CN111183841A

CN111183841A - High grafting and replanting method for updating variety of apocarya

Info

Publication number: CN111183841A
Application number: CN202010030647.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王敏; 朱灿灿; 陈于; 赵玉强; 陆小美
Original assignee: Institute of Botany of CAS
Current assignee: Institute of Botany of CAS
Priority date: 2020-01-13
Filing date: 2020-01-13
Publication date: 2020-05-22

Abstract

The invention discloses a top grafting and variety changing method for updating variety of apocarya. The grafting time is 4 months in spring every year, and when the stock is in the cambium active stage, the stock is subjected to 45-degree inclined plane and kerf treatment. The central trunk and the lateral branches of the carya illinoensis can be subjected to high grafting simultaneously, and the grafting openings of the lateral branches are lower than that of the central trunk. During grafting, a blunt surface is obliquely cut at the highest point of the stock inclined plane for grafting, and a groove is cut at the lowest point of the inclined plane to facilitate the derivation of the bleeding wound. The method is suitable for high grafting and replanting of the carya illinoensis saplings (both grafted seedlings and seedlings) for more than 5 years, can realize variety updating of the main trunk and all lateral branches, has the grafting survival rate of more than 98 percent, accelerates updating and updating of good varieties, and achieves quick fruiting and production.

Description

High grafting and replanting method for updating variety of apocarya

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a top grafting and changing method for updating variety of apocarya.

Background

Carya illinoensis [ Jasminum nanense ] [ alpha ] ] [Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch.]Also called as hickory or pecan, is a plant of the genus hickory of the family juglandaceae, native to the united states and mexico, and is one of the world's important dry fruit tree species of oil plants. Chinese introduction of apocaryaThere has been a history of over one hundred years, and at present, the introduction and cultivation of apocarya has been carried out in 22 provinces (districts and cities), and the large-area popularization and cultivation has been obtained in 10 years from Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and apocarya orchards of a certain scale are established and are about to enter the fruiting period at present.

The carya illinoensis has long childhood period, which is over 13 years from the planting of seedlings to the full bearing period. The breeding mode of the carya illinoensis nursery stock mainly adopts grafting, and takes the annual seedling as a stock to carry out spring grafting or summer bud grafting. The period from stock cultivation to grafted seedling outplanting is generally 2-3 years, and the period from seedling planting to fruiting and production is 5-6 years.

At present, some basic problems exist in orchards after planting and afforestation and entering fruiting period, and need to be solved urgently. The breed bred in China is mostly from the seedling bearing trees introduced at early stage, and the genetic basis is narrow. Even some better varieties have difficulty in selecting suitable varieties in different producing areas because corresponding cutting gardens and large-scale improved variety breeding bases are not established yet. Some varieties or 'fine varieties' cultivated in some areas have poor growth performance, non-meeting flowering period, low yield and late fruiting, compared with the foreign cultivation conditions, the advantages and the potential of variety resources are still to be mined, and some orchards even need to be subjected to top-grafting variety changing to update the varieties.

The content of phenolic substances of the carya illinoensis is high, and during or after grafting, the bleeding wound often overflows from the grafting part before healing, so that the survival rate is seriously influenced, and therefore, the bleeding control is the key for improving the grafting survival rate of the carya illinoensis.

In the early stage, scientific researchers disclose two methods for top grafting and changing of apocarya, an invention patent of ' a grafting method for top grafting and changing of apocarya ' (CN 103202182A) ', and the technology of the patent is to treat rootstocks: keeping the main stem about 1m above the ground, and sawing off the part above the main stem to form a 'stumping' cut; the other invention patent 'a apocarya high grafting cultivation method (CN 110447452A)' has the treatment mode of the rootstock: three parts to be grafted are selected and cut into smooth sections on the stock seedling trunk 1.5-2.0 meters away from the ground. Two methods for grafting the apocarya at the high position are to cut the stock into stump cuts. The method expands the contact surface of the rootstock and the scion by processing the 45-degree inclined plane and the saw cut of the rootstock, is convenient to operate, is beneficial to wound drainage, is beneficial to healing of the rootstock and the scion and improves the grafting survival rate. The invention can realize the high grafting and replanting of the whole tree at the same time, the crown can be formed in 3 years after the high grafting and replanting, the high quality and high yield can be realized after 5 years, the investment is fast, the cost is low, and the economic benefit is high.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention solves the problem that the grafted survival is seriously influenced by the bleeding during the top grafting and changing process of the apocarya and provides a top grafting and changing method for updating the apocarya variety.

The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:

a top grafting and changing method for updating variety of apocarya is characterized by comprising the following operation steps:

(1) scion treatment: selecting a fine variety of apocarya, and collecting branches with full development and full bud eyes at the periphery of the middle upper part. The length of the scions is 10 cm-12 cm, the thickness is 0.6 cm-1 cm, and 2-3 plump buds are reserved on each scion; and (3) sealing wax on the cut opening at the lower end of the ear strip, bundling the ear strip into small bundles, burying the small bundles in fine sand, tightly binding the opening of the bag, vertically placing the bag in a refrigeration house at 0-4 ℃, storing the bag, and periodically checking the bag.

(2) Treating the rootstock: cutting the side branches of the rootstock along the growth direction of the branches at the position with the growth length of 30cm into a 45-degree inclined plane with the height difference of 2 cm-3 cm. The distance between the grafting opening of the central trunk and the ground is 1 m-1.5 m, the grafting openings of other lateral branches are not higher than the central trunk, and the grafting openings of all the lateral branches are more than 0.8cm away from the ground. A groove with the length of 4cm and the width of 0.5cm is vertically downwards carved at the lower part of the smooth inclined plane of the rootstock to the xylem so as to be beneficial to the outflow of the bleeding wound.

(3) The grafting method comprises the following steps:

cutting at the position of 0.5cm below the lowest bud of the scionAnd cutting an inclined plane with the length of 3-5 cm, slightly cutting 1 knife on each of the two sides of the back of the long cutting surface to expose green endothelium, and finally cutting 1 knife on the back of the long cutting surface at the bottom of the scion with the length of 0.3-0.5 cm.

The cross section of the stock is arranged smoothly, a blunt surface is cut at the position of a grafting opening by inclining at an angle of 30 degrees, and the diameter of the blunt surface is 0.3-0.5 cm. And longitudinally cutting the middle position of the blunt surface to the lower part of the stock by a knife to reach the xylem, wherein the length of the knife is only next to the length of the scion inclined surface, and stripping off the stock cortex. The blunt surface treatment is beneficial to the separation of the xylem and cortex of the rootstock and is convenient for the scion grafting.

Adopting bark grafting, vertically inserting the inclined surface of the scion into the bark layer, and inserting the scion with the phloem on the back surface facing outwards until the upper part of the long cutting surface of the scion is about 0.3 cm. The scion and the stock are firmly wrapped by a plastic film to ensure that the scion and the stock are not leaked with water or air, the stock and the scion are tensioned by a binding band, and then the scion is wound for one circle and the stock is wound for a plurality of circles to be tightly bound.

(4) And (3) management after grafting:

timely sprout removal: and (3) timely removing sprouts and sprouts growing on the rootstocks after grafting so as to ensure that nutrients are supplied to the scions in a centralized manner, and removing sprouts once every 7d, wherein the sprouts are generally removed repeatedly for many times.

Unbinding: after the grafting opening is healed (about 12 days after grafting), the plastic rope and the film for binding the scion are cut off by using a sharp edge.

Erecting a support column: when the grafted branches grow to 30-40cm, the grafted branches should be arranged on each rootstock1 pillar with the length of about 1 meter is tied on the opposite surface of the scion, the lower end of the pillar is firmly tied on the stock at the lower part of the connector, the stock and the pillar are firmly fixed every 20-30cm, and the middle part of a new tip is firmly fixed with the pillar by a plastic rope. When the binding is not too tight or too loose, the branches can be hurt by the too tight binding, and the fixing effect cannot be realized by the too loose binding.

And (3) fertilizer and water management: when the new tip grows to be more than 10cm, the top dressing, the irrigation and the soil loosening and weeding are combined. In autumn, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added properly. Meanwhile, the harm of the leaf eating pests is prevented, and the control is paid attention to in-time inspection and prevention.

The invention has the following beneficial effects on the prior art: the conventional high grafting and head changing method of the carya illinoensis is characterized in that a scion is grafted to a perennial trunk by adopting a branch grafting or cutting grafting method, the section of a stock is a stumping cross section, the high grafting and excellent changing method of the invention is characterized in that firstly, the stock is subjected to inclined plane and kerf treatment, then the scion of an excellent new variety is grafted to the perennial trunk and all side branches by adopting a method of spring improved bark grafting, and the whole plant of the carya illinoensis is changed and grafted, so that the improvement and the replacement of the excellent new variety can be realized in the shortest time, and the method is a method for quickly updating the variety, can effectively update the variety of the carya illinoensis in advance, and improves the yield and the quality. Meanwhile, the invention is beneficial to the outflow of the bleeding wound by processing the inclined plane and the saw cut of the stock, and the grafting survival rate reaches more than 98 percent.

The working principle of the device is described in detail with reference to the specific implementation case.

Example 1

The high-connection and variety-changing implementation site: an orchard of apocarya in the gold altar region of Changzhou city, Jiangsu province.

Selection of high inoculation and seed changing time: 13 days 4 months to 15 days 4 months.

Object of top grafting and variety changing: 7 years old Carya illinoensis grafting (need variety renewal)

The specific operation of high grafting is as follows:

1) rootstock treatment

Cutting off the trunk of the seedling at 1.2m by using an electric saw to form a smooth 45-degree inclined plane with the height difference of 2 cm. The lowest end of the inclined plane is vertically downwards cut into a saw cut with the width of 0.5cm and the length of about 3cm, and the saw cut is deep to the xylem. And a blunt surface with the length of 0.5cm is obliquely cut at the highest position of the inclined surface by using a grafting knife.

2) Specific grafting method

And (3) cutting a horse ear-shaped inclined plane at the lower end of the scion, wherein the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is 3-5 cm long, and the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is obtained by one cut, so that the high-speed, flat and accurate effects are achieved, then, cutting 1 knife on each side of the back of the long cutting surface to expose green endothelium, and finally, cutting 1 knife on the back of the long cutting surface at the bottom end of the scion, wherein the length of the knife is 0.3-0.5 cm.

② the cross section of the stock is trimmed and smoothed, and the stock is longitudinally cut under the stock at the grafting position to reach the xylem, and the length is only next to the length of the scion slope, and the stock cortex is peeled off.

③ adopts bark grafting method, the horse ear shaped inclined plane of the scion faces the vertical inserting bark layer of the stock xylem incision, and is inserted until the upper part of the long cutting plane of the scion is about 0.3cm, the phloem at the back of the scion faces outwards, the cross section and the scion are wrapped by absorbent paper, a layer of plastic film is covered on the cross section, the scion and the stock are all wrapped tightly, so that water and air leakage can not occur.

3) Managing after high grafting:

and (3) removing sprout tillers: after grafting is finished, sprout is removed once every 10d, sprout and sprout generated on the stock are removed in time, so that nutrient is supplied to the scion in a centralized manner, sprout is removed once every 7d, and sprout removal is generally repeated for many times.

Unbinding: when the new tip grows to 15-20cm, cutting off the plastic rope and the film for binding the scion by using a sharp edge, untying the rope and taking down the film.

The upright posts are windproof: when the new scion grows to 15 cm; fixing the branches. The opposite surface of each scion of the stock is tied with 1 pillar with the length of about 1 meter, the lower end of each pillar is firmly tied to the stock at the lower part of the connector, and a new tip is fixed by a plastic rope.

And (3) fertilizer and water management: when the new tip grows to be more than 10 degrees inside, the top dressing, the watering and the soil loosening and weeding are combined. In autumn, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added properly. Meanwhile, the harm of the leaf eating pests is prevented, and the control is paid attention to in-time inspection and prevention.

The grafting survival rate reaches 99 percent.

Example 2

The high-connection and variety-changing implementation site: the pecan can be used as a fruit tree in Tongzhou region of Nantong city of Jiangsu province.

Selection of high inoculation and seed changing time: 6 days 4 months to 8 days 4 months.

Object of top grafting and variety changing: 5 years thin-shell hickory nut seedling (need to be fixed and grafted)

Treating the rootstock:

cutting the main trunk of the carya illinoensis at a position 2.5m away from the ground by using an electric saw, cutting all the high-grafted rootstocks into oblique cuts with the height difference of 2-3cm and the smoothness of 45 degrees along the growth direction of branches, and sequentially processing other main lateral branches according to the method. The direction of the inclined plane is consistent with the growth direction of the branches. The main lateral branches are cut at the position of about 30-40cm long. The grafting openings of all the lateral branches are lower than the grafting openings of the main stem. One scion is grafted on the main stem and other lateral branches respectively. At the other end of the inclined plane of the rootstock, a saw cut with the width of 0.5cm and the length of 3cm is vertically cut downwards by the graft to reach the xylem. And a blunt surface is cut by a grafting knife at the high position of the inclined plane, so that the scion can be conveniently inserted into the bark layer of the stock.

2) The specific grafting method comprises the following steps:

and (3) cutting a horse ear-shaped inclined plane at the lower end of the scion, wherein the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is 3-5 cm long, and the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is obtained by one cut, so that the high-speed, flat and accurate effects are achieved, then, slightly cutting 1 knife at each side of the back of the long cutting surface to expose green endothelium, and finally, cutting 1 knife at the back of the long cutting surface at the top end of the scion, wherein the length of the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is 0.3.

3) Managing after high grafting:

timely sprout removal: and (3) removing sprouts and sprouts growing on the rootstocks in time about 10 days after grafting so as to ensure that nutrients are supplied to the scions in a concentrated manner, and removing sprouts once every 7 days, wherein the sprouts are generally removed repeatedly.

Erecting a support column: when the grafted branches grow to 30-40cm, about 1-meter long pillar should be tied to the opposite surface of each scion of the stock, the lower end of the pillar is firmly tied to the stock at the lower part of the connector, and a new tip is fixed by a plastic rope. When the binding is not too tight or too loose, the branches can be hurt by the too tight binding, and the fixing effect cannot be realized by the too loose binding.

And (3) fertilizer and water management: when the new tip grows to be more than 10 degrees inside, the top dressing, the watering and the soil loosening and weeding are combined. In autumn, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added properly. Meanwhile, the harm of the leaf eating pests is prevented,checking in time and paying attention to prevention and cure.

The grafting survival rate reaches 99 percent.

Comparative example 3

Object of top grafting and variety changing: grafting seedling of Carya illinoensis in 5 years (need variety renewal)

The specific operation of high grafting is as follows:

1) treating the rootstock:

cutting the main trunk of the carya illinoensis at a position 1.3m away from the ground by using an electric saw, cutting all the high-grafted rootstocks into stumping sections with height difference of 2-3cm along the growth direction of branches, and sequentially treating other main lateral branches according to the method.

2) The specific grafting method comprises the following steps:

① cutting a horse ear-shaped inclined plane at the lower end of the scion, the length of the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is 3-5 cm, the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is cut once to be fast, flat and accurate, then the two sides of the back of the long cutting surface are slightly cut for 1 knife respectively to expose green endothelium, and finally the back of the long cutting surface at the bottom end of the scion is cut for 1 knife, and the length of the horse ear-shaped inclined plane is 0.3-0.5 cm.

3) Managing after high grafting:

① timely removing sprouts, namely removing sprouts and tillers from the stock in time after 10 days of grafting so as to ensure that nutrients are supplied to the scion in a centralized manner, and removing sprouts once every 7 days, wherein the sprouts are generally removed repeatedly.

② unbinding, namely cutting off the plastic rope and the film for binding the scion by using a sharp edge after the grafting opening is healed.

③ management of fertilizer and water, when the new tip grows to more than 10, the top dressing, irrigation, soil loosening and weeding are combined, in autumn, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are properly added, meanwhile, the harm of the pests eating leaves is prevented, the timely inspection is carried out, and the prevention and the treatment are paid attention to.

The grafting survival rate reaches 10 percent. The reasons for the failure of this method are: the stock is not processed by making a bevel cut and sawing a cut, so that the wound is severe, the stock is not well healed, and the survival rate is low, and the grafting survival rate of the three grafting methods is shown in table 1:

TABLE 1

Grafting method	Grafting number	Survival rate of grafting
			Grafting method 1 of the invention	102	99％
Grafting method 2 of the invention	115	98％
			Conventional skin grafting	80	10％

Claims

1. A top grafting and changing method for updating variety of apocarya is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) rootstock treatment

① in spring 4 months each year, cutting a main trunk and main lateral branches of carya illinoensis into a smooth 45-degree inclined plane by an electric saw, wherein the distance between a grafting opening of a central trunk and the ground is 1.0-1.5 m, the distance between a lateral branch grafting opening and the ground is more than 0.8cm, and the lateral branch grafting opening is not higher than the central trunk;

② vertically cutting two knives downwards at the lowest point of the stock slope to form a saw cut (groove);

③ at the highest point of the stock slope, a blunt surface is chamfered, the chamfering angle is 30 degrees, the xylem at the edge is cut, and the scion is convenient to insert into the stock bark layer;

2) the specific grafting method comprises the following steps:

① cutting an inclined plane with a length of 3.0-5.0 cm at the lower end of the scion, slightly cutting 1 knife at each side of the long cutting plane to expose green endothelium, and finally cutting 1 knife at the back of the long cutting plane at the top end of the scion with a length of 0.3-0.5 cm;

② cutting vertically a knife below the stock at the grafting position (highest point of the stock inclined plane) to reach the xylem, the length of the knife is only next to that of the scion inclined plane;

③ vertically inserting the oblique surface of the scion into the bark layer of the stock with the lateral side facing the xylem cut of the stock, facing the phloem on the back side of the scion to the outside, covering a layer of plastic film on the oblique surface of the stock, firmly wrapping the scion and the stock, and tensioning the stock and the scion by using a binding band;

3) and (3) management after grafting:

bud picking and bud removing are carried out in time after grafting, and the bud removing is carried out once every 7 days. Cutting off the plastic rope and the film for binding the scions by using sharp blades about 12 days after grafting; when the grafted branches grow to 15cm-20cm, 1 pillar with the length of about 1.0 m-1.2 m is bound to the opposite surface of each scion; when the new tip grows to be more than 10cm, the topdressing, the watering and the soil loosening and weeding are combined, and meanwhile, the harm of the leaf eating pests is prevented and treated.

2. The top grafting method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 1), the lateral branches are cut at a position 30cm in length, the direction of the smooth inclined surface of the rootstock is consistent with the growth direction of the branches, and the height difference is 2 cm-3 cm.

3. The top grafting method according to claim 1, wherein the length of the kerf at the lowest point of the inclined plane of the rootstock in the step 1) is 2.5cm to 3.5cm, the width is 0.3cm to 0.5cm, and the kerf is deep to xylem so as to facilitate the bleeding of the wound.

4. The top grafting method according to claim 1, wherein the blunt surface length of the grafting opening at the highest point of the stock slant in step 1) is 0.5cm to 1.0 cm.