-temperature condition.
The high-load percolation coupling system controls the water distribution time and the drainage time of the aerobic-facultative system and the water distribution time of the next-stage aerobic-facultative system at the previous stage through the intermittent water distribution time of the submersible sewage pump; the retention time of the sewage in the facultative filter material layer is controlled by the height of the water outlet of each facultative filter material layer;
in order to deal with the characteristic that the carbon-nitrogen ratio deviation of sewage is large due to different construction degrees of rain-sewage diversion pipe networks in different areas, the system is provided with 3 operation modes including a normal operation mode, a low carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode and a high carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode.
The normal mode is that the carbon nitrogen ratio is more than 4:1 and less than 5:1, after sewage firstly passes through a pretreatment system, most of the sewage sequentially enters a two-stage aerobic-facultative anaerobic system through a layer of water distribution pipe; a small part of sewage directly enters the upper-stage aerobic-facultative system through a layer of gas distribution pipe, COD in the raw sewage is utilized to improve the COD concentration of the upper-stage facultative filter material layer so as to provide a carbon source for denitrification reaction, and then the sewage enters the lower-stage aerobic-facultative system for further treatment, so that the COD, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen reach the standard. Meanwhile, if the total nitrogen does not reach the standard, part of the sewage returned by the return pipe enters the anaerobic tank and is subjected to further denitrification by utilizing COD in the anaerobic tank.
The low carbon-nitrogen operation ratio mode is that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is less than 4:1, most of sewage firstly passes through the pretreatment system and then sequentially enters the two-stage aerobic-facultative aerobic system through a layer of water distribution pipe; a small part of sewage directly enters the upper-stage aerobic-facultative system through a layer of gas distribution pipe, COD in the raw sewage is utilized to improve the COD concentration of the upper-stage anaerobic filter material layer so as to provide a carbon source for denitrification reaction, then the sewage enters the lower-stage aerobic-facultative system for further treatment, and simultaneously a part of sewage reflowing through a backflow pipe enters an anaerobic tank to be further denitrified by utilizing the COD in the anaerobic tank. And under the condition that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is extremely low, if the carbon-nitrogen ratio is less than 3:1, adding part of carbon source through a medicine adding pipe connected with a layer of gas distribution pipe to ensure that the carbon source of the previous facultative filter layer is sufficient.
The high carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode is that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is more than 5:1, and because the sewage contains enough carbon sources, the water firstly passes through the pretreatment system, and then all the sewage sequentially enters the two-stage aerobic-facultative anaerobic system through one layer of water distribution pipe.
Firstly, adopting a dephosphorization filter material layer formed by mixing 70-80% of 5mm-10mm calcium carbonate and 20% -30% of steel slag to carry out adsorption dephosphorization treatment.
And the second step, mixing 80-90% of medium sand and 10-20% of zeolite to form an aerobic filter material layer, and carrying out nitration reaction and organic matter oxidation reaction.
Thirdly, 70-80% of crushed stone with the diameter of 5-10 mm, 15-18% of chaff, 2-15% of active carbon and a facultative filter material layer formed by mixing are adopted for denitrification treatment.
Fourthly, a homogenization layer composed of crushed stones with the diameter of 5mm-10mm is adopted to play a role in homogenizing water distribution.
Fifthly, each stage of aerobic-facultative anaerobic system is formed by coupling an aerobic filter material layer of 50cm and a facultative filter material layer of 50 cm.
And sixthly, the aerobic filter material layer is an adsorption and drying layer, the facultative filter material layer is a long-term water storage layer, the aerobic filter material layer and the facultative filter material layer are distinguished by an air pipe (shared by a carbon source pipe), the aerobic filter material layer is arranged above the air pipe (the carbon source pipe), and the facultative filter material layer water storage layer is arranged below the air pipe. The system creates an aerobic low COD nitrification environment for the upper filter material layer after falling dry through ventilation of the air pipe (carbon source pipe), and creates a facultative anaerobic high COD denitrification environment for the water storage layer added with carbon source through the air pipe (carbon source pipe).
Seventhly, adopting a low-pressure ventilation aeration mode different from the traditional deep water aeration mode for the aerobic filter material layer, and carrying out infiltration on sewage through NH with positive charges in the process of water distribution pipes at all stages4 +Ions and COD are adsorbed and enriched in the filter material and the biological membrane with negative charges, and after sewage falls into the filter material and the water storage layer of the facultative filter material layer, the filter material and the biological membrane are ventilated at low pressure to supply oxygen for nitrification and organic matter oxidation reaction.
Eighthly, the process is formed by connecting two stages of aerobic-facultative systems in series, each stage is separated by an impermeable membrane, a first-stage facultative outlet pipe is connected with a second-stage water distribution pipe, and the water outlet of a first-stage facultative filter material layer is the water inlet of a second-stage aerobic filter material layer; the water discharged from the second-level facultative filter material layer is the final total water.
And ninthly, under the condition that the carbon nitrogen ratio is low, the system can directly feed a small part of raw sewage into the facultative filter layer through a layer of gas distribution pipe connected with the water inlet main pipe during water distribution to perform denitrification reaction.
Tenth step, vertical guide pipes are arranged among the aerobic filter material layers and connected with the transverse water dispersing pipes in the homogenization filter material layers, so that the uniformity of sewage in the infiltration process is ensured.
The aerobic filter material in the first step is composed of medium sand and zeolite, the two filter materials have strong adsorptivity to ammonia nitrogen and relatively weak adsorptivity to COD (chemical oxygen demand), the transfer of the COD to the facultative filter layer is facilitated, and meanwhile, the filter material is used as a carrier of nitrobacteria and aerobic bacteria to form a biological membrane structure, so that the COD required by maintaining bacterial micelles is reduced compared with an activated sludge method, and the aerobic filter material has strong load impact resistance and stability.
The aerobic nitrification section of the system adopts an intermittent treatment mode of firstly absorbing and then converting, the system is divided into 8 water inlet periods and 16 ventilation periods, firstly, mixed sewage uniformly enters the system from the surface layer through a water distribution pipe on the surface layer of the filter material, and the sewage is subjected to positive charge NH in the process of infiltration between aerobic filter materials4 +The ions and COD are absorbed by the filter materials with negative charges on the surface layer and the biological membrane growing between the filter materials, and after the aerobic nitrification filter material falls dry and enters the facultative filter material layer, the sewage carries out low-pressure ventilation and oxygen supply on the nitrification section through the ventilation pipe between the aerobic filter material layer and the facultative filter material layer so as to provide oxygen for the nitrification reaction. Water distribution is carried out for a period of 3 hours, the time is generally controlled within 30 minutes, and the surface load of water inlet is controlled to be 1.0m3/m2*d-2.0m3/m2D is greater than x; ventilating for 1.5 hours for a period, taking ventilation time/water distribution time as a boundary, ventilating once air 1 hour before water distribution, ventilating once air after water distribution, and controlling the period to be about 20 minutes, wherein the water-steam ratio is 1: 2.
In the second step, the facultative anaerobic filter material consists of crushed stones, chaffs and activated carbon, wherein the crushed stones have high porosity and can provide volume space for facultative layer sewage and serve as main carriers of denitrification biological membranes; the chaff has larger specific surface area and also has the characteristic of slowly releasing the carbon source, and the chaff can be used as a slowly-released organic carbon source to provide partial carbon source and trace elements for the biological membrane while improving the specific surface area of the mixed filter material. The activated carbon has strong adsorption performance on COD, and can adsorb and store the COD added from the dosing pipe in the facultative filter layer to continuously provide a carbon source for denitrification. The facultative filter layer of the system is a water storage layer, sewage passing through the aerobic filter layer seeps down to the facultative filter layer, stays for more than 2 hours through the sewage denitrification layer of the aerobic filter layer for sufficient denitrification reaction, is collected through a water collecting pipe at the bottom of the system and then is discharged through a drain pipe connected with the water collecting pipe, and the water storage level and the staying time of the facultative filter layer are controlled by the height of the drain pipe.
The invention has the following benefits:
1. compared with a drainage rare earth mine tail water treatment system and a treatment process (patent number: ZL201910513047.0), the invention maintains the advantages of treating sewage with low carbon-nitrogen ratio, simplifies the system structure of a core treatment unit, omits auxiliary units such as a carbon source pool, an organic carbon source pool, an alkali liquor pool and the like and a plurality of electric control valves, has strong load resistance, does not need special management, and becomes a treatment system more suitable for domestic sewage.
2. Aiming at the characteristic that the carbon-nitrogen ratio deviation of the sewage is large due to different construction degrees of rain-sewage diversion pipe networks in different areas, the system is provided with the operation modes in the normal operation mode, the low carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode and the high carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode 3, the conditions of different carbon-nitrogen ratio concentrations are met, and the application range is wide.
3. Under the condition of low carbon nitrogen ratio, a system can fully utilize the carbon source in the raw sewage without additional equipment and energy consumption by directly entering a small part of the raw sewage into the facultative filter material layer through a layer of gas distribution pipe connected with the water inlet main pipe during water distribution to carry out denitrification reaction and reflux.
4. The aerobic nitrification section of the invention adopts the mixed filter material of the medium sand, the zeolite, the chaff and the activated sludge with corresponding proportion as the filler, and the biological membrane which takes the filter material with large specific surface area as the structural carrier has more stable structure compared with the zoogloea structure, and does not need additional carbon source to maintain the shape, thereby reducing the consumption of the carbon source. Meanwhile, sewage flows through the surfaces of the filter material and the biological membrane in a fluid mode in the process of infiltration and low-pressure ventilation oxygen supply, and compared with the stirring influence of deep water aeration oxygen supply on the zoogloea in the traditional process, the stability is higher.
5. Besides being used as a carrier of microorganisms, the aerobic nitrification section filter material also has strong ammonia nitrogen adsorption capacity. In the process of the sewage infiltration of the filter material in the aerobic nitrification section, the sewage is firstly intercepted and absorbed in the filterIn the material and the biological membrane, after the filtering material of the sewage in the aerobic nitrification section is dried, the air pipe is used for ventilation to supply oxygen, and the nitrifying bacteria in the biological membrane are used for nitrification reaction, thereby forming a complete adsorption-reaction system. The filter material has strong adsorption capacity on ammonia nitrogen, so that free NH in the water body4 +The enrichment is realized, and compared with the traditional process, the treatment mode is more refined and efficient.
6. In the traditional process, the oxygen supply mode is a deep water aeration mode, and oxygen in the air is dissolved in the water body and then absorbed and utilized by the zoogloea. The invention adopts a ventilation oxygen supply mode with lower energy consumption, after the sewage flows through the aerobic nitrification section to be dried, ammonia nitrogen is enriched in the filter material and the biological membrane due to the adsorption and interception functions of the filter material, and then the low-pressure ventilation oxygen supply is directly carried out on the biological membrane attached to the filter material of the aerobic filter material layer through the air pipe. Compared with the traditional deep water aeration mode, the oxygen supply mode has more advantages on the oxygen conduction efficiency and reduces the energy consumption by about 80 percent. In addition, when the temperature is lower in winter, the process heats the air through ventilation so that the temperature of the inlet air is not lower than 20 ℃ to maintain the activity of microorganisms.
7. The invention arranges vertical guide pipes among aerobic filter material layers to be connected with the horizontal water dispersing pipes in the homogenization filter material layers, when aerobic filter materials in a certain area are blocked, sewage can enter a next homogenization layer through the guide pipes in the area, and simultaneously, when the sewage flows through the homogenization layer, the sewage flows between the layers with small flow resistance due to large porosity, and the sewage flows between the layers with large flow resistance due to small porosity of the next aerobic filter material layer, so that the sewage preferentially flows transversely in the homogenization layer and then flows vertically downwards. Thereby ensuring the uniformity of the sewage in the flowing process of the filter layer to the maximum extent.
Drawings
FIG. 1a is a flow chart of domestic sewage treatment in a normal mode;
FIG. 1b is a flow chart of domestic sewage treatment in a low carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode;
FIG. 1c is a flow chart of domestic sewage treatment in a high carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode;
fig. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a high load percolation coupling system.
In the figure: 1. a regulating tank; 2. a submersible sewage pump; 3. an anaerobic tank; 4. a return pipe; 5. a drain pipe; 6. two layers of water collecting pipes; 7. a facultative filter layer; 8. two layers of air distribution pipes; 9. homogenizing the filter material layer; 10. a one-way valve; 11. a layer of gas distribution pipe; 12. a heating device; 13. a main duct; 14. a medium pressure fan; 15. a medicine feeding pipe; 16. a water dispersion pipe; 17. a layer of water distribution pipe; 18. a flow guide pipe; 19. adjusting a valve; 20. a main water inlet pipe; 21. a phosphorus removal filter material layer; 22. an aerobic filter material layer; 23. a layer of water collecting pipe; 24. an exhaust pipe; 25. an impermeable membrane; 26. two layers of water distributing pipes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT (S) OF INVENTION
As shown in fig. 1, the sewage is first treated by a pretreatment unit through a grating, sedimentation, etc., enters an anaerobic tank, stays in the anaerobic tank for a period of time, then enters a regulating tank, then enters a high-load percolation coupling system through a water pump in a timed, quantitative and intermittent manner, passes through aerobic-facultative systems of various stages in sequence, and finally is discharged through a main discharge port.
As shown in fig. 2, the high-load percolation coupling system is formed by connecting two aerobic-facultative systems in series, the two aerobic-facultative systems are separated by an impermeable membrane (25), and each aerobic-facultative system consists of an aerobic filter material layer (22), a homogenization filter material layer (9) and a facultative filter material layer (7) except that a filter material on the surface layer of the system is a dephosphorization filter material layer (21); vertical draft tubes (18) are arranged among the aerobic filter material layers (22) and are connected with transverse water dispersion tubes (16) in the homogenization filter material layer (9); the water outlet of a water collecting pipe (8) at the upper stage of the facultative filter material layer is connected with a water distributing pipe (11) at the second stage, and the water outlet of the upper stage of the facultative filter material layer (7) is the water inlet of the aerobic filter material layer (22) at the next stage; the main water outlet pipe of the next-stage two-layer water collecting pipe 6) is divided into two branch pipes, namely a drain pipe (5) and a return pipe (4). Firstly, most of sewage is subjected to surface-layer homogenization water distribution through a layer of water distribution pipe (17) and enters a system, COD and ammonia nitrogen in the sewage are firstly adsorbed by a filter material and a biological membrane growing on the surface of the filter material in the infiltration process of an aerobic filter material layer, after the sewage falls to the dryness and enters a facultative filter material layer (7), a medium-pressure fan (14) is utilized to ventilate and supply oxygen to the aerobic filter material layer (22) through an air pipe main pipe (13), and a heating device (12) is started under the low-temperature condition to ensure the microbial activity; the air communicated with the next layer is collected by the two layers of water distribution pipes and then is discharged by the exhaust pipe (24). A small part of sewage directly enters the facultative filter material layer (7) through a layer of gas distribution pipe (11) connected with the water inlet main pipe (20); mixing with the sewage passing through the aerobic filter layer, and staying in the facultative filter layer (7) for more than 2 hours for denitrification reaction. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the inlet water is lower, an excessive carbon source is added through the dosing pipe (15) and enters the previous facultative filter layer, one part of the carbon source directly participates in the denitrification reaction of the facultative filter layer, and the other part of the carbon source is adsorbed and stored in the active carbon in the facultative filter layer and is slowly released. The effluent of the aerobic-facultative system in the upper layer enters the aerobic-facultative system in the lower layer through the two layers of water distribution pipes (26), and the ammonia nitrogen or the denitrification of the sewage directly entering the facultative filter material layer (7) in the upper layer is completely consumed as COD, and the advanced treatment is carried out through the aerobic-facultative system in the next layer. Finally, the sewage treated by each stage of aerobic-facultative anaerobic system is collected by the two layers of water collecting pipes (6), one part of the sewage is discharged through the water discharging pipe opening (5), the other part of the sewage flows back to the anaerobic pool (3) through the return pipe (4), and the return ratio is flexibly adjusted according to the carbon-nitrogen ratio of inlet water and the quality of outlet water.
The foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are given by way of illustration of the principles of the present invention, and that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A domestic sewage treatment system with a high-load percolation coupling system mainly comprises a pretreatment unit and a core treatment unit; the pretreatment unit mainly comprises: a water inlet grid and a primary sedimentation tank; the core processing unit comprises: anaerobic tank, equalizing basin, high load infiltration coupled system.
2. The domestic sewage treatment system with a high load diafiltration coupling system according to claim 1, wherein: the high-load percolation coupling system is formed by connecting two aerobic-facultative systems in series, the two aerobic-facultative system layers are separated by an impermeable membrane, and each aerobic-facultative system consists of an aerobic filter material layer, a homogenization filter material layer and a facultative filter material layer except a dephosphorization filter material layer on the surface layer of the system; the high-load percolation coupling system firstly carries out surface-layer homogenization water distribution on most of sewage through a layer of water distribution pipe, and a small part of sewage directly enters the facultative filter material layer through a layer of air distribution pipe connected with the water inlet main pipe; vertical guide pipes are arranged among the aerobic filter material layers and are connected with the transverse water dispersing pipes in the homogenization filter material layers; the water outlet pipe of the previous facultative filter layer is connected with the water distribution pipe of the next level, the water outlet of the previous facultative filter layer is the water inlet of the aerobic filter layer of the next level; the main water outlet pipe of the next-stage water collecting pipe is divided into a drain pipe and a return pipe; the medium-pressure fan respectively ventilates and supplies oxygen to the aerobic filter material layers through the first layer of air distribution pipe and the second layer of air distribution pipe; the medicine feeding pipe is connected with a layer of gas distribution pipe; the main air pipe is provided with a heating device at the end close to the medium-pressure fan, and the heating device is started under the low-temperature condition.
3. A domestic sewage treatment system with a high load diafiltration coupling system according to claim 2 wherein: the high-load percolation coupling system controls the water distribution time and the drainage time of the aerobic-facultative system and the water distribution time of the next-stage aerobic-facultative system at the previous stage through the intermittent water distribution time of the submersible sewage pump; the retention time of the sewage in the facultative filter layer is controlled by the height of the water outlet of each facultative filter layer.
4. A domestic sewage treatment process with a high-load percolation coupling system is characterized in that: which employs a domestic sewage treatment system according to any one of claims 1 to 3; the sewage is firstly treated by a pretreatment unit through grating, sedimentation and the like, enters an anaerobic tank, stays in the anaerobic tank for a period of time, then enters a regulating tank, then enters a high-load percolation coupling system through a water pump in a timed, quantitative and intermittent manner, sequentially passes through various stages of aerobic-facultative systems, and finally is discharged through a main discharge port; the method is characterized by further comprising the following processing steps:
firstly, adopting a dephosphorization filter material layer formed by mixing 70-80% of 5mm-10mm calcium carbonate and 20% -30% of steel slag to carry out adsorption dephosphorization treatment;
secondly, carrying out nitration reaction and organic matter oxidation reaction on an aerobic filter material layer formed by mixing 80-90% of medium sand and 10-20% of zeolite;
secondly, denitrifying 70-80% of crushed stone with the size of 5-10 mm, 15-18% of chaff, 2-15% of active carbon and a facultative filter material layer formed by mixing the crushed stone and the chaff;
fourthly, each stage of aerobic-facultative anaerobic system is formed by coupling an aerobic filter material layer of 50cm and a facultative filter material layer of 50 cm;
fifthly, a homogenization layer consisting of crushed stones with the diameter of 5mm-10mm is adopted to play a role in homogenizing water distribution;
sixthly, the aerobic filter material layer is an adsorption and drying layer, the facultative filter material layer is a long-term water storage layer, and the aerobic filter material layer and the facultative filter material layer are distinguished by air pipes; the air pipe and the carbon source pipe are shared, an aerobic filter material layer is arranged above the air pipe, and a facultative filter material layer water storage layer is arranged below the air pipe; the system creates an aerobic nitrification environment with low chemical oxygen demand for the filter material layer after the upper layer falls to be dry through ventilation of the air pipe, and creates a facultative denitrification environment with high chemical oxygen demand for the water storage layer added with the carbon source through the air pipe;
seventhly, adopting a low-pressure ventilation aeration mode different from the traditional deep water aeration mode for the aerobic filter material layer, adsorbing and enriching ammonium ions with positive charges and chemical oxygen demand in a filter material and a biological membrane with negative charges in the process of sewage infiltration through each stage of water distribution pipes, and after the sewage falls into the water storage layer of the aerobic filter material layer and is doubled with the water storage layer, performing low-pressure ventilation on the filter material and the biological membrane to supply oxygen for nitrification and organic matter oxidation reaction;
eighthly, the process is formed by connecting two stages of aerobic-facultative systems in series, each stage is separated by an impermeable membrane, a first-stage facultative outlet pipe is connected with a second-stage water distribution pipe, and the water outlet of a first-stage facultative filter material layer is the water inlet of a second-stage aerobic filter material layer; the effluent of the second-stage facultative filter material layer is the final total effluent;
ninthly, under the condition of low carbon nitrogen, the system can directly feed a small part of raw sewage into the facultative filter layer for denitrification reaction through a layer of gas distribution pipe connected with the water inlet main pipe during water distribution;
tenth step, vertical guide pipes are arranged among the aerobic filter material layers and connected with the transverse water dispersing pipes in the homogenization filter material layers, so that the uniformity of sewage in the infiltration process is ensured.
5. The domestic sewage treatment process with a high load percolation coupling system according to claim 4, characterised in that: the aerobic filter material in the first step consists of medium sand and zeolite, the two filter materials have strong adsorptivity to ammonia nitrogen and relatively weak adsorptivity to chemical oxygen demand, and are beneficial to transferring the chemical oxygen demand to the facultative filter layer, and meanwhile, the filter material is used as a carrier of nitrobacteria and aerobic bacteria to form a biological membrane structure, so that the chemical oxygen demand required for maintaining a zoogloea is reduced compared with an activated sludge method, and the aerobic filter material has strong load impact resistance and stability.
6. The process for treating the tail water of the watershed rare earth mine according to claim 5, wherein the process comprises the following steps: the aerobic nitrification section of the system adopts an intermittent treatment mode of firstly absorbing and then converting, the system is divided into 8 water inlet periods and 16 ventilation periods, firstly, mixed sewage uniformly enters the system from the surface layer through a water distribution pipe on the surface layer of a filter material, ammonium ions with positive charges and chemical oxygen demand in the process of infiltration of the sewage between aerobic filter materials are absorbed by the filter material with negative charges on the surface layer and a biological membrane growing between the filter materials, and after the sewage falls dry in the aerobic nitrification filter material and enters the filter material of the facultative filter material layer, the aeration is carried out on the nitrification section through a ventilation pipe between the aerobic filter material layer and the facultative filter material layer to supply oxygen for nitrification reaction; water distribution is carried out for a period of 3 hours, the time is generally controlled within 30 minutes, and the surface load of water inlet is controlled to be 1.0m3/m2*d-2.0m3/m2D is greater than x; ventilating for 1.5 hours for one period, with the ventilation time/water distribution time as the boundary, ventilating once 1 hour before water distribution, ventilating once after water distribution, and circulatingThe period is controlled to be about 20 minutes, and the water-steam ratio is 1: 2.
7. The domestic sewage treatment process with a high load percolation coupling system according to claim 4, characterised in that: in the second step, the facultative filter material consists of crushed stones, chaffs and activated carbon, wherein the crushed stones have high porosity and can provide volume space for facultative layer sewage and serve as main carriers of denitrification biological membranes; the chaff has larger specific surface area and also has the characteristic of slowly releasing the carbon source, so that the specific surface area of the mixed filter material is improved, and the chaff is used as a slowly-releasing organic carbon source to provide partial carbon source and trace elements for the biological membrane; the activated carbon has strong adsorption performance on the chemical oxygen demand, and can adsorb and store the chemical oxygen demand added from the dosing pipe in the facultative filter layer to continuously provide a carbon source for denitrification; the facultative filter layer of the system is a water storage layer, sewage passing through the aerobic filter layer seeps down to the facultative filter layer, stays for more than 2 hours through the sewage denitrification layer of the aerobic filter layer for sufficient denitrification reaction, is collected through a water collecting pipe at the bottom of the system and then is discharged through a drain pipe connected with the water collecting pipe, and the water storage level and the staying time of the facultative filter layer are controlled by the height of the drain pipe.
8. The domestic sewage treatment process with a high load percolation coupling system according to claim 4, characterised in that: the normal mode is that the carbon nitrogen ratio is more than 4:1 and less than 5:1, after sewage firstly passes through a pretreatment system, most of the sewage sequentially enters a two-stage aerobic-facultative anaerobic system through a layer of water distribution pipe; a small part of sewage directly enters the upper-stage aerobic-facultative system through a layer of gas distribution pipe, the chemical oxygen demand in the raw sewage is utilized to improve the chemical oxygen demand concentration of the upper-stage facultative filter material layer so as to provide a carbon source for denitrification reaction, and then the sewage enters the lower-stage aerobic-facultative system for further treatment, so that the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen reach the standard; and meanwhile, if the total nitrogen still does not reach the standard, returning part of the sewage into the anaerobic tank by using the return pipe, and further performing denitrification by using the chemical oxygen demand in the anaerobic tank.
9. The domestic sewage treatment process with a high load percolation coupling system according to claim 4, characterised in that: the low carbon-nitrogen operation ratio mode is that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is less than 4:1, most of sewage firstly passes through the pretreatment system and then sequentially enters the two-stage aerobic-facultative aerobic system through a layer of water distribution pipe; a small part of sewage directly enters a previous stage aerobic-facultative system through a layer of gas distribution pipe, the chemical oxygen demand concentration of the previous stage anaerobic filter material layer is improved by utilizing the chemical oxygen demand in the original sewage to provide a carbon source for denitrification reaction, and then the sewage enters a next stage aerobic-facultative system for further treatment, and simultaneously a part of sewage reflowing through a backflow pipe enters an anaerobic tank to carry out further denitrification by utilizing the chemical oxygen demand in the anaerobic tank; and under the condition that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is extremely low, if the carbon-nitrogen ratio is less than 3:1, adding part of carbon source through a medicine adding pipe connected with a layer of gas distribution pipe to ensure that the carbon source of the previous facultative filter layer is sufficient.
10. The domestic sewage treatment process with a high load percolation coupling system according to claim 4, characterised in that: the high carbon-nitrogen ratio operation mode is that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is more than 5:1, and because the sewage contains enough carbon sources, the water firstly passes through the pretreatment system, and then all the sewage sequentially enters the two-stage aerobic-facultative anaerobic system through one layer of water distribution pipe.
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