CN110828798A - Method for preparing lithium ion battery graphite negative electrode material by wet pressurizing coating - Google Patents
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a lithium ion battery graphite cathode material by wet pressurizing coating, belongs to the field of battery graphite cathode materials, and aims to solve the problems of nonuniform coating and caking phenomenon after carbonization and graphitization in the conventional method. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out coarse and fine grinding on graphite powder to carry out spheroidization grading, and after spheroidization shaping, pressurizing a coating layer together with a composite coating layer material in an incremental pressure coating kettle to ensure that the coating layer material and graphite particles are fully infiltrated, fused, filled and embedded to form a complete coating layer; then carbonizing to obtain a graphite cathode material; the composite coating material consists of liquid asphalt, an organic matter diluent and a surfactant; progressive increase type P is adopted alternately in mixed coating operation1‑P2‑P3‑P4And pressing and coating. The method of the invention is beneficial to obtaining the most uniform, firm and compact coating effect without adhesion, and has simple process and low cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of preparation of battery graphite cathode materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a lithium ion battery graphite cathode material.
Background
The present human society faces two major problems of energy crisis and environmental pollution. The motorization of automobiles is a key point for solving two major problems existing in human beings. The power type lithium ion battery is the best solution for motorization of the automobile. The lithium ion power battery with high power, high energy, high first efficiency and long cycle life needs a graphite negative electrode material with a 'core-shell' structure, which has low specific surface area, high tap, high first efficiency, high gram specific capacity and long service life.
The traditional graphite cathode material with a core-shell structure is generally realized by three methods of vapor deposition, solid-solid mixed coating and solid-liquid mixed coating. The vapor deposition coating equipment is difficult to control the uniformity of the airflow field of the temperature field, so that the coating uniformity degree and effect are poor, and the yield is low and is rarely adopted.
The typical solid-solid mixed coating method adopts a dynamic lithium ion battery with a core-shell structure, wherein the dynamic lithium ion battery has the advantages of low specific surface area, high tap, high first efficiency and high gram specific capacity by mechanically fusing graphite powder and superfine asphalt powder, then carbonizing and graphitizing. The so-called dry coating is a common coating method at present, and has the defects that (1) the coating is not uniform, the agglomeration phenomenon exists after carbonization and graphitization, the coating particles are adhered and agglomerated, the hand feeling is rough, the scattering operation is required, and agglomerated oversize materials exist even if scattered and sieved. (2) The superfine asphalt powder has high preparation difficulty, low yield and high energy consumption.
Although the conventional solid-liquid mixed coating method has better coating effect compared with solid-solid mixed coating, a large amount of organic solvent such as toluene is used in asphalt, and in the mixed coating process, the solvent needs to be removed and recovered by continuous heating, so that the energy consumption is higher, the environmental hazard is larger, and the application is limited. Therefore, how to adopt a more effective, economical and environment-friendly coating method is a problem which is urgently needed to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing a lithium ion battery graphite cathode material by wet-process pressurized coating, which aims to solve the problems of nonuniform coating, caking after carbonization and graphitization and high energy consumption in the mixed coating process in the existing method.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a method for preparing a graphite cathode material of a lithium ion battery by wet pressurizing a coating comprises the following steps: carrying out coarse and fine grinding on graphite powder to carry out spheroidization grading, and after spheroidization shaping, pressurizing a coating layer together with a composite coating layer material in an incremental pressure coating kettle to ensure that the coating layer material and graphite particles are fully infiltrated, fused, filled and embedded to form a complete coating layer; then carbonizing to obtain a graphite cathode material; the composite coating material consists of liquid asphalt, an organic matter diluent and a surfactant;
progressive increase type P is adopted alternately in mixed coating operation1- P2- P3- P4And pressurizing the clad coating, wherein the total time from the initial mixed clad coating to the final mixed clad coating operation cannot be less than 120 minutes, and the temperature of the mixed clad coating is not lower than 140 ℃ and not higher than 200 ℃ at most.
Further, the pressurized coating is pressurized in four stages, each stage corresponding to an incremental increase in pressure, i.e., P1≥ P2≥ P3≥P4。P1- P2- P3- P4Pressure P of each stage1Within the range of 0.5-5.0MPa, P2＝2P1，P3＝3P1，P4＝4P1，The duration of pressurization for each stage is 60-240 seconds.
Furthermore, the progressive pressurizing coating is inserted for a plurality of times in the whole process of the mixed coating operation, the first pressurizing coating is carried out in the mixed coating operation for not less than 50 minutes, and the last P1- P2- P3- P4After the pressurized coating operation, the mixed coating operation is carried out for at least 20 minutes, so that the material can be discharged.
Further, the carbonization step combines liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating. In the carbonization process, the highest temperature is not lower than 1200 ℃, the fastest heating speed between 200 ℃ and 700 ℃ cannot exceed 5 ℃/h, and the duration time of the highest temperature stage is not lower than 20 h.
Further, the weight ratio of the liquid asphalt, the organic matter diluent and the surfactant is 18-48%: 51-80%: 1 to 2 percent.
Further, the asphalt is medium-high temperature petroleum asphalt or coal asphalt; the diluent is one of light components of kerosene, diesel oil, hydraulic oil or coal tar pitch distillation or a mixture thereof; the surfactant is a surface active substance capable of reducing the surface tension of the solid-liquid coating.
Further, the preparation process of the composite coating material is that the organic matter diluent and the surfactant are added into the liquid asphalt which is heated, melted and kept stand, and are fully stirred and uniformly mixed, and the temperature of the prepared composite coating material is not lower than 100 ℃.
Further, adding graphite powder into the pressurized coating kettle, and preheating to more than 60 ℃; the composite coating material is added into the graphite powder preheated by the pressurized coating kettle. Composite coating material: the proportion of the graphite powder is 5-30 parts by weight: 100 parts by weight, and the two are fully mixed and coated.
Further, the graphite powder is artificial stone ink powder or natural graphite powder, the granularity is less than 10mm, the purity is more than 99.9 percent, the graphitization degree is not less than 94.0 percent, coarse grinding and fine grinding are carried out, the medium diameter in spheroidizing classification is 6-17 mu m, the maximum particle diameter is less than 65 mu m, and the specific surface area is less than 17.0 m2(ii)/g, tap density greater than 0.60g/cm3。
Graphite powder after the coating operation is finished is added into a sagger and put into a carbonization furnace, so that the composite coating material is simultaneously subjected to liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating.
The gist of the present invention is that the coating operation is coordinated with the vapor phase pyrolytic deposition and liquid phase charring polymerization reactions, aiming to obtain ideal typical core-shell structured particles as shown in fig. 1. The core is a spheroidized graphite particle, the surface of the graphite particle is uniformly coated with a layer of amorphous carbon, the coating layer completely covers the surface of the graphite, and amorphous non-graphitic carbon with certain strength and complete structure is better. The core technical key points comprise: selection of a carbon source for coating, selection of a coating amount, selection of a coating mode, and control of a carbonization process.
The carbon source coating refers to the selection of precursor organic matters. Different organic substances have larger differences in carbonization temperature, carbon yield, carbon film compactness and the like.
The invention adopts medium-high temperature petroleum asphalt or coal asphalt as a precursor, adds a certain amount of organic matter diluent and surface active substances, fully stirs and mixes uniformly, and the temperature of the prepared composite coating material is not lower than 100 ℃. The organic matter diluent can adjust and reduce the viscosity of the asphalt to fully exert the coating effect, and can be converted into a gas phase pyrolytic carbon source when the coating mixture is carbonized. The surfactant can reduce the solid-liquid interfacial tension of the composite coating material and increase the wettability and permeability of the coating liquid to graphite particles.
The coating amount is only the mass ratio of the coating agent to the graphite particles. The thickness of the carbon layer coated by the carbon coating and the thickness of the surface coating layer of the carbonized powder have larger differences according to different coating amounts. If the coating amount is too small, the coating effect cannot be achieved, and if the coating amount is too large, the powder is easy to agglomerate and adhere.
The gist of the present invention is also to make the coating of the surface of the graphite particles easier to achieve by preparing the composite coating material. The graphite particles are ideally spherical, in practice the graphite particles are irregular, and the surface tends to have various defects such as voids, fissures, irregularities, and the like. See figure 2.
The incremental pressurizing coating of the invention ensures that the coating agent is fully filled with the holes and the depressions on the surface of the graphite particles, the cracks are repaired, the irregular graphite particles form an embedded structure after being coated and filled, and tend to be spherical and complete coating layers, and more complete spheroidal graphite particles are formed by carbonization.
In the experimental research process, the incremental pressurizing coating technology is not adopted, and other methods are completely the same as the comparative experiment. After carbonization, screening operation shows that oversize products with different sizes from broad bean sample to soybean sample and small to rice grain sample exist without adopting an incremental pressurizing coating technology control group, the appearance is hard, and a large amount of dry powder exists in the center after crushing.
The carbonization process of the present invention is carried out in a relatively sealed oven chamber. The carbonization process is the setting of the carbonization curve of the organic matter of the composite coating material. The carbonization curve mainly depends on the decomposition temperature and the decomposition rate of organic matters in the pyrolysis process, the heated light hydrocarbon components of the composite coating material are preferentially gasified, the gasified hydrocarbon components in a relatively closed container flow between the materials, and the high-temperature solid-phase particles are subjected to pyrolysis vapor deposition, namely vapor carbonization, to form an excellent pyrolytic carbon film coating. Meanwhile, with the continuous rise of the pyrolysis temperature, the heavy aromatic hydrocarbon component of the composite coating material is subjected to polymerization reaction and coking on the surface of the particle material, namely liquid-phase carbonization, so that the carbonaceous coating is compact, firm, uniform and complete.
The method is environment-friendly and energy-saving, and is easy for industrial production, the gram specific capacity of the prepared lithium ion battery cathode material is not less than 355mAh/g, the primary coulombic efficiency is not less than 95.0%, and the tap density is not less than 0.90g/cm3The specific surface area is less than or equal to 3.5 m2The product has good processing performance and is suitable for power lithium ion batteries.
The graphite cathode material prepared by the invention has a densified surface structure, a carbon coating layer is homogenized, a coating agent is firmly combined with coated particles, no adhesion and agglomeration exist among the coated particles, the hand feeling is fine and uniform, scattering operation is not needed, and finally, no agglomeration and agglomeration oversize materials exist in the screening operation of a 325-mesh screen. And oversize products with different sizes from large to broad bean sample, soybean sample and small to small grain sample do not exist.
The invention is a preparation method of the composite power type graphite cathode material, adopts solid-liquid mixed coating, has simple equipment, is beneficial to obtaining the most uniform, firm and compact coating effect without adhesion, and has simple process and low cost. The quality requirement of producing the lithium ion power battery with high power, high energy, high first efficiency and long cycle life is met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an ideal typical core-shell structure of coated graphite particles;
FIG. 2 is a comparative schematic of an actual core-shell structure coated graphite particle;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the progressive pressurized coating tank of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.
The incremental pressurizing coating kettle comprises a pot body 1 with good air tightness, a double-helix stirrer 2 and a pressurizing head 3, wherein the double-helix stirrer 2 is arranged below an inner cavity of the pot body 1, the pressurizing head 3 is arranged above the inner cavity of the pot body 1, and the pressurizing head 3 is in an inverted T shape and moves up and down along the inner cavity of the pot body 1; pressurizing the mixed material by using a pressurizing head to move up and down to pressurize the medium; the gas pressurizing medium may be air, volatile gases in the mixture, nitrogen or other inert gases.
Example 1
Preparing spheroidized graphite: the artificial stone powdered ink with the granularity less than 10mm is subjected to roller grinding coarse grinding and spheroidizing, shaping and fine grinding to be spheroidized and classified, the median diameter of the spheroidized and classified powder D50 is 16.57 mu m, the maximum D100 particle diameter is 64.50 mu m, and the specific surface area is 8.5 m2(g) tap density of 0.73g/cm3；
Preparing a composite coating material: 31kg of medium-temperature modified coal pitch with a softening point of 105 ℃ which is melted and kept stand at 170 ℃, 68kg of diluent diesel oil and 1kg of surfactant stearic acid are heated at 110 ℃ and fully stirred and mixed evenly.
And (3) mixing and coating: adding 100kg of spheroidized artificial graphite into a pressurized coating kettle, stirring and preheating dry powder at 80 ℃, adding 13kg of prepared composite coating material, heating, stirring and mixing for more than 50 minutes at the heating temperature of 145 ℃.
Incremental press clad coating: set the pressure P1Is 1.0MPa, P2＝2P1，P3＝3P1，P4＝4P1Each pressure time lasting 60 seconds. After the first incremental pressure increase, the coating is mixed and coated for 40 minutes, and then the incremental pressure increase coating is repeated. And discharging after 20 minutes of mixed coating operation after the second incremental pressurizing coating operation is finished.
Carbonizing and coating: the graphite powder coated with the coating is put into a sagger and put into a carbonization furnace for liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating. The temperature rise speed is 2.5 ℃/h between 200 ℃ and 700 ℃, the duration time of the highest temperature of 1200 ℃ is not less than 20 h, and the graphite cathode material of the embodiment 1 is obtained after the graphite cathode material is naturally cooled and taken out of the furnace after the requirement is met.
Example 2
Preparing spheroidized graphite: the artificial stone powdered ink with the granularity less than 10mm is subjected to roller grinding coarse grinding and spheroidizing, shaping and fine grinding to be spheroidized and classified, the median diameter of the spheroidized and classified powder D50 is 14.72 mu m, the maximum D100 particle diameter is 49.38 mu m, and the specific surface area is 10.0 m2(g) tap density of 0.70g/cm3；
Preparing a composite coating material: 18kg of petroleum asphalt with the softening point of 105 ℃ which is melted and stood at 170 ℃, 80kg of diluent kerosene and 2kg of surfactant stearic acid are heated at the temperature of 110 ℃ and fully stirred and evenly mixed.
And (3) mixing and coating: adding 100kg of spheroidized artificial graphite into a pressurized coating kettle, stirring and preheating dry powder at 80 ℃, adding 5kg of prepared composite coating material, heating, stirring and mixing for more than 50 minutes at the heating temperature of 145 ℃.
Incremental pressure coating: set the pressure P1Is 2.0MPa, P2＝2P1，P3＝3P1，P4＝4P1Each pressure time lasting 90 seconds.After the first incremental pressure increase, the coating is mixed and coated for 40 minutes, and then the incremental pressure increase coating is repeated. And discharging after 20 minutes of mixed coating operation after the second incremental pressurizing coating operation is finished.
Carbonizing and coating: the graphite powder coated with the coating is put into a sagger and put into a carbonization furnace for liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating. The temperature rise speed is 3.5 ℃/h between 200 ℃ and 700 ℃, the duration time of the highest temperature of 1200 ℃ is not less than 20 h, and the graphite cathode material of the embodiment 2 is obtained after the graphite cathode material is naturally cooled and taken out of the furnace after the requirement is met.
Example 3
Preparing spheroidized graphite: the artificial stone powdered ink with the granularity less than 10mm is subjected to roller grinding coarse grinding and spheroidizing, shaping and fine grinding to be spheroidized and classified, the median diameter of the spheroidized and classified powder D50 is 10.52 mu m, the maximum D100 particle diameter is 60.38 mu m, and the specific surface area is 15.0 m2(g) tap density of 0.65g/cm3；
Preparing a composite coating material: taking 35kg of medium temperature coal pitch with a softening point of 85 ℃ which is melted and stood at 170 ℃, 63kg of diluent hydraulic oil and 2kg of surfactant stearic acid, heating at 100 ℃, fully stirring and uniformly mixing.
And (3) mixing and coating: adding 100kg of natural spherical graphite into a pressurized coating kettle, stirring and preheating dry powder at 80 ℃, adding 30kg of prepared composite coating material, heating, stirring and mixing for more than 50 minutes at the heating temperature of 145 ℃.
Incremental pressure coating: set the pressure P1Is 5.0MPa, P2＝2P1，P3＝3P1，P4＝4P1Each pressure time lasting 240 seconds. After the first incremental pressure increase, the coating is mixed and coated for 40 minutes, and then the incremental pressure increase coating is repeated. And discharging after 20 minutes of mixed coating operation after the second incremental pressurizing coating operation is finished.
Carbonizing and coating: the graphite powder coated with the coating is put into a sagger and put into a carbonization furnace for liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating. The temperature rise speed is 5.0 ℃/h between 200 ℃ and 700 ℃, the duration time of the highest temperature of 1200 ℃ is not less than 20 h, and the graphite cathode material of the embodiment 3 is obtained after the graphite cathode material is naturally cooled and taken out of the furnace after the requirement is met.
Example 4
Preparing spheroidized graphite: taking natural spherical graphite powder D50 with median diameter of 17.0 μm, maximum D100 particle diameter of 55.78 μm, and specific surface area of 5.8 m2(g) tap density of 0.98g/cm3；
Preparing a composite coating material: 48kg of medium temperature coal pitch with a softening point of 85 ℃ which is melted and kept stand at 170 ℃, 51kg of diluent anthracene oil and 1kg of surfactant stearic acid are heated at 100 ℃ and fully stirred and mixed uniformly.
And (3) mixing and coating: adding 100kg of natural spherical graphite into a pressurized coating kettle, stirring and preheating dry powder at 80 ℃, adding 5kg of prepared composite coating material, heating, stirring and mixing for more than 50 minutes at the heating temperature of 145 ℃.
Incremental pressure coating: set the pressure P10.50MPa, P2＝2P1，P3＝3P1，P4＝4P1Each pressure period lasted 120 seconds. After the first progressive pressurization is finished, the coating is coated by repeated progressive pressurization for 40 minutes after the coating is mixed and coated. And discharging after 20 minutes of mixed coating operation after the second incremental pressurizing coating operation is finished.
Carbonizing and coating: the graphite powder coated with the coating is put into a sagger and put into a carbonization furnace for liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating. The temperature rise speed is 5.0 ℃/h between 200 ℃ and 700 ℃, the duration time of the highest temperature of 1200 ℃ is not less than 20 h, and the graphite cathode material of the embodiment 3 is obtained after the graphite cathode material is naturally cooled and taken out of the furnace after the requirement is met.
Comparative example
100kg of the artificial stone toner of example 1 was charged with 7kg of high temperature asphalt powder having a softening point of 180 ℃ and a median diameter D50 of 3.0 μm and a maximum D100 particle diameter of 5.12 μm, and the resultant mixture was placed in a pressure coating vessel without pressurizing and heating for coating for 120 minutes, followed by liquid-phase carbonization and gas-phase carbonization coating as in example 1. The temperature rise speed is 2.5 ℃/h between 200 ℃ and 700 ℃, the duration time of the highest temperature of 1200 ℃ is not less than 20 h, and the graphite cathode material of the comparative example is obtained after the graphite cathode material is naturally cooled and taken out of the furnace after the requirement is met.
The graphite cathode material of the embodiment and the comparative example of the invention adopts a detection and inspection method of national standard GB/T243334-2009 graphite cathode material of lithium ion batteries to detect and analyze the physical and chemical properties and the electrochemical properties of the graphite cathode material. The performance parameters of the examples are shown in table 1 below, and the results show that the product of the control example was ultrasonically screened through a 325 mesh screen with oversize.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a graphite cathode material of a lithium ion battery by wet pressurizing a coating is characterized by comprising the following steps:
carrying out coarse and fine grinding on graphite powder to carry out spheroidization grading, and after spheroidization shaping, pressurizing a coating layer together with a composite coating layer material in an incremental pressure coating kettle to ensure that the coating layer material and graphite particles are fully infiltrated, fused, filled and embedded to form a complete coating layer; then carbonizing to obtain a graphite cathode material; the composite coating material consists of liquid asphalt, an organic matter diluent and a surfactant;
progressive increase type P is adopted alternately in mixed coating operation1- P2- P3- P4And pressurizing the clad coating, wherein the total time from the first mixed clad coating to the last mixed clad coating operation cannot be less than 120 minutes, and the temperature of the mixed clad coating is not lower than 140 ℃.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the pressurizing of the pressurized coating is carried out in four stages, and each stage corresponds to the increasing pressure, namely P1≥ P2≥ P3≥P4，P1- P2- P3- P4Pressure P of each stage1Within the range of 0.5-5.0MPa, P2＝2P1，P3＝3P1，P4＝4P1，The duration of pressurization for each stage is 60-240 seconds.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the progressive pressurizing coating is inserted for a plurality of times in the whole process of the mixed coating operation, the first pressurizing coating is carried out in the mixed coating operation for not less than 50 minutes, and the last time P is1- P2- P3- P4After the pressurized coating operation, the mixed coating operation is carried out for at least 20 minutes, so that the material can be discharged.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized by: the carbonization step combines liquid phase carbonization and gas phase carbonization coating, and the highest temperature of the carbonization process is not lower than 1200 ℃, the fastest heating speed between 200 and 700 ℃ cannot exceed 5 ℃/h, and the duration time of the highest temperature stage is not lower than 20 h.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein: the weight ratio of the liquid asphalt to the organic matter diluent to the surfactant is 18-48%: 51-80%: 1 to 2 percent.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein: the asphalt is medium-high temperature petroleum asphalt or coal asphalt; the diluent is one of light components of kerosene, diesel oil, hydraulic oil or coal tar pitch distillation or a mixture thereof; the surfactant is a surface active substance capable of reducing the surface tension of the solid-liquid coating.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein: the preparation process of the composite coating material comprises the steps of adding an organic matter diluent and a surfactant into liquid asphalt which is heated, melted and kept stand, fully stirring and uniformly mixing, wherein the temperature of the prepared composite coating material is not lower than 100 ℃.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein: adding graphite powder into a pressurized coating kettle, and preheating to more than 60 ℃; adding the composite coating material into graphite powder preheated by the pressurized coating kettle; composite coating material: the proportion of the graphite powder is 5-30 parts by weight: 100 parts by weight, and the two are fully mixed and coated.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein: the graphite powder is artificial graphite powder or natural graphite powder, the granularity is less than 10mm, the purity is more than 99.9%, the graphitization degree is not less than 94.0%, the medium diameter is 6-17 μm, the maximum particle diameter is less than 65 μm, and the specific surface area is less than 17.0 m after coarse grinding and fine grinding2(ii)/g, tap density greater than 0.60g/cm3。
10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the progressive increase type pressurization coating kettle comprises a kettle body (1), a double-helix stirrer (2) and a pressurization head (3), wherein the double-helix stirrer (2) is arranged below the inner cavity of the kettle body (1), the pressurization head (3) is arranged above the inner cavity of the kettle body (1), and the pressurization head (3) is in an inverted T shape and moves up and down along the inner cavity of the kettle body (1); pressurizing the mixed material by using a pressurizing head to move up and down to pressurize the medium; the gas pressurizing medium may be air, volatile gases in the mixture, nitrogen or other inert gases.
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