CN111000089A - 一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111000089A CN111000089A CN201911263885.3A CN201911263885A CN111000089A CN 111000089 A CN111000089 A CN 111000089A CN 201911263885 A CN201911263885 A CN 201911263885A CN 111000089 A CN111000089 A CN 111000089A
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- feed
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- raw materials
- vitamin
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料及制备方法，该饲料由一定比例的蛋白源、脂肪源、糖源原料、复合维生素、复合矿物质、抗氧化剂、诱食剂和黏合剂组成。其制备过程为：将饲料原料分别粉碎，过筛后和黏合剂混合均匀，边搅拌边加脂肪源原料，混合均匀后边搅拌边加水，制成饲料基料；将饲料基料输入双轴挤压膨化机中，切粒电机打开，打开挤压膨化机的电闸，让饲料基料熟化后模孔挤出，进行挤压膨化，得到半颗粒饲料，对颗粒饲料进行熟化，得到膨化颗粒饲料。该膨化饲料配方合理，使用方便，降低了赤眼鳟的养殖成本和发病率，提高了赤眼鳟的抗病能力，实现了赤眼鳟养殖业的可持续性发展。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于鱼饵饲料技术领域，具体涉及一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料及制备方法。
背景技术
赤眼鳟属硬骨鱼纲、鲤形目、鲤科、雅罗鱼亚科、赤眼鳟属，俗称野草鱼、红眼鱼。在生长上具有生长速率较快、对外界环境的改变适应能力较强的特点，因其含肉率较高，口感较好，肉质鲜嫩，营养丰富，在池塘主养或混养中可获得高收益，更加适合作为鳜等肉食性鱼类的饵料鱼进行开发，在全国养殖规模越来越大。由于目前生产上没有赤眼鳟养殖的专用饲料，生产一般采用混养鱼料或杂粕等直接饲养赤眼鳟，导致养殖中后期普遍存在生长速度慢、发病率高、养殖成活率低、养成规格不整齐等问题。由于上述缺陷的存在，赤眼鳟人工养殖过程中饲料残饵和***物等所引发的水质污染问题也逐渐严重化。
赤眼鳟属于应激性很强的鱼类，因此在养殖期间，特别是中后期饲料营养不均衡，容易导致赤眼鳟生长受阻，病害抵抗力降低等诸多问题。挤压膨化技术通过高温高压快速短时的作用将饲料原料拉伸破坏成海绵组织，饲料具有耐水性高，溶失率低，饲料消化利用率高等优点，能有效的减少剩余饲料对养殖水质的污染等问题。膨化饲料已逐渐在水产养殖的部分品种中得以推广，但目前还未有适宜大面积推广使用的赤眼鳟膨化饲料。因此，研究开发营养全面，适宜于赤眼鳟摄食习性的膨化饲料以提高饲料利用率、降低养殖生产成本、减少对环境污染十分重要。
发明内容
本发明为了克服现有技术中存在的上述缺陷，针对赤眼鳟摄食普通颗粒饲料后生长速度慢、发病率高、养殖成活率低、养成规格不理想和容易引发水质污染的缺陷，提供了一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，配方合理，使用方便，降低了赤眼鳟的养殖成本和发病率，提高了赤眼鳟的抗病能力，实现了赤眼鳟养殖业的可持续性发展。
本发明的第二目的在于提供了一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料的制备方法，操作简便，利用该方法制备得到的膨化颗粒饲料的饲料系数低于1.08，大部分抗营养因子被破坏，在水中的稳定性很好，稳定时间大于3小时，熟化度大于85％，营养全面，适口性好，饲料效率高。
本发明通过以下技术方案来实现上述目的，一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：以原料重量百分比计，包括：蛋白源原料55％-70％，脂肪源原料 3％-5％，糖源原料15％-28％，复合维生素1％-2％，复合矿物质1％-2％，抗氧化剂 0.1％-0.2％，诱食剂0.1％-0.3％，黏合剂2％-4％；
所述蛋白源原料由鱼粉、豆粕、血粉、肉骨粉、酵母粉、花生粕和菜粕组成，其添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比分别为：白鱼粉5％-15％，发酵豆粕 10％-20％，血粉5％-10％，肉骨粉2％-5％，酵母粉2％-5％，花生粕7％-15％，菜粕 5％-10％；
所述脂肪源原料由鱼油、豆油和大豆磷脂组成，其添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1％-2％，豆油1％-3％，大豆磷脂1％-2％；
所述糖源原料为α-淀粉；
所述复合维生素是复合维生素与载体的混合物，载体采用小麦面粉，每 1kg复合多维中含有维生素B115g，维生素B225g，维生素B620g，维生素 B1250mg，肌醇180g；维生素B330g，维生素B540g，叶酸5g，维生素B71mg；维生素A 500万IU，维生素D3300万IU，维生素K310 g，维生素C150g，维生素E 60g，氯化胆碱180g；
所述复合矿物质是微量元素与载体的混合物，载体采用沸石粉，每1kg 复合矿物盐中含有氟化钠1.5g，碘化钾2.5g，六水合二氯化钴0.1g，五水合硫酸铜10g，七水合硫酸亚铁40g，七水合硫酸锌6g，一水合硫酸锰2g，七水合硫酸镁25g，一水合磷酸二氢钙12.5g，氯化钠2.5g，碳酸钙27.8g；
所述抗氧化剂为维生素C磷酸酯；
所述诱食剂为动物性肝脏提取物；
所述黏合剂为羧甲基纤维素钠。
所述动物性肝脏为选取新鲜鸡、鸭或猪肝脏，组织匀浆后，浸泡提取，固液分离，得到料液和料渣，将料液采用反渗透膜进行浓缩处理之最小体积后与固体残渣充分混匀，恒温烘箱60℃条件进行干燥，干燥好的动物性肝脏提取物进行粉碎至80目，得到动物性肝脏提取物。
优选地，以原料重量百分比计，包括：蛋白源原料67％，脂肪源原料3.5％，糖源原料22.2％，复合维生素2％，复合矿物质2％，抗氧化剂0.1％，诱食剂0.2％，黏合剂3％。
优选地，所述蛋白源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：白鱼粉15％，发酵豆粕10％，血粉5％，肉骨粉5％，酵母粉5％，花生粕10％，菜粕 7％；所述脂肪源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油2％，豆油 2％，大豆磷脂1％。
优选地，所述蛋白源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：白鱼粉10％，发酵豆粕15％，血粉7％，肉骨粉5％，酵母粉5％，花生粕9％，菜粕9％；所述脂肪源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1％，豆油1％，大豆磷脂1％。
优选地，所述蛋白源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：白鱼粉5％，发酵豆粕20％，血粉8％，肉骨粉5％，酵母粉5％，花生粕5％，菜粕11％；所述脂肪源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1％，豆油2％，大豆磷脂1％。
一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
S1：将蛋白源原料、糖源原料、复合维生素、复合矿物盐、抗氧化剂和诱食剂分别粉碎，经过80目筛后和黏合剂混合均匀，边搅拌边加入脂肪源原料，混合均匀后边搅拌边加水，加水量占饲料原料总重的30％～40％，混合均匀后制成饲料的基料；
S2：将步骤S1中的饲料基料输入双轴挤压膨化机中，打开切粒电机，将切粒变频调速器从min向max方向旋调至频率为20Hz～25Hz，螺杆转速设置为200r/min～250r/min，然后打开挤压膨化机的电闸，让饲料基料熟化后从模孔中挤出，反复2～3次进行挤压膨化，得到半颗粒饲料；
S3：将步骤S2中得到的半颗粒饲料至于转速为1000r/min的制粒机中造粒，对颗粒饲料进行熟化，用110℃～120℃蒸汽熟化2小时，得到膨化颗粒饲料优选地，以质量比计，包括：红糖0.5％-1.5％，乳酸菌、酵母菌和复合酶形成的混合物0.03％-0.07％，小麦麸15％-35％，小麦次粉10％-30％，玉米 10％-25％，马铃薯雪花粉5％-20％和DDGS饲料5％-15％。
总体而言，通过本发明所构思的以上技术方案与现有技术相比，可以达到以下有益效果：
1、本发明根据赤眼鳟的营养需要特点，通过大量的试验验证得到专用配方组成的饲料原料，将这种特定配方组成的饲料原料经过膨化处理工艺得到的膨化饲料，提高了饲料的消化利用效率；
2、采用普通制粒机压制的硬颗粒饲料作为赤眼鳟的饵料时，饲料颗粒过硬，适口性差，产生大量的饲料残饵，同时硬颗粒饲料在水中的稳定性差，未被赤眼鳟摄食前就已溃散，造成饲料浪费，污染水质，该膨化饲料吸水变得松软有弹性，更适合赤眼鳟摄食，能有效地解决现今赤眼鳟养殖过程中配合饲料营养不平衡，适口性差的问题，并且降低养殖过程中对环境的污染和破坏；
3、通过多种优选地和有利于赤眼鳟消化吸收的动植物蛋白源的合理组合，克服了单一蛋白源氨基酸不平衡的问题，有利于提高饲料利用效率，降低氨氮排放，减少养殖水环境污染；
4、采用本发明制备方法得到的膨化颗粒饲料的饲料系数低于1.08，大部分抗营养因子被破坏，在水中的稳定性很好，稳定时间大于3小时，膨化颗粒饲料的熟化度大于85％，营养全面，适口性好，饲料效率高，这种环保膨化饲料能有效的提高赤眼鳟养殖过程中的饲料效率，降低赤眼鳟养殖成本，减少养殖水环境污染，具有巨大的经济效益和社会效益。
具体实施方式
下面将结合具体实施方式对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，但是本领域技术人员将会理解，下列所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例，仅用于说明本发明，而不应视为限制本发明的范围。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者，按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1：
根据表1所示配方1，配制膨化颗粒饲料和普通环模颗粒饲料，在17℃ -25℃的养殖水环境下，饲养4.17g-8.34g赤眼鳟40天，膨化饲料组赤眼鳟的饲料系数0.94，显著性低于普通环模颗粒饲料组1.34；膨化饲料组赤眼鳟的特定增重率(SGR,％d-1)4.51，增重率(WG，％)614.23％,成活率90.27％，显著性高于普通环模颗粒饲料组的特定增重率(SGR,％d-1)4.19，增重率(WG,％) 447.23％,成活率74.754％，各项养殖生产参数膨化饲料组养殖效果要比普通环模颗粒饲料组有显著性提高。
膨化颗粒饲料的制备方法为：
S1：称取所述重量份的饲料原料，将所有原料单独搅拌混合，两次粉碎后将粉状原料(蛋白源原料、糖源原料、复合维生素、复合矿物盐、抗氧化剂和诱食剂)过80目筛后和黏合剂充分混合均匀，然后边搅拌边加脂肪源原料，充分混合均匀后边搅拌边加水，制成饲料基料；
S2：将上述饲料基料输入双轴挤压膨化机中，切粒电机打“开”，将切粒变频调速器从“min”向“max”方向旋调至20或23或25，螺杆转速设置为200r/min-250r/min；挤压膨化机的操作位：打开电闸，依次按下主电机“开”、让饲料基料熟化后模孔挤出，进行反复2-3次挤压膨化，得到半颗粒饲料，该颗粒饲料于转速约为1000r/min的制粒机中造粒，对上述颗粒饲料进行后熟化，用110或115或120℃蒸汽熟化30min小时，得到膨化颗粒饲料制品。
实施例2：
根据表1所示配方2，配制膨化颗粒饲料和普通环模颗粒饲料，在17℃ -25℃的养殖水环境下，饲养4.17g-8.34g赤眼鳟40天，膨化饲料组饲料系数1.04，特定增重率(SGR,％d-1)4.76，增重率(WG,％)572.52％,成活率 90.83％；普通环模颗粒饲料组饲料系数1.46，特定增重率(SGR,％d-1)4.42，增重率(WG,％)486.76％,成活率74.58％，各项参数膨化饲料养殖效果要比普通环模颗粒饲料显著性高。
膨化颗粒饲料和环模颗粒饲料的制备方法与实施例1相同。
实施例3：
根据表1所示配方3，配制膨化颗粒饲料和普通环模颗粒饲料，在17℃ -25℃的养殖水环境下，饲养4.17g-8.34g赤眼鳟40天，膨化饲料组饲料系数1.08，特定增重率(SGR,％d-1)4.82，增重率(WG,％)543.17％,成活率 88.13％；普通环模颗粒饲料组饲料系数1.49，特定增重率(SGR,％d-1)4.19，增重率(WG,％)473.22％,成活率74.97％，各项参数膨化饲料养殖效果要比普通环模颗粒饲料显著性高。
膨化颗粒饲料和环模颗粒饲料的制备方法与实施例1相同。
饲料系数(feed coefficient ratio,FCR)＝饲料投喂量/(终末体重-初始体重)；
特定生长率(specific growth ratio，SGR)＝(ln终末体重-ln初始体重)/ 天数×100％；
增重率(weight gain,WG)＝(终末体重-初始体重)/初始均体重×100％；
成活率(survival)＝实验末尾数/实验初尾数×100％；
表1赤眼鳟实施案例配合饲料配方及成分分析(％干物质)
本领域的技术人员容易理解，以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：以原料重量百分比计，包括：蛋白源原料55%-70%，脂肪源原料3%-5%，糖源原料15%-28%，复合维生素1%-2%，复合矿物质1%-2%，抗氧化剂0.1%-0.2%，诱食剂0.1%-0.3%，黏合剂2%-4%；
所述蛋白源原料由鱼粉、发酵豆粕、血粉、肉骨粉、酵母粉、花生粕和菜粕组成，其添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比分别为：白鱼粉5%-15%，发酵豆粕10%-20%，血粉5%-10%，肉骨粉2%-5%，酵母粉2%-5%，花生粕7%-15%，菜粕5%-10%；
所述脂肪源原料由鱼油、豆油和大豆磷脂组成，其添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1%-2%，豆油1%-3%，大豆磷脂1%～2%；
所述糖源原料为α-淀粉；
所述复合维生素是复合维生素与载体的混合物，载体采用小麦面粉，每1kg复合多维中含有维生素B1 15g，维生素B2 25g，维生素B6 20g，维生素B12 50mg，肌醇180g；维生素B330g，维生素B5 40g，叶酸5g，维生素B7 1mg；维生素A 500万IU，维生素D3 300万IU，维生素K3 10 g，维生素C 150g，维生素E 60g，氯化胆碱180g；
所述复合矿物质是微量元素与载体的混合物，载体采用沸石粉，每1kg复合矿物盐中含有氟化钠1.5g，碘化钾2.5g，六水合二氯化钴0.1g，五水合硫酸铜10g，七水合硫酸亚铁40g，七水合硫酸锌6 g，一水合硫酸锰2g，七水合硫酸镁25g，一水合磷酸二氢钙12.5g，氯化钠2.5g，碳酸钙27.8g；
所述抗氧化剂为维生素C磷酸酯；
所述诱食剂为动物性肝脏提取物；
所述黏合剂为羧甲基纤维素钠。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：所述动物性肝脏为选取新鲜鸡、鸭或猪肝脏，组织匀浆后，浸泡提取，固液分离，得到料液和料渣，将料液采用反渗透膜进行浓缩处理之最小体积后与固体残渣充分混匀，恒温烘箱60℃条件进行干燥，干燥好的动物性肝脏提取物进行粉碎至80目，得到动物性肝脏提取物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：以原料重量百分比计，包括：蛋白源原料67%，脂肪源原料3.5%，糖源原料22.2%，复合维生素2%，复合矿物质2%，抗氧化剂0.1%，诱食剂0.2%，黏合剂3%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：所述蛋白源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：白鱼粉15%，发酵豆粕10%，血粉5%，肉骨粉5%，酵母粉5%，花生粕10%，菜粕7%；所述脂肪源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1%，豆油1%，大豆磷脂1%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：所述蛋白源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：白鱼粉10%，发酵豆粕15%，血粉7%，肉骨粉5%，酵母粉5%，花生粕9%，菜粕9%；所述脂肪源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1%，豆油1%，大豆磷脂1%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料，其特征在于：所述蛋白源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：白鱼粉5%，发酵豆粕20%，血粉8%，肉骨粉5%，酵母粉5%，花生粕5%，菜粕11%；所述脂肪源原料中各添加量占饲料原料的重量百分比为：鱼油1%，豆油2%，大豆磷脂1%。
7.一种赤眼鳟环保膨化饲料的制备方法，其特征在于：制备方法包括以下步骤：
S1：将蛋白源原料、糖源原料、复合维生素、复合矿物盐、抗氧化剂和诱食剂分别粉碎，经过80目筛后和黏合剂混合均匀，边搅拌边加入脂肪源原料，混合均匀后边搅拌边加水，加水量占饲料原料总重的30%～40%，混合均匀后制成饲料的基料；
S2：将步骤S1中的饲料基料输入双轴挤压膨化机中，打开切粒电机，将切粒变频调速器从min向max方向旋调至频率为20Hz～25Hz，螺杆转速设置为200 r/min～250r/min，然后打开挤压膨化机的电闸，让饲料基料熟化后从模孔中挤出，反复2～3次进行挤压膨化，得到半颗粒饲料；
S3：将步骤S2中得到的半颗粒饲料至于转速为1000r/min的制粒机中造粒，对颗粒饲料进行熟化，用110℃～120℃蒸汽熟化2小时，得到膨化颗粒饲料。
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