CN111185598B - Method for improving toughness of additive manufacturing sample piece - Google Patents
Method for improving toughness of additive manufacturing sample piece Download PDFInfo
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- CN111185598B CN111185598B CN202010102214.5A CN202010102214A CN111185598B CN 111185598 B CN111185598 B CN 111185598B CN 202010102214 A CN202010102214 A CN 202010102214A CN 111185598 B CN111185598 B CN 111185598B
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
- B22F2003/1051—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding by electric discharge
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for improving the toughness of an additive manufacturing sample piece, which comprises the following steps: (1) a single-pass forming process: obtaining single-channel appearance under different laser forming processes, and selecting forming conditions corresponding to continuous and uniform melting channels; (2) changing a laser scanning strategy, and printing to obtain cuboids with different scanning line distances; (3) cutting off small squares from the end parts of the cuboid, and grinding the small squares to be flat for 6 surfaces and then carrying out a density experiment to obtain the density; (4) annealing the cuboid with the small square blocks cut off, processing the cuboid into a tensile strip by linear cutting, and obtaining a stress-strain curve and a toughness value of the printed piece through a tensile experiment; (5) and analyzing the fracture morphology of the stretching strip, and selecting a reasonable scanning line spacing value to obtain a printing piece with high strength and high toughness. The method improves the energy distribution of the laser acting on the material, reduces the thermal stress, and is beneficial to obtaining a printing sample piece with high surface precision and good toughness; and the method is simple and easy to implement, and is favorable for meeting the requirements of the 3D printing industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation and processing of materials, and particularly relates to a method for improving toughness of an additive manufacturing sample.
Background
Additive manufacturing technology, commonly known as 3D printing, is a green and intelligent manufacturing technology, and is known as one of carriers of the "third industrial revolution". Compared with the traditional material reducing and waiting processing modes, the additive manufacturing technology has the advantages of rapidness, flexibility, material saving and personalized customization, and has very obvious advantages for processing high-melting-point, traditional difficult-to-process materials and parts with complex shapes. At present, additive manufactured titanium alloy, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, high-temperature alloy and the like are widely applied to aerospace, medical treatment and industrial production. In the additive manufacturing technology, compared with a powder feeding printing mode, a printed product with higher forming precision can be obtained by using a laser powder bed melting technology of a powder spreading mode. However, since the printing process is a process of rapid melting and then rapid solidification, the temperature gradient and thermal stress in the process are large, which can cause micro defects such as cracks in the printed product, anisotropic mechanical properties and low toughness.
In the prior art, the residual stress of a printed piece is reduced and the mechanical property is improved by preheating a printing bottom plate, annealing the printed piece, remelting laser in the printing process, optimizing the components of printing raw materials and the like; however, due to the reasons that the preheating temperature of the powder bed bottom plate is not high, the printing efficiency is reduced by laser remelting, other elements may be introduced into the raw material composition optimization, the microscopic defects cannot be completely eliminated by annealing treatment, and the like, the measures have limited effects on improving the defects of the printed product and improving the mechanical property.
The laser scanning strategy is a measure capable of effectively improving the microstructure and the mechanical property of a printed piece, and comprises parameters such as a laser scanning direction, a point distance, a line distance, a laser scanning mode and the like, wherein the laser scanning line distance is simple and easy to change, and the laser scanning strategy has a good effect on improving the property of the printed piece.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for improving toughness of an additive manufacturing sample, in which a scanning strategy such as a laser scanning line pitch is adjusted to change a pore size and a porosity in a printed material, so as to improve the toughness of the printed material.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method of increasing toughness in an additive manufacturing sample, comprising the steps of:
(1) a single-pass forming process: obtaining single-channel appearance under different laser forming processes, and selecting forming conditions corresponding to continuous and uniform melting channels;
(2) changing a laser scanning strategy, and printing to obtain cuboids with different scanning line distances; wherein the size of cuboid is: the length is not less than 80mm, the width is not less than 12mm, and the height is not less than 14 mm;
(3) cutting off small squares from the end parts of the cuboid, and grinding the small squares to be flat for 6 surfaces and then carrying out a density experiment to obtain density;
(4) annealing the cuboid from which the small square blocks are cut, processing the cuboid into a tensile strip by linear cutting, and obtaining a stress-strain curve and a toughness value of a printed piece through a tensile experiment;
(5) and analyzing the fracture morphology of the tensile bar, and obtaining a printing piece with high strength and high toughness according to an analysis result.
Further, the parameters of the laser forming process in the step (1) include laser power, scanning rate, exposure time and laser dot pitch parameters.
Further, the forming manner in the step (1) includes: powder spreading, powder feeding and wire feeding.
Further, electron beam, plasma, arc, supersonic energy source may also be used in the step (1) for the single pass shaping process.
Further, the method for changing the laser scanning strategy in the step (2) comprises: the laser scanning line spacing is set according to the width of the scanning melting channel, so that the overlapping rate of the melting channel is in the range of-50%.
Further, the laser scanning strategy for printing the cuboid in the step (2) is that the rotation angle of each layer is between 30 and 90 degrees.
Further, the density is obtained by adopting a drainage method and a two-dimensional image method in the step (3).
Further, the annealing treatment in the step (4) selects proper conditions according to the properties of different materials; preferably, the annealing treatment is performed in a vacuum environment.
Further, the thickness of the stretched strip in the step (4) is 2mm +/-0.5 mm.
Further, the tensile test is performed in the step (4) on a universal testing machine.
Advantageous effects
The invention provides a method for improving the toughness of an additive manufacturing sample piece, which changes the pore size and porosity in a printed piece by adjusting scanning strategies such as laser scanning line spacing and the like, improves the energy distribution of a single melting channel after laser action, reduces thermal stress, and finally can obtain the printed sample piece with high surface precision and good toughness; the method is simple and easy to implement, has a remarkable effect of improving the toughness of the printed piece, and is beneficial to meeting the requirements of the 3D printing industry.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below. It is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the invention, and that for a person skilled in the art, other drawings can be derived from them without inventive exercise.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a method of increasing toughness in an additive manufacturing sample according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a size and shape diagram of a tensile bar in an embodiment of a method of increasing toughness in an additive manufacturing prototype according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a stress-strain curve of a titanium alloy obtained in an embodiment of a method of increasing toughness in an additive manufactured prototype according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an overall morphology and a partially enlarged view of a tensile fracture of a titanium alloy obtained in an embodiment of a method of increasing toughness of an additive manufactured sample according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The examples are given for the purpose of better illustration of the invention, but the invention is not limited to the examples. Therefore, those skilled in the art should make insubstantial modifications and adaptations to the embodiments of the present invention in light of the above teachings and remain within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for improving toughness of an additive manufacturing sample according to the present invention is shown, and specifically, a method for improving toughness of an additive manufacturing sample includes the following steps:
s10: a single-pass forming process: obtaining single-channel appearance under different laser forming processes, and selecting forming conditions corresponding to continuous and uniform melting channels; then, step S20 is executed;
in one embodiment, the laser process parameters include laser power, scan rate, exposure time, and laser spot-to-spot parameters; in the embodiment, the laser power is 400 watts, the exposure time is 125 Mut, and the laser point distance is 75 Mum; then, the powder is spread to form the powder, and in other embodiments, the powder can be fed, the wire can be fed, and other additive manufacturing technologies can be used for forming the powder; then a continuous and uniform melting channel with better forming quality is selected, and the width of the melting channel can be preferably measured to be about 170 mu m.
In other embodiments, other energy sources such as electron beam, arc, plasma, supersonic, etc. may also be used in the additive manufacturing technique.
S20: changing a laser scanning strategy, and printing to obtain cuboids with different scanning line distances; then, step S30 is executed;
in the embodiment, the line spacing of laser scanning is changed according to the width of a channel, a series of line spacing values are taken, the lapping rate is changed within the range of-50%, then a laser scanning strategy is set, each layer rotates within the range of 30-90 degrees, and a cuboid with the size length not less than 80mm, the width not less than 12mm and the thickness not less than 14mm is obtained through printing.
S30: cutting off small squares from the end parts of the cuboid, and grinding the small squares to be flat for 6 surfaces and then carrying out a density experiment to obtain the density; then, step S40 is executed;
in this embodiment, the cuboid obtained in step S20 is cut from the bottom plate, and then a small square with a length of about 12mm is cut from the end portion, the upper and lower surfaces and the side surface are ground flat, the density is measured by a drainage method, the density of a printed piece is calculated, and the density analysis can be performed by a two-dimensional image method;
s40: annealing the cuboid with the small square blocks cut off, processing the cuboid into a tensile strip by linear cutting, and obtaining a stress-strain curve and a toughness value of the printed piece through a tensile experiment; then, step S50 is executed;
and then annealing the cuboid with the cut small squares obtained in the step S40, wherein the annealing condition is selected according to the properties of different materials, in the embodiment, the material is titanium alloy, and the cuboid is vacuumized at 800 ℃ for 2 hours to be annealed, and the vacuum degree is-0.1 MPa.
Removing the rough layers on the upper surface and the lower surface of the annealed cuboid by using a wire cutting machine, and cutting to obtain a plurality of stretching strips, wherein the thickness of each stretching strip is within the range of 2mm +/-0.5 mm; in this example, 5 tensile bars with a thickness of about 2mm are obtained from a rectangular parallelepiped, the specific size and shape of the tensile bars are shown in fig. 2, then a tensile test is performed on a universal tester, the tensile properties of the 5 tensile bars are respectively measured, and the stress-strain curve of the titanium alloy in the example of fig. 3 is obtained according to the average values of the tensile strength and the elongation of the 5 tensile bars, and the toughness of the tensile bars under different laser scanning strategies can be tested according to the stress-strain curve.
In another embodiment, the cube can be printed by selecting a suitable scanning line pitch according to the compactness obtained in step S30, and the stretched strip can be obtained by annealing and cutting according to the above steps, and finally performing the tensile test, so that the material can be saved.
S50: and analyzing the fracture morphology of the tensile bar, and obtaining a printing piece with high strength and high toughness according to an analysis result.
In this embodiment, the fracture morphology of the 5 tensile bars obtained in step S40 is observed with a scanning electron microscope, the specific overall morphology and the local enlarged view of the tensile fracture are shown in fig. 4, the porosity and the pore size are optimized, the fracture mechanism is studied, and the printed product with high strength and high toughness is finally obtained by increasing the laser scanning strategies such as the laser dot pitch and the scanning line pitch to satisfy the requirements that the porosity in the printed product is 0-5% and the pore size is 0-100 μm.
In this embodiment, the squares at all densities selected in step S30 in step S40 are subjected to a stretching experiment to obtain stress-strain curves at different line spacings, and then a printed product with high strength and high toughness is obtained by selecting appropriate parameters and printing according to the comparison of the stretching toughness.
In the method in this embodiment, in step S10, the values of laser power, scanning rate, laser dot pitch, and exposure time are adjusted to obtain a continuous and uniform melt channel; step S20, on the basis of the optimized single-pass forming process, changing the laser scanning line spacing to change the lapping rate within the range of-50%, so that the size length of the obtained cuboid is not less than 80mm, the width is not less than 12mm, and the thickness is not less than 14 mm; cutting a small square with the length of about 12mm from the end of the cuboid in the step S30, and grinding the upper surface, the lower surface and the side surface to be flat for density test; the remaining cuboids in the step S40 are subjected to vacuum annealing treatment according to the properties of different materials, and the titanium alloy is subjected to annealing treatment for 2 hours at 800 ℃; after the rough layer on the surface is removed by linear cutting, 5 tensile strips with the thickness of about 2mm are cut for tensile test; the purpose of the invention can be realized when the fracture morphology of the stretching strip in the step S50 is observed by a scanning electron microscope.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, which are illustrative and not restrictive, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving the toughness of an additive manufacturing sample piece is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) a single-pass forming process: obtaining single-channel appearance under different laser forming processes, and selecting forming conditions corresponding to continuous and uniform melting channels;
(2) changing a laser scanning strategy, and printing to obtain cuboids with different scanning line distances;
(3) cutting off small squares from the end parts of the cuboid, and grinding the small squares to be flat for 6 surfaces and then carrying out a density experiment to obtain density;
(4) annealing the cuboid from which the small square blocks are cut, processing the cuboid into a tensile strip by linear cutting, and obtaining a stress-strain curve and a toughness value of a printed piece through a tensile experiment;
(5) analyzing the fracture morphology of the tensile bar, and obtaining a printing piece with high strength and high toughness according to an analysis result;
the parameters of the laser forming process comprise laser power, scanning rate, exposure time and laser point distance parameters; the method for changing the laser scanning strategy comprises the following steps: and setting laser scanning line spacing according to the width of the printing melting channel, so that the lap joint rate of the melting channel is in the range of-50%.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming in step (1) comprises: powder spreading, powder feeding and wire feeding.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser scanning strategy for printing cuboids in step (2) is in a range of 30 ° -90 ° per layer rotation angle.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the densification degree is obtained by a two-dimensional image method using a drainage method in the step (3).
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the annealing treatment in step (4) is performed in a vacuum environment.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the drawn strip thickness in step (4) is 2mm ± 0.5 mm.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tensile test is performed in step (4) on a universal testing machine.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein an electron beam, plasma, arc, supersonic energy source may also be used in step (1) for the single pass forming process.
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| CN112059178B (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2023-04-14 | 航天科工(长沙)新材料研究院有限公司 | Method for adjusting printing process parameters through microstructure arrangement form |
| CN113070488A (en) * | 2021-03-25 | 2021-07-06 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 3D printing process method for improving strength and plasticity of maraging steel |
| CN114986874A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-09-02 | 大连海事大学 | 3D printing method for enhancing PEEK tensile property |
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