CN110679419A

CN110679419A - Substrate-based cultivation method for high-quality small sweet potato seedlings

Info

Publication number: CN110679419A
Application number: CN201911017751.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 姚海峰; 仇智灵; 祝小祥; 楼兵干; 阮弋飞
Original assignee: Agricultural And Forestry Technology Extension Center Of Ling'an District Hangzhou
Current assignee: Agricultural And Forestry Technology Extension Center Of Ling'an District Hangzhou
Priority date: 2019-10-24
Filing date: 2019-10-24
Publication date: 2020-01-14

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of sweet potato seedling culture, and particularly relates to a substrate-based high-quality small sweet potato seedling culture method, which comprises the steps of firstly disinfecting soil in a seedling culture place to prevent viruses in the soil from corroding sweet potato seedlings, then arranging a seedbed, deeply ploughing to build the seedbed, filling a first substrate, then paving disinfected fine soil on the first substrate to prevent the first substrate from being invaded by bacteria, then selecting healthy sweet potato seeds for seed sowing, filling gaps among the sweet potatoes with the fine soil after the seed sowing, simultaneously digging grooves on one side of each row of sweet potatoes, paving later stage burettes, then carrying out drip irrigation through burette equipment by using two pairs of substrates to carry out drip irrigation, finally carrying out seedling emergence on the sweet potato seeds, when the sweet potato seedlings grow to 7 knots, hardening the seedlings for 2-3 days, and preparing for cutting the sweet potato seedlings; the substrate cultivation method reduces the possibility of the seed potato being attacked by germs and pests and weeds in the seedling cultivation process, reduces the bacteria carrying rate and morbidity of the potato seedlings, and achieves the purpose of cultivating high-quality robust potato seedlings.

Description

Substrate-based cultivation method for high-quality small sweet potato seedlings

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of sweet potato seedling culture, and particularly relates to a substrate-based high-quality small sweet potato seedling culture method.

Background

In recent years, sweet potatoes called as health foods and anticancer foods, in particular 'small sweet potatoes' integrating taste, nutrition and health care, are more and more popular. The planting area of the sweet potatoes in Zhejiang province is also increased year by year. Due to the influences of factors such as long-term planting of a single variety, reduction of variety resistance, change of climatic conditions and the like, the sweet potato stem rot seriously occurs in a large area in 2015. Especially, in recent years, 16 counties (cities and districts) such as Zhejiang Lingan, Xiaoshan, Linhai and Wenling are continuously harmed, and are listed in Zhejiang province lists of pest for supplementing quarantine.

According to the recent investigation, test and monitoring of the Ministry of agriculture at Linan in Zhejiang province of major production of small sweet potatoes, the quality of sweet potato seedlings has great influence on the severity of field sweet potato diseases. The factors influencing the potato seedling quality in the existing seedling raising process mainly comprise the following four aspects: firstly, the seed potatoes have poor quality. A great number of sweet potatoes with good appearance and moderate size are sold by sweet potato farmers, and small and even diseased sweet potatoes are reserved as seed potatoes for raising seedlings. Secondly, disinfection measures are not in place. The disinfection measures of various tools for seedbeds, potato planting and seedling shearing are not in place, so that the potato seedlings are infected with various germs. Thirdly, materials used in the traditional seedling raising method carry germs, and potato seeds are easy to be infected with diseases. For example, when most potato farmers construct seedbeds in greenhouses, farmyard manure, straws and unsterilized soil are usually directly used for seedling culture, so that the sources of seedbed germs are many and complicated, and the germ carrying rate and morbidity of cultured potato seedlings are high; fourthly, the nutrition irrigation is not uniform, which causes poor growth of partial seedlings. At present, the substrate seedling culture is mainly popularized and used on crops such as rice, vegetables, fruits, flowers, tobacco and the like, and is fresh and used on the seedling culture of sweet potatoes. However, according to the practice of the people, the sweet potatoes are cultivated by using the substrate, and the following three advantages are achieved: first, the substrate can isolate the potato seeds from directly contacting with the soil, thereby reducing the invasion of various germs in the soil. Secondly, the seedling substrate has certain extensibility, adhesiveness, good air permeability and water permeability, also has certain fertility, is not easy to breed diseases, pests and weeds, can save labor force and reduce fertilizer application. Thirdly, the substrate seedling raising can ensure that the seedlings emerge neatly and have high rate of emergence, and the cultivated potato seedlings have thick stems and strong seedlings.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a substrate-based cultivation method of high-quality small sweet potato seedlings, which aims to make up the defects of the prior art and solve the problems that a seedling raising field is simple and crude, the seedlings are easily affected by plant diseases and insect pests in the growth process, and nutrition irrigation is not uniform.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: the invention relates to a cultivation method of high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a matrix, which comprises the following steps:

s1: disinfecting soil, selecting a place which is leeward and sunny, has higher terrain, good drainage and convenient management as a seedling growing place, and building a seedling growing greenhouse; uniformly stirring lime nitrogen 40-60KG per mu 20-30 days before seeding sweet potatoes into soil, and covering a high-temperature closed shed with a mulching film for 15-20 days after irrigation;

s2: arranging a seedbed, deeply ploughing, building the seedbed, wherein the width of the seedbed is 1.2-1.3M, the height of the seedbed is 20-25CM, adopting a heat-brewing hotbed covering film for seedling culture, filling a first matrix, the filling thickness of the first matrix is 10-15CM, paving 2-3CM of sterilized fine soil on the first matrix, covering a film for heating, and discharging potato seeds when the temperature of the seedbed is raised to 33-35 ℃;

s3: selecting and soaking seed potatoes, selecting healthy potato seeds with no spots and bud eyes on the surface and long strips before seeding, soaking the seed potatoes in 25 percent prochloraz EC2000 solution for 5-10 minutes, taking out and airing the seeds to prepare for seeding;

s4: seed sowing is carried out, the head and the sunny side of the potato block face upwards, the tail and the cloudy side face downwards, the potato block is arranged to be level up and uneven down, the covering soil is shallow and uniform, and the seedling emergence is promoted to be regular; after seeding, filling gaps among the seed potatoes with fine soil, digging a groove at one side of each row of seed potatoes, laying a burette at the later stage, and covering the seed potatoes with a substrate after digging the groove;

s5: after the greenhouse is insulated and moisturized, and seeds are discharged, the seedbed is thoroughly watered by using the second matrix, the second matrix is titrated on the seedbed by adopting a burette device for seedling watering, the burette is laid in the groove and connected to the main trunk pipe through a flange plate, the main trunk pipe is connected to a high-pressure pump through a high-pressure adapter, the high-pressure pump is communicated with a mixing device, and the mixing device is used for bearing the second matrix; the water outlet hole of the burette is aligned with the lower part of the seed potato, and the burette is uniformly covered by soil; the burette is buried in the soil, when the second substrate flows out of the burette, the second substrate can soak the seedbed in the soil, so that the volatilization of the second substrate and the ineffective inflow of the second substrate to the position of the potato seeds when the burette exposes the seedbed are avoided; the second substrate is discharged from the water outlet hole, and flows into soil along with the lower part of the seed potatoes; keeping the substrate two-way to wet the seedbed through a burette before seedling emergence, wherein the bed temperature is 28-30 ℃; the greenhouse is covered with a small greenhouse and a mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse are regulated and controlled in a greenhouse spraying mode by uncovering or covering the mulching film according to the requirement on the humidity during the seedling emergence of the sweet potatoes and combining the weather conditions;

s6: removing the mulching film after the potato seeds emerge, carrying out artificial weeding in time according to weed conditions, removing rotten, withered, poor growth, yellowing and shrinking phenomena of seedling leaves in the growth process of the potato seeds and potato blocks in time during weeding, and using chlorine dioxide for soil disinfection treatment to prevent diffusion caused by local potato seed pathological changes and harm to the whole seedbed; when the potato seedlings grow to about 7 sections, the seedling shed is ventilated and hardened for 2-3 days, then the potato seedlings are cut from the seedbed for field cuttage, the seedling cutting time is generally 1 day before the field cuttage, the seedling cutting tools are used for soaking in special disinfectant for 10 minutes before use, and the potato seedlings are dried and stored for later use.

Preferably, the second matrix comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of dried cow dung, 10-15 parts of slow release fertilizer, 5-10 parts of peanut shells, 20-25 parts of plant ash, 15-20 parts of egg shells with egg white, 10-15 parts of rice hulls and 20-30 parts of decomposed wormcast;

preferably, the preparation method of the second matrix comprises the following steps:

s1: respectively freezing dried cow dung, peanut shells, rice hulls and decomposed wormcast to form ice cakes; the freeze treatment of the dried cow dung, the peanut shells, the rice hulls and the decomposed wormcast can ensure that the crushing effect is better;

s2: respectively putting the dried cow dung, the peanut shells, the rice hulls, the decomposed wormcast and the egg shells with the egg white which are subjected to the freezing treatment in the S1 into rolling equipment, and rolling and crushing the materials into powder;

s3: adding water into the peanut shells and the rice hulls which are ground into powder in the S2 respectively, returning the water, and draining the water after the peanut shells and the rice hulls absorb the water; adding water into the ground peanut shells and rice hulls respectively, returning the water back and forth, and screening and separating the uncrushed peanut shells and the rice hulls in the process of returning the water;

s4: adding yeast powder and powdered egg shells into the drained peanut shells and the rice hulls, putting the peanut shells and the rice hulls into a stirring barrel together for mixing, performing air drying after mixing reaction, putting the mixture into a package 111 with a 60-mesh sieve, and putting the package into a first groove on a flange plate;

s5: putting the powdered dried cow dung, the rotten and hot wormcast and the slow release fertilizer into a mixing device for mixing.

Preferably, the outer ring of the flange plate is symmetrically provided with a first groove, and a screen is arranged in the first groove; the end part of the screen is provided with a sealing cover, the screen is used for containing packages, one side wall of the screen is provided with an elastic plate, and a first rope is led out from the elastic plate and is connected with a mounting block arranged on the central axis of the flange plate; the outer ring of the mounting block is connected with the inner wall of the flange plate through a plurality of springs; when the device works, high-pressure matrix two nutrient solution discharged by a high-pressure pump enters a main trunk pipe through a high-pressure adapter, then the matrix two nutrient solution is distributed into each burette, the matrix two nutrient solution impacts a screen to wrap when flowing, simultaneously washes away peanut shell powder, rice hull powder, yeast powder and egg shell powder in the wrapping, and simultaneously drops on seedlings through the burette, when the matrix two nutrient solution flows through a flange, the matrix two nutrient solution impacts an installation block, the installation block moves towards the flowing direction of the matrix two nutrient solution, the installation block pulls a rope while moving, and the rope pulls an elastic plate simultaneously, so that the wrapping is compressed and reduced in the screen, the matrix two nutrient solution can continuously and effectively wash away the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder in the wrapping, and the uniformity of nutrient components in the burette is ensured, if the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder in the package are washed clean, the sealing cover is opened, the package is taken out, and the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder are added into the package again, so that the package can be used for multiple times.

Preferably, the center of the mounting block is connected with a first rod through a bearing, and the end part of the first rod is provided with a stirring wheel; during operation, the stirring wheel is impacted by the second substrate nutrient solution, so that the stirring wheel rotates, the stirring wheel rotates and simultaneously stirs the second substrate nutrient solution, the fluctuation of liquid flow in the burette is increased, and finally, the second substrate nutrient solution, the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder are mixed more fully and uniformly.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. according to the cultivation method of the high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on the matrix, the bed is disinfected by using the lime nitrogen, and the first matrix is filled, so that a high-quality growth environment and sufficient nutrients are provided for the growth of the seed sweet potatoes; the burette is buried in the soil on one side of the seed potatoes, so that the second substrate can directly wet the soil near the seed potatoes, and the volatilization of the second substrate and the incapability of effectively flowing the second substrate to the position of the seed potatoes are avoided when the burette exposes a bed seedling;

2. according to the cultivation method of the high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on the matrix, the package is arranged in the flange plate, the nutrient in the package is impacted by the matrix two nutrient solution discharged by the high-pressure pump, so that the drip irrigation is more uniform, and the condition that each seedling can absorb the matrix two nutrient solution can be effectively taken care of by the laying mode of the burette.

Drawings

The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a view of the laying of a burette of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a flange for use in the present invention;

in the figure: the device comprises a flange plate 1, a screen 11, a package 111, an elastic plate 112, a first rope 12, a mounting block 13, a first rod 14 and a stirring wheel 141.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement purposes and the effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further described with the specific embodiments.

As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the cultivation method of the high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on the matrix comprises the following steps:

s5: after the greenhouse is insulated and moisturized, and seeds are discharged, the seedbed is thoroughly watered by using the second matrix, the seedling is watered by adopting burette equipment to titrate the second matrix, the burette is laid in the groove and is connected to the main trunk pipe through the flange plate 1, the main trunk pipe is connected to a high-pressure pump through a high-pressure adapter, the high-pressure pump is communicated with mixing equipment, and the mixing equipment is used for bearing the second matrix; the water outlet hole of the burette is aligned with the lower part of the seed potato, and the burette is uniformly covered by soil; the burette is buried in the soil, when the second substrate flows out of the burette, the second substrate can soak the seedbed in the soil, so that the volatilization of the second substrate and the ineffective inflow of the second substrate to the position of the potato seeds when the burette exposes the seedbed are avoided; the second substrate is discharged from the water outlet hole, and flows into soil along with the lower part of the seed potatoes; keeping the substrate two-way to wet the seedbed through a burette before seedling emergence, wherein the bed temperature is 28-30 ℃; the greenhouse is covered with a small greenhouse and a mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse are regulated and controlled in a greenhouse spraying mode by uncovering or covering the mulching film according to the requirement on the humidity during the seedling emergence of the sweet potatoes and combining the weather conditions;

s6: removing the mulching film after the potato seeds emerge, carrying out artificial weeding in time according to weed conditions, removing rotten and withered potato seeds or potato blocks of the potato seeds with phenomena of yellowing and shrinkage of seedling leaves due to poor growth potential in the growth process in time during weeding, and carrying out soil disinfection treatment by using chlorine dioxide to prevent diffusion caused by local potato seed pathological changes and harm to the whole seedbed; when the potato seedlings grow to about 7 sections, the seedling shed is ventilated and hardened for 2-3 days, then the potato seedlings are cut from the seedbed for field cuttage, the seedling cutting time is generally 1 day before the field cuttage, the seedling cutting tools are used for soaking in special disinfectant for 10 minutes before use, and the potato seedlings are dried and stored for later use.

As a specific embodiment of the invention, the second matrix comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of dried cow dung, 10-15 parts of slow release fertilizer, 5-10 parts of peanut shells, 20-25 parts of plant ash, 15-20 parts of egg shells with egg white, 10-15 parts of rice hulls and 20-30 parts of decomposed wormcast;

as a specific embodiment of the invention, the preparation method of the second matrix comprises the following steps:

s4: adding yeast powder and powdered egg shells into the drained peanut shells and the rice hulls, putting the peanut shells and the rice hulls into a stirring barrel together for mixing, performing air drying after mixing reaction, putting the mixture into a package 111 with a 60-mesh sieve, and putting the package into a first groove on a flange plate 1;

As a specific embodiment of the invention, the outer ring of the flange plate 1 is symmetrically provided with a first groove, and a screen 11 is arranged in the first groove; a sealing cover is arranged at the end part of the screen 11, a package 111 is arranged in the screen 11, an elastic plate 112 is arranged on one side wall of the screen 11, and a first rope 12 is led out from the elastic plate 112 and is connected with a mounting block 13 arranged on the central axis of the flange plate 1; the outer ring of the mounting block 13 is connected with the inner wall of the flange plate 1 through a plurality of springs; when the device works, high-pressure matrix two nutrient solution discharged by a high-pressure pump enters a main trunk through a high-pressure adapter, then the matrix two nutrient solution is distributed into each burette, the matrix two nutrient solution impacts a wrapping piece 111 in a screen 11 when flowing, simultaneously washes away peanut shell powder, rice hull powder, yeast powder and egg shell powder in the wrapping piece 111, and simultaneously drops on seedlings through the burette, when the matrix two nutrient solution flows through a flange plate 1, the matrix two nutrient solution impacts an installation block 13, the installation block 13 moves towards the flowing direction of the matrix two nutrient solution, the installation block 13 pulls a rope 12 while the installation block 13 moves, and meanwhile, the rope 12 pulls an elastic plate 112, so that the wrapping piece 111 is compressed and reduced in the screen 11, and therefore the matrix two nutrient solution can continuously and effectively wash away the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder in the wrapping piece 111, the uniformity of the nutrient content in the burette is ensured, if the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder in the package 111 are washed clean, the sealing cover is opened, the package 111 is taken out, and the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder are added into the package 111 again, so that the package 111 can be used for multiple times.

As a specific embodiment of the present invention, the central position of the mounting block 13 is connected to the first rod 14 through a bearing, and the end of the first rod 14 is provided with a stirring wheel 141; during operation, the stirring wheel 141 is impacted by the second substrate nutrient solution, so that the stirring wheel 141 rotates, the stirring wheel 141 rotates and stirs the second substrate nutrient solution, the fluctuation of liquid flow in the burette is increased, and finally, the second substrate nutrient solution, the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder are mixed more fully and uniformly.

When in seedling cultivation, firstly, disinfecting soil in a seedling cultivation place to prevent virus in the soil from corroding potato seedlings, then, arranging a seedbed, deeply ploughing, building the seedbed, filling a first matrix, then, paving disinfected fine soil on the first matrix to prevent the first matrix from being invaded by bacteria, then, selecting healthy potato seeds, carrying out seed sowing, filling gaps among the potato seeds with the fine soil after the seed sowing, simultaneously, digging grooves on one side of each row of potato seeds, using the grooves for laying a later-stage burette, then carrying out drip irrigation on the seedbed by using two pairs of matrixes through burette equipment, finally, carrying out seedling emergence on the potato seeds, hardening the seedlings for 2-3 days after the potato seedlings grow to 7 knots, and preparing for cutting the seedlings; in the drip irrigation process, when the matrix two nutrient solution passes through the flange plate, the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder in the package are washed away, and the stirring wheel in the flange plate rotates when the matrix two nutrient solution flows, so that the matrix two nutrient solution is more uniformly mixed with the peanut shell powder, the rice hull powder, the yeast powder and the egg shell powder.

The prepared first and second substrates were used to test two pairs of sweet potato seedlings as follows:

and (4) observing and testing the number of the sweet potato plants at each level, the specific gravity of the sweet potato plants at each level, the number of the sweet potatoes, the total yield of the sweet potatoes and the average weight of the single sweet potatoes under the disease degree of the sweet potato plants at each level.

Table 1 matrix composition of each embodiment

TABLE 2 Components of the two embodiments of the substrate

The incidence rate contrast test of the sweet potato stem rot disease between the matrix seedling and the farmer self-propagating seedling field 1: selecting sweet potato stem rot disease occurrence field blocks (the field morbidity is more than 30 percent), medium occurrence field blocks (the field morbidity is 10-20 percent), medium and light occurrence field blocks (the field morbidity is 5-10 percent) and sweet potato stem rot disease-free field blocks respectively, and performing sweet potato stem rot disease occurrence observation tests of sweet potato seedlings (matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings) from different sources. Planting matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings in a cross cutting mode at intervals on each ridge after each field piece is ridged, adopting a double-row shallow parallel planting method, enabling the plant spacing to be 25-30 cm, and enabling the planting density to be 4000-5000 plants/667 m². And investigating the incidence of stem rot and virus disease of the sweet potatoes in the field once every 7 days after the live sweet potatoes are harvested. Meanwhile, the disease occurrence of the potato seedlings in the seedling shed adopting the substrate seedling culture and the traditional seedling culture of farmers is respectively investigated in the plat bridge town, the Tianmu mountain town and the submerged town of the main small sweet potato planting area.

TABLE 3 questionnaire of field morbidity of farmer self-propagating seedlings and matrix seedlings

TABLE 4 disease incidence test and investigation results of self-propagating and matrix seedling in seedling shed

According to the field investigation result (see table 3), the incidence rate and the virus disease ratio of the stem rot of the sweet potato in the field of the matrix seedlings are lower than that of the self-propagating seedlings, mainly because the bacteria-carrying rate of the potato seedlings propagated by adopting the matrix is lower than that of the self-propagating seedlings. According to the survey results of 2016-2019 (see table 4), in the seedling raising shed for matrix breeding and farmer self-breeding, a small amount of sweet potato stem rot plants can be seen on the seedling bed of the self-breeding seedlings of the grower planted in the towns and Tianmu mountain towns in the disease area, and no sweet potato stem rot plants can be found on the matrix seedling bed. The measured weight of hundreds seedlings of the matrix seedlings is obviously higher than that of self-propagating seedlings, and the incidence rate of virus diseases in a seedling shed for self-propagating of farmers is higher than that of the matrix seedlings.

The incidence and the influence on the yield of the sweet potato stem rot in the field of the substrate seedlings and the self-propagating seedlings are tested 2: the test is set near the temporary region in Hangzhou city, the test time is 4-8 months in 2018, 2 adjacent land blocks with serious stem rot in the past year are selected, and stem rot incidence tests and yield influence tests of sweet potato seedlings (matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings) with different sources are respectively carried out. The method comprises the steps of preparing soil, ridging, applying 30kg/667m2 conventional compound fertilizer to ridge south and north in the last ten days of 4 months, planting sweet potato seedlings at the bottom of 4 months after film covering, wherein 20 ridges (about 400m2) are arranged in a stem rot disease incidence test of sweet potato seedlings (matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings) from different sources, planting the sweet potato matrix seedlings and the self-propagating seedlings in a crossed manner, adopting a double-row shallow flat transplanting method, enabling the plant spacing to be 25-30 cm and the planting density to be 5000 plants/667 m 2. Harvest and yield measurement at the beginning of 8 months. The yield measurement is to set the incidence grade of the sweet potato stem rot into the following 4 grades: grade 0 indicates no disease, and the stem and vine grow normally without disease spots; level 1 indicates a mild attack, and the stem attack is detected to be withered and dead, but the main stem still grows normally, and a certain sweet potato yield is obtained; grade 2 indicates moderate onset, with the main stem developing but not completely dying, and with the possibility of tuber bearing; grade 3 indicates severe morbidity, main stems and tendrils are ill, the whole plant dies, and no yield is produced; therefore, each example of the first substrate was selected to be combined with each example of the second substrate to cultivate sweet potato seedlings, and the effect on the sweet potato seedlings between the examples, namely the severity of the onset of the sweet potato seedlings, is shown in table 5.

Comparing the morbidity of the sweet potato seedlings (matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings) from different sources, the morbidity of the sweet potato matrix seedlings is lighter than that of the self-propagating seedlings. The disease incidence plant ratio, 1 grade, 2 grade and 3 grade disease incidence plants of the matrix seedling test group are all lower than that of the self-propagating seedling test group, the 3 grade disease incidence plant ratio of the self-propagating seedling test group is obviously higher than that of the 1 grade and 2 grade, and the 3 grade disease incidence plant ratio of the virus-free seedling test group has no obvious difference (see tables 6-8) with the 1 grade and 2 grade, which shows that the matrix seedling has less disease incidence and light disease incidence compared with the self-propagating seedlings of farmers and has certain disease resistance. In plants without disease, the total number of sweet potatoes, the total yield of sweet potatoes and the average weight of single sweet potatoes in the matrix seedling test group are all higher than those in the self-propagating seedling test group.

TABLE 5 statistics table of the combination of first and second substrates

TABLE 6 statistics of disease incidence and yield of matrix seedlings

TABLE 7 influence of matrix seedlings on the incidence and yield of sweet potato stem rot

TABLE 8 influence of self-propagating seedlings on incidence and yield of sweet potato stem rot

Quality detection comparison test 3 for sweet potatoes produced by matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings: the test is carried out in the Hangzhou Lin ' an Nishao Lucun, the test field is to plant the ' heart fragrant ' small sweet potatoes for many years continuously, the soil is sandy loam, the test time is 5-8 months in 2019, 2 fields with adjacent land and similar soil fertility level are selected in the test, and the test of the influence of sweet potato seedlings (matrix seedlings and farmer self-reproduction seedlings) from different sources on the quality of the sweet potatoes is carried out. The test field pieces are consistent in management level, the area is about 1 mu, and the planting density is about 4000-5000 plants/667 m 2. And (5) harvesting when the age of the potatoes reaches 82 days. The sample is sent to agriculture and food technology college of Zhejiang agriculture and forestry university for detection, the matrix seedling sweet potato and the self-propagation seedling sweet potato are taken as test materials, the sample is dried at 100 ℃, ground and sieved by a 100-mesh sieve, and the sweet potato powder sample, namely a dry sample, is prepared. And (3) determining the main quality indexes of the sample, such as starch content, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, soluble protein and the like. And (3) determining indexes such as amylase activity, VC content, chromatic aberration and the like in the sample by using the fresh sample. As can be seen from the results of the tests (see Table 9), the starch, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, alpha, beta and total amylase activities of the sweet potatoes produced by the substrate seedlings and the VC content are all higher than those of the sweet potatoes produced by the self-propagating seedlings.

TABLE 9 detection results of quality index of sweet potatoes produced by matrix seedlings and self-propagating seedlings

To sum up table 1-9, it is shown that the selection of the substrate for cultivation of sweet potato seedlings is obtained comprehensively, and the effect is better, that is, 20 parts of dried cow dung, 10 parts of vermiculite, 10 parts of peat, 13 parts of rice straw ash, 10 parts of wheat bran, 5 parts of rice bran, 8 parts of peanut meal, 2 parts of grass carbon and 150 parts of fermented corncob are selected from the substrate one, and 15 parts of dried cow dung, 10 parts of slow release fertilizer, 5 parts of peanut shell, 20 parts of grass ash, 12 parts of egg shell with egg white, 10 parts of rice hull and 20 parts of decomposed wormcast are selected from the substrate two.

Note: the difference of different lower case letters is obvious after the data in the same column in the table, and P is less than 0.05.

The foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. A cultivation method of high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a matrix is characterized in that: the cultivation method comprises the following steps:

s4: seed sowing is carried out, the head and the sunny side of the potato block face upwards, the tail and the cloudy side face downwards, the potato block is arranged to be level up and uneven down, the covering soil is shallow and uniform, and the seedling emergence is promoted to be regular; after seeding, filling gaps among the seed potatoes with sterilized fine soil, digging a groove at one side of each row of seed potatoes, laying a burette at the later stage, and covering the seed potatoes with a substrate after digging the groove;

s5: after the greenhouse is insulated and moisturized, and seeds are discharged, the seedbed is thoroughly watered by using the second matrix, the seedling is watered by adopting burette equipment to titrate the second matrix, the burette is laid in the groove and is connected to the main pipe through a flange plate (1), the main pipe is connected to a high-pressure pump through a high-pressure adapter, the high-pressure pump is communicated with mixing equipment, and the mixing equipment is used for bearing the second matrix; the water outlet hole on the burette is aligned with the lower part of the seed potato, and then the burette is covered by soil uniformly; keeping the substrate two-way to wet the seedbed through a burette before seedling emergence, wherein the bed temperature is 28-30 ℃; the greenhouse is covered with a small greenhouse and a mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse are regulated and controlled in a greenhouse spraying mode by uncovering or covering the mulching film according to the requirement on the humidity during the seedling emergence of the sweet potatoes and combining the weather conditions;

2. The method for cultivating high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the first matrix comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-25 parts of dried cow dung, 10-15 parts of vermiculite, 10-15 parts of peat, 13-14 parts of rice straw ash, 10-12 parts of wheat bran, 5-8 parts of rice bran, 8-16 parts of peanut meal, 5-12 parts of grass carbon and 160 parts of fermented corncobs.

3. The method for cultivating high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a substrate as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the preparation method of the first matrix comprises the following steps:

s1: crushing corncobs, sieving with a 80-mesh sieve, fumigating the corncobs for 30min by using 100 ℃ water vapor, naturally cooling the corncobs to room temperature, and fermenting the corncobs;

s2: the fermented corncobs are dried in the shade, the humidity of the fermented corncobs is controlled to be 20% -25%, then the raw materials for preparing the first matrix are put into a stirring barrel to be mixed, half of each raw material is put in when the raw materials are put in, after the raw materials in the stirring barrel are uniformly mixed, the rest raw materials are put in again to be stirred and mixed, a proper amount of water is added while stirring, the raw materials are made into granules in the stirring process, and finally the mixed raw materials are dried in the air, and the humidity of the mixed raw materials is controlled to be 5% -8%.

4. The method for cultivating high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the second matrix comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of dried cow dung, 10-15 parts of slow release fertilizer, 5-10 parts of peanut shells, 20-25 parts of plant ash, 15-20 parts of egg shells with egg white, 10-15 parts of rice hulls and 20-30 parts of decomposed wormcast.

5. The method for cultivating high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a substrate as claimed in claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the preparation method of the second matrix comprises the following steps:

s1: respectively freezing dried cow dung, peanut shells, rice hulls and decomposed wormcast to form ice cakes;

s2: respectively putting the dried cow dung, the peanut shells, the rice hulls, the decomposed wormcast and the egg shells with the egg white which are subjected to the freezing treatment in the S1 into rolling equipment for rolling and crushing into powder;

s3: adding water into the peanut shells and the rice hulls which are ground into powder in the S2 respectively, returning the water, and draining the water after the peanut shells and the rice hulls absorb the water;

s4: adding yeast powder and powdered egg shells into the drained peanut shells and the rice hulls, putting the peanut shells and the rice hulls into a stirring barrel together for mixing, performing air drying after mixing reaction, putting the mixture into a package (111) with a 60-mesh sieve, and putting the package into a first groove on a flange plate (1);

6. The method for cultivating high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a substrate as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: a first groove is symmetrically formed in the outer ring of the flange plate (1), and a screen (11) is arranged in the first groove; the end part of the screen (11) is provided with a sealing cover, the screen (11) is internally used for containing a package (111), one side wall of the screen (11) is provided with an elastic plate (112), and a first rope (12) is led out from the elastic plate (112) and is connected with a mounting block (13) arranged on the central axis of the flange plate (1); the outer ring of the mounting block (13) is connected with the inner wall of the flange plate (1) through a plurality of springs.

7. The method for cultivating high-quality small sweet potato seedlings based on a substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the central position of the mounting block (13) is connected with a first rod (14) through a bearing, and stirring wheels (141) are respectively arranged at two ends of the first rod (14).