CN111053152A

CN111053152A - Alfalfa high-protein silage

Info

Publication number: CN111053152A
Application number: CN201911267418.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 张志飞; 王青兰; 谢展; 陈桂华; 魏仲龙; 刘洋
Original assignee: Hunan Agricultural University
Current assignee: Hunan Agricultural University
Priority date: 2019-12-11
Filing date: 2019-12-11
Publication date: 2020-04-24

Abstract

The invention discloses alfalfa high-protein silage, which is prepared from alfalfa and mixed materials in a mass ratio of (3-5): 1, preparing a composition; the mixed material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 50-65% of soybean meal, 0-15% of corn flour, 0-15% of wheat bran and 12-50% of dried corn full-alcohol distiller's grains. The alfalfa high-protein silage disclosed by the invention has the advantages of low crude cellulose content (< 18%), high crude protein content (> 20%) and good silage fermentation quality.

Description

Alfalfa high-protein silage

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of feed formulas, and particularly relates to alfalfa high-protein silage.

Background

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a high-quality perennial pasture of leguminous, is an important protein coarse feed source for livestock, and is called as the king of pasture. Ensiling is an important way for safely storing alfalfa under humid climatic conditions, the content of lactic acid bacteria in the alfalfa is low, the content of soluble carbohydrates is low, the buffer capacity is high, and the conventional single ensiling is not easy to succeed. Some studies have shown that ensiling by mixing alfalfa with other raw materials can improve ensiling quality. The study on mixed silage of the defective jujube powder and the alfalfa shows that the addition of the defective jujube powder improves the fermentation and nutritional quality of silage, the number of lactic acid bacteria is increased, and the total amount of aflatoxin and the contents of aflatoxin B1, yeast, mold and aerobic bacteria are inhibited. The research of Zhao Mengdi and the like shows that the ensiling quality can be effectively improved by mixing the alfalfa and the corn straws in a certain proportion. Researches of Guojingui and the like show that the content of butyric acid and ammoniacal nitrogen in the alfalfa is obviously higher than that in a treatment group with oat addition when the alfalfa is separately ensiled; the crude protein content after ensiling was significantly reduced, and the other treatment groups added with oats were not significantly changed. Therefore, mixing the alfalfa with other raw materials for ensiling is an effective way for improving the fermentation quality of the ensiling and preserving the high protein content of the alfalfa.

According to the classification of Harris (1983), protein feed refers to a type of feed having a crude fiber content of less than 18% and a crude protein content of more than 20% on a dry basis. At present, the research on protein feed is carried out on the foxtail green algae, the broussonetia papyrifera, the vinasse, the sweet potato residue, the cassava residue, the potato residue and the like in China, and the foxtail green algae, the broussonetia papyrifera, the vinasse, the sweet potato residue, the potato residue and the like are mainly added into the daily ration of livestock and poultry in the form of leaf powder or microbial. Researchers have also carried out researches on replacing protein feeds from the perspective of silage, such as the study on the influence of silage hybrid paper mulberry replacing protein feeds on the sheep manure discharge and the apparent digestibility, and the results show that the silage hybrid paper mulberry can be used as the protein feeds in the daily ration of the mutton sheep. Ensiling is a common method for pasture utilization in which lactic acid bacteria generate organic acids mainly comprising lactic acid by using soluble sugar in pasture as a substrate to form an acidic environment, and is an acidic feed. The research on the influence of Xuquesheng and the like on the growth performance and intestinal flora of the broiler chickens shows that: the acidified fermented protein feed can obviously improve the growth performance of broiler chickens and improve intestinal flora. The results show that the acid fermented protein feed has a positive effect on animal growth.

At present, the existing patent related to alfalfa silage mainly comprises two methods for preparing silage for cattle. The two patents are that 60 to 100 parts of alfalfa, 10 to 15 parts of fresh astragalus root stem leaves, 1 to 5 parts of fresh agastache stem leaves, 5 to 20 parts of Chinese date residues and 1 to 3 parts of liquorice extract are mixed and then ensiled or 20 to 40 parts of alfalfa, 60 to 200 parts of ryegrass, 5 to 10 parts of sweet sorghum straws, 5 to 20 parts of hawthorn and 2 to 4 parts of astragalus polysaccharide are mixed and then ensiled. The two types of silage have the common characteristic that alfalfa and other fresh pastures or medicinal materials (agastache stem, hawthorn and the like) are mixed for silage; the prepared silage has good fermentation quality, and is suitable for feeding dairy cows as coarse feed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides the high-quality silage with low crude cellulose and high crude protein of alfalfa.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:

the alfalfa high-protein silage is prepared from alfalfa and mixed materials in a mass ratio of (3-5): 1, preparing a composition; the mixed material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 50-65% of soybean meal, 0-15% of corn flour, 0-15% of wheat bran and 12-50% of dried corn full-alcohol distiller's grains.

Preferably, the silage is prepared from alfalfa and a mixed material according to a mass ratio of 4: 1.

Preferably, the mixed material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 50-62.5% of soybean meal, 0-12.5% of corn flour, 0-12.5% of wheat bran and 12.5-50% of dried corn alcohol distiller's grains.

The invention discloses a high-quality protein silage with low crude cellulose content (< 18%) and high crude protein content (> 20%) by taking fresh alfalfa as a main material and adding proper proportion of soybean meal, corn flour, wheat bran or dried corn distillers' grains and the like, and belongs to the field of protein feeds. The silage is simple to manufacture, high in mechanization degree, capable of effectively storing high-moisture fresh alfalfa, capable of serving as a protein supplement for pigs, aromatic in smell, excellent in quality and good in aerobic stability, and good in palatability, has the aromatic smell of lactic acid, and has a good maintenance effect on intestinal health of livestock (pigs).

Detailed Description

Example 1:

1.1 test materials

The alfalfa material is planted in West lake management areas of Changde markets, is mowed by a combine harvester in the flowering phase of 7-5 months in 2019 in sunny days, and is crushed to 1-2 cm at the same time. The corn flour is obtained by crushing corn kernels purchased from Yangman hydrangea macrophylla Turcz Zhenqiu grain purchasing part into powder. Wheat bran is produced by Handan Shandong market-Ma noodle industry Co. The dried corn total distillers grains are produced by Caucasian Biotechnology Limited in Mengzhou. The soybean meal is produced by grain and oil industry (Jingzhou) limited company of Chinese food.

The nutritional ingredients of various silage raw materials are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 silage raw material nutrients

Note: data are expressed as "mean ± standard deviation". The same applies below.

1.2 test design and silage production

The experiment is designed by an Optimal method in the Design of mixing materials (mixing) in the Design of Design software Design-Expert 8.0.6, the soybean meal, the corn flour, the wheat bran and the dried corn distillers grains are mixed according to the proportion (shown in table 2) designed by the software, the mixture is mixed with the fresh alfalfa in a mass ratio of 1:4, and polyethylene vacuum silage bags are used for simulating the wrapping of silage, wherein each bag is about 500g, and the treatment is repeated for 5 times. And (5) opening the bag and sampling for analyzing each index after being stored for 45 days in a dark place. And screening out the optimal proportioning scheme of the alfalfa high-protein silage feed by analyzing the sensory quality, fermentation quality, nutritional quality, aerobic stability and the like of the mixed silage.

Table 2 compounding design recipe (%, mass percent)

1.3 on-site sensory evaluation analysis

According to the German agriculture Association, sensory evaluation is carried out on the silage after unpacking, the smell, the structure and the color of the silage are evaluated and scored, and the silage is evaluated into 4 grades of excellent, good, medium and next according to the score.

1.4 measurement index and measurement method

After sensory evaluation, the silage is fully and uniformly mixed, 20g of silage is taken in a juicer (a Jiuyangyang WBL25B26 type blender) repeatedly every time, 180ml of distilled water is added, the silage is crushed for 2min, 2 layers of gauze and filter paper are sequentially used for filtering the silage into a 250ml conical flask, silage leaching liquor is obtained and used for measuring the pH value and the ammoniacal nitrogen, and each index is repeated for 3 times. The pH value was measured using a Spectrum SI400 pH meter; the ammonia nitrogen is measured by adopting a phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method.

100g of silage is dried, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, and the dried silage is used for measuring indexes of nutrient components such as dry matters, crude fibers, neutral detergent fibers, acid detergent fibers, crude protein and the like, and each index is repeated for 3 times. The Crude Protein (CP) is measured by adopting a Kjeldahl method, the Crude Fiber (CF) is measured by adopting an acid-base digestion method, and the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and the Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) are measured by adopting a paradigm method.

Relative Feed Values (RFV) were calculated according to the formula RFV ═ i [ (88.9-0.779ADF) × 120/NDF ]/1.29, where RFV values greater than 151 were special grade forage, 125-151 were first grade forage, 103-124 were second grade forage, 87-102 were third grade forage, 75-86 were fourth grade forage, and less than 75 were fifth grade forage.

1.5 evaluation of aerobic stability of silage

The silage is exposed to air after unpacking, and the aerobic stability of the silage is evaluated by the time (h) that the temperature of the core feed is 2 ℃ higher than the external temperature, namely the aerobic exposure time.

600-700 g of the uniformly mixed silage is taken to be placed in a 3L plastic barrel (the diameter of the barrel opening is 19.3cm, the diameter of the barrel bottom is 13.3cm, the barrel height is 15.7cm), and gauze is covered to prevent cross contamination and reduce water loss. The temperature change was recorded using a multichannel data recorder (Smowo MDL-1048A).

1.6 data analysis

Raw data processing using Excel 2010 and single factor LSD multiple comparison analysis using DPS 7.05 were performed.

1.7 sensory evaluation of Mixed silage

After ensiling for 45 days, the stem and leaf structures of each treatment group are kept well, from the aspect of smell, the treatment groups 1, 2, 5, 17 and 18 have stronger sour taste and weak aroma, and other treatment groups are accompanied by more obvious aroma; from the color aspect, the 17 treatment group was slightly discolored and browned compared to the starting material, and the other treatment groups maintained the color better and were similar to the starting material. Based on the total score of qi, texture and color, the 17 treatment groups were rated as good, and the other treatment groups were rated as good (see table 3).

TABLE 3 sensory evaluation of Mixed silage

1.8 fermentation quality analysis of Mixed silage

As can be seen from Table 4, there were differences in pH values between the different treatment groups (P < 0.05). Among the treatments, the highest pH was 9 treatments up to 4.55, and the lowest pH was 13 treatments, 4.18. Ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (%) is an important index for measuring the ensiling fermentation quality of a high-protein raw material, and the ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (%) of more than 10% represents that the ensiling raw material has more protein decomposition, high ammonia nitrogen content and poorer ensiling fermentation quality. The ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (%) content of the 15 treatment groups is the lowest and is only 4.42%; the 4 treatment groups were highest, reaching 14%. The determination of the treatment group with better fermentation quality by integrating the pH value (<4.4) and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (< 10%) comprises: 2. 10, 12, 13, 16.

TABLE 4 fermentation quality analysis of the mixed silage

Note: data are expressed as "mean ± standard deviation"; lower case letters in the same column indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05). The same applies below. 1.9 analysis of nutrient content of Mixed silage

The test results show that the dry matter content of each treatment group after ensiling is kept about 34 percent, and is the dry matter content which is easier for lactobacillus fermentation. Compared with crude protein among treatment groups, the content of CP is greatly different (P is less than 0.05), wherein the content of crude protein in 15 treatment groups is the highest and is 36.57%; the crude protein content in the 13-treated group was the lowest, 15.32%. The difference between the ADF and NDF levels was also large between treatments (P <0.05), with the NDF level 23.11% for the 6 treatment group being the lowest and 37.80% for the 17 treatment group being the highest; the lowest ADF content was 16.90% in the 13 treatment group. In terms of relative feed value, the silage RFV value of all treatment groups is more than 151, and the silage belongs to special-grade forage grass. The 5, 6, 8, 9, 15 and 18 treatment groups were better from the point of view of the overall nutritional value of the feed (see table 5).

The treatment groups that met with protein feed (CF content <18%, CP content > 20%) were: 2. 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

TABLE 5 analysis of nutritional composition of mixed silage

1.10 aerobic stability analysis of Mixed silage

After ensiling and fermentation for 45d, the aerobic stability is determined by unpacking. Only 13 treatment groups in all treatment groups have the temperature higher than room temperature by 2 ℃ after the unpacking at the 6 th step, and the aerobic stability is relatively poor; in the case of the remaining treatment groups, the core feed temperature did not change much and the aerobic stability was good when the package was opened for 15d or more (table 6).

TABLE 6 aerobic stability analysis of mixed silage

1.11 evaluation of high protein silage formulation

According to the principles of low crude cellulose content (< 18%), high crude protein content (> 20%), good ensiling fermentation quality (sensory evaluation premium grade, pH <4.4, ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen < 10%), and good aerobic stability, treatment groups of 2, 10 and 12 are preferably selected, wherein the treatment groups of 2 and 12 are the same treatment group according to experimental design.

The optimal formula of the alfalfa high-protein silage comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 80 percent of alfalfa, 10 to 12.5 percent of soybean meal, 0 to 2.5 percent of corn flour, 0 to 2.5 percent of wheat bran and 2.5 to 10 percent of corn dry alcohol distiller's grains.

Example 2:

in order to verify the effect of the alfalfa high-protein silage feed on the pork pigs, 45 pork pigs with good health conditions are selected, and the feeding test is started 45d before slaughtering. Adopting complete random test design, randomly dividing 45 pigs into 3 groups (n is 15) and dividing into a control group A and a control group B; the control group A is a conventional full-value ration, and the test group B is a alfalfa high-protein silage (80% of alfalfa, 10-12.5% of soybean meal, 0-2.5% of corn flour, 0-2.5% of wheat bran and 2.5-10% of corn dry total distillers' grains) instead of 10% of the full-value ration. Mixing silage and complete ration in proportion, adding a small amount of water, keeping the fluidity of the feed, and feeding in the form of liquid feed.

A group barn feeding mode is adopted, and the pigsty is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before barn feeding. After the pre-feeding for one week, a formal feeding test is carried out. Trial period 45 d.

The result shows that compared with the control group A, the meat growth speed of the test group pork pigs fed with the protein silage group B is 2.0-3.5 kg/45d faster than that of the control group pork pigs fed with the protein silage group B; the slaughtering meat yield is improved by 3-5%; the meat quality and the meat flavor are effectively improved, and the delicate flavor is increased after the boiled meat is scalded by white water; the comprehensive cost is reduced by 100 yuan per pig farm, and the odor of the pig farm is reduced. Later feeding experiments show that more than 15kg of pork pigs can use the alfalfa high-protein silage provided by the application to partially replace complete ration for feeding.

Example 3:

in order to verify the effect of the alfalfa high-protein silage feed on perinatal sows, 45 perinatal sows with good health conditions are selected and a feeding test is started. Adopting complete random test design, randomly dividing 45 perinatal sows into 3 groups (n is 15), and dividing the groups into a control group A and a control group B; the control group A is a conventional full-value ration, and the test group B is a alfalfa high-protein silage (80% of alfalfa, 10-12.5% of soybean meal, 0-2.5% of corn flour, 0-2.5% of wheat bran and 2.5-10% of corn dry total distillers' grains) instead of 20% of the full-value ration. Mixing silage and complete ration in proportion, adding a small amount of water, keeping the fluidity of the feed, and feeding in the form of liquid feed.

A group barn feeding mode is adopted, and the pigsty is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before barn feeding. After the pre-feeding for one week, a formal feeding test is carried out. The test period is the whole perinatal period.

The results show that compared with the control group A, the test group fed with the protein silage group B has the advantages of higher survival rate of piglets of perinatal sows, sufficient milk after delivery, no constipation and no stink excrement.

Claims

1. The alfalfa high-protein silage is characterized by comprising alfalfa and mixed materials in a mass ratio of (3-5): 1, preparing a composition; the mixed material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 50-65% of soybean meal, 0-15% of corn flour, 0-15% of wheat bran and 12-50% of dried corn full-alcohol distiller's grains.

2. The alfalfa high-protein silage according to claim 1, wherein the silage is prepared from alfalfa and a mixed material according to a mass ratio of 4: 1.

3. The alfalfa high-protein silage according to claim 1, wherein the mixed material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 50-62.5% of soybean meal, 0-12.5% of corn flour, 0-12.5% of wheat bran and 12.5-50% of dried corn alcohol distiller's grains.