CN110679416B - Eel, toad and rice symbiotic breeding method - Google Patents
Eel, toad and rice symbiotic breeding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110679416B CN110679416B CN201911126940.4A CN201911126940A CN110679416B CN 110679416 B CN110679416 B CN 110679416B CN 201911126940 A CN201911126940 A CN 201911126940A CN 110679416 B CN110679416 B CN 110679416B
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
- A01K67/0332—Earthworms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/22—Methane [CH4], e.g. from rice paddies
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
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Abstract
A eel, toad and rice symbiotic culture method, belonging to the technical field of agricultural compound planting and breeding. The method comprises the following steps: selecting and arranging symbiotic culture unit fields; arranging an anti-escape facility for the toads; sowing rice; preparing for seedling placing; stocking the seedlings; putting toad seedlings into a rice seeding area and controlling the putting density of the toad seedlings; feeding; bred earthworms; topdressing of the rice field; adjusting water quality and water level; pest control; and (4) catching. The insect pests are prevented and controlled in water, land and air, and toxic and harmful insecticides are avoided; chemical fertilizer is avoided, and the soil is protected; is beneficial to ensuring that rich water does not flow outwards and can effectively avoid non-point source pollution; the wetland function of the rice field is well enhanced; reducing the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane; the eel, the toad and the rice are bred in a symbiotic manner, which benefits each other, and organic matters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like generated by the eel, the toad and the rice can be absorbed by the rice and can promote the growth of the rice, so that the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus to a water body is reduced; the rice can provide a high-quality growing water environment for the finless eels under the purification effect on water quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural compound planting and breeding, and particularly relates to a eel, toad and rice symbiotic breeding method.
Background
The eel refers to eel (I)Monopterus albus) Especially deep yellow spotted eel; the toad is mainly Chinese giant toad: (A)Bufo gargarizans). The finless eel is also called as an eel, has wide geographical distribution in China, is particularly common in Yangtze river basin and south China, has good nutritional and medicinal values, and is a few traditional aquatic products which are not in demand. The Chinese toads are local native varieties, the number of the toads in local rural areas is very large in the seventies of the last century, and the Chinese toads play an important role in the biological chain in the link of biodiversity. The toad can also provide good medicines for treating diseases for human, and the toad venom, the toad skin, the dried toad and the like are good traditional Chinese medicine raw materials, and experimental research and clinical treatment prove that: the compound preparation of the toad venom, the toad skin and the dried toad has obvious effect on treating malignant tumors such as lung cancer, skin cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia and the like.
Regarding finless eels, due to the abuse of wild finless eels and the large use of pesticides in rice fields, finless eel seedlings and natural bait resources of finless eels are seriously damaged. Meanwhile, the number of parent eels is sharply reduced due to the continuous aggravation of the fishing strength of the eels, and on the contrary, the demand of the market for the eels is increasingly increased; in the case of toads, wild toads are reduced continuously, so pond culture is mainly used at present, the culture survival rate is very low due to more enemy organisms in the environment, and the gap between the toad supply condition and the social demand is increased continuously due to the fact that the wild toads are not limited to the factors.
The eel, toad and rice symbiotic cultivation is a typical planting and breeding combination mode, namely the aforementioned compound planting and breeding mode. Ecological ditches are excavated in the rice field, ridges are reformed to be suitable for toad inhabitation, and finless eels are cultured in the ditches. The rice field rice growing activity process can generate organic matters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like which can be absorbed by rice, and can obviously reduce the pollution degree of the nitrogen and the phosphorus to a water body. As can be seen from the above description, the symbiotic cultivation of eel, toad and rice, i.e. the compound cultivation, has the advantage of mutual benefit of the three. If the earthworms, the river snails and other local aquatic animals which are extremely sensitive to chemical pesticides are configured, the use of the pesticides can be effectively inhibited, and the biological diversity of the rice field ecological system can be recovered.
The method is favorable for controlling the occurrence of rice diseases and insect pests by utilizing the habits of biological feeding insects such as finless eels, toads and the like, and is favorable for reducing the use amount of chemical fertilizers in the growth process of rice by utilizing straw bacterial manure returned to fields and planting green lands. Especially if chemical fertilizer and pesticide are not used in the whole growth period of the rice, the method not only can control agricultural non-point source pollution, but also can improve the quality value of the rice, the ricefield eels and the toads, and even extremely improves the efficacy of the ricefield eels, the toads and the rice.
The published Chinese patent documents can see technical information related to eel and rice symbiotic cultivation and toad and rice symbiotic cultivation, and typical examples are "an eel and rice symbiotic cultivation method" recommended by CN103355231B, "an eel and rice symbiotic cultivation method" provided by CN104322337B, "a toad and rice field breeding method" introduced by CN109258358A, and the like. However, no technical information of symbiotic cultivation of eel, toad and rice is available in the Chinese and foreign patent documents and the non-patent documents disclosed so far. In addition, if the eel, toad and rice symbiotic cultivation is embodied by combining the forms of the CN103355231B and the CN104322337B with the CN109258358A, the technical obstacles which are difficult to be coordinated are inevitably generated in the actual symbiotic cultivation process, and the technical scheme to be described below is generated under the background.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a eel, toad and rice symbiotic cultivation method which is beneficial to eating of eel and toad and prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests in water and land so as to avoid using toxic and harmful pesticides, is beneficial to utilizing livestock and poultry manure and straw to culture plankton to fertilize water quality and fermenting harvested straws in autumn, is beneficial to planting green manure and breeding earthworms in winter and spring so as to avoid using fertilizers, is beneficial to improving ridges and embodying accurate irrigation so as to ensure that rich water does not flow outwards and solve the problem of surface source pollution from the source, is convenient to well enhance the wetland function of a rice field so as to exert the water storage capacity of the rice field in rainy season and simultaneously exert the ideal drought resistance capacity of the rice field in dry season, and is beneficial to frequent activity of finless eels and toads in the rice field to increase the content of dissolved oxygen in water so as to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane.
The task of the invention is completed in such a way that the eel, toad and rice symbiotic cultivation method comprises the following steps:
A) selecting and arranging the symbiotic culture unit field, firstly selecting the clay loam which is convenient to irrigate, good in water retention, neutral and slightly alkaline and has the area of 5-7 mu as the symbiotic culture unit field, then the ridges of the symbiotic culture unit field blocks are integrated to ensure that the ridges meet the degree that the width is 2.8-3.2m and the height is 0.4-0.6m, then excavating an ecological ditch with the bottom width of 2m, the surface width of 3m, the depth of 1m and the total length of 550-650m along the inner side of the ridge and at a position 1m away from the inner side of the ridge, further piling straw livestock manure bacterial manure which is helpful for culturing and breeding earthworms on the ridges at intervals, digging redundant sludge with the thickness of more than 5-10cm at the bottom of the ecological ditch in the last ten months, then planting sun-shading plants on the ridges in the late February and cleaning and disinfecting ecological ditches;
B) arranging toad escape-preventing facilities along the peripheral edge of the inward side of the ridge in the step A);
C) sowing rice, namely, firstly applying organic fertilizers to the symbiotic cultivation unit field blocks in the step A), returning the livestock manure and green manure of rice straws as base fertilizers to the field, and then sowing the rice to the field blocks from late April to early May;
D) preparing for pre-seeding, controlling the water level in the ecological ditch in the step A) to be 35-45cm, firstly arranging net cages in the ecological ditch at intervals, positioning the net cages and enabling the upper parts of the net cages to be 40-60cm higher than the water surface of a rice seeding area in the symbiotic culture unit field block, and then throwing waterweeds into the net cages;
E) putting eel fries into the net cage in the step D), controlling the putting density of the eel fries in the net cage, and putting loaches accounting for 3-6% of the number of the eel fries in the net cage; putting toad seedlings into the rice seeding area in the step D) and controlling the putting density of the toad seedlings;
F) feeding, namely feeding mixed bait to the finless eels in the net cage in the step E), controlling the feeding amount and the feeding frequency, enabling the toads to self-feed earthworms cultured and bred by the straw and livestock manure bacterial manure in the step A), and installing the earthworms for attracting insects at the edge of the ridge of the net cage to serve as supplementary food for the finless eels and the toads to move at night;
G) top dressing for rice field, applying tillering fertilizer to the symbiotic cultivation field as rice field in mid-july, wherein the tillering fertilizer is the straw livestock manure fertilizer for cultivating and breeding earthworms in the step A) and controls the fertilizing amount, and top dressing for rice in mid-july, wherein the top dressing for rice is the same as the tillering fertilizer and controls the top dressing amount of the top dressing for the top dressing;
H) adjusting water quality and water level, irrigating fresh water to raise seedlings and survive at the early stage of rice seeding, deepening a water layer by 5cm at the later stage of rice tillering to control ineffective rice tillering and simultaneously facilitate the growth of finless eels, changing water during the rice growth period, controlling the water changing frequency, controlling the water changing amount each time and controlling the water level of the field surface, splashing quicklime water into the field once every twelve to eighteen days, controlling the content of quicklime in the quicklime water, and increasing oxygen on-demand;
I) pest control, namely splashing quicklime water to the ecological ditch in the steps A) and D) every month during six to September, controlling the amount of quicklime in the splashed quicklime water, splashing a microbial preparation to the ecological ditch every month during six to October, controlling the amount of the splashed microbial preparation, preventing rice pest by using an agricultural control mode of deep tedding soil, spring ploughing weeding, cleaning a field and covering duckweed, draining water in a rice field planting area ten days before rice harvesting, concentrating finless eels and toads into the ecological ditch, and harvesting the rice by a harvester in ten days before November;
J) and (4) catching, namely catching finished finless eels which reach the market standard in late august and selling the finished finless eels in a net cage, keeping finless eels which do not reach the market standard continuously in the net cage for culture, keeping healthy individuals as finless eels parents for breeding, extracting toads, toad skins or dried toads from large and mature toads, and enabling the toads needing to be continuously cultured to automatically enter a sludge layer at the bottom of an ecological ditch to overwinter.
In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the water quality of the water source used for irrigation in step a) is: the pH value is 6.9-7.2, the dissolved oxygen is more than 4mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.1mg/L, and the nitrite is less than 0.1 mg/L; the direction of the ecological ditch is from south to north; the area of the rice seeds in the symbiotic cultivation unit field is 85 percent; the amount of earthworms cultured and bred is controlled to 5-6% of the total weight of all cultured toads on eating earthworms per day.
In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the sunshade plant in step a) is taro and/or a vine plant, and the vine plant is luffa, cucumber and/or wax gourd; the pond cleaning and disinfection of the ecological ditch are as follows: sprinkling 35-40kg of massive quicklime slaking slurry on each mu of ecological ditches in a whole ditch without dead corners, or sprinkling 20-30kg of bleaching powder containing 28% of available chlorine on each mu of ecological ditches after adding water on the whole ditch without dead corners, or sprinkling 8-12kg of bleaching powder containing 65% of available chlorine on each mu of ecological ditches in the whole ditch without dead corners after adding water; the independent water inlet and outlet channel is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet, the water inlet and the water outlet form a diagonal position relationship, the horizontal height of the water inlet is higher than that of the water outlet, and the water inlet is provided with a nylon bolting silk with 50-70 meshes for preventing enemy organisms, small trash fishes and fish eggs from entering the ecological channel.
In another embodiment of the invention, the toad escape prevention facility in the step B) is arranged at the peripheral edge part of the inward side of the ridge in such a way that: arranging a pile at intervals of 80-120cm, arranging a plastic film on the inner side of the pile by taking the pile as a carrier, sewing iron wires or ropes on the upper edge of the plastic film in a sewing mode, fixing the iron wires or ropes with the pile, burying the lower part of the plastic film into the ground by 10cm, enabling the upper part of the plastic film to be 45-55cm higher than a terrace, paving and tamping the inner side and the outer side of the lower part of the plastic film by using broken soil, and arranging an anti-escape net with the height of 110 plus 130cm along the peripheral part of the ridge by taking the pile as the carrier; the pile column is a wood pile column, a bamboo pile column or a cement pile column.
In a further specific embodiment of the invention, the amount of the topdressing organic fertilizer in the step C) is one ton per mu, and the organic fertilizer is a product obtained by crushing straw stalks, mixing the crushed straw stalks with animal manure and fermenting the crushed straw stalks at a high temperature; the mode of sowing the paddy rice in the field is mechanical broadcasting or mechanical transplanting, the seed consumption of the mechanical broadcasting is 4 kg/mu, and the row spacing of the mechanical transplanting is 20 multiplied by 30 cm.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, the net cage in step D) is made of polyethylene knotless net sheet with 35-38 mesh, the length of the net cage is 300-400cm, the width is 115-125cm and the height is 85-95cm, the net cage is supported by bamboo poles at the periphery and forms an arc shape at four corners; the distance between the bottoms of the net cages and the soil at the bottom of the ecological ditch is about 25-35cm, and the distance between every two adjacent net cages is 200 cm; the aquatic weeds put into the net cage are as follows: piling up the net cage in a circular state every 150cm with a diameter of 40-50cm and a distance of 50cm, and the pre-use amount is 20g/m3120-180min of the blue foxtail algae disinfected by the copper sulfate, and breeding a water lettuce fixed by moso bamboos with the lower end inserted into the mud bottom and the upper end exposed out of the water surface at the central position of each pile of the blue foxtail algae; and (3) putting water spinach floating on the water surface, which accounts for 8-15% of the area of the water surface of the ecological ditch, outside the net cages in the ecological ditch, and putting 100-200kg river snails per mu in the ecological ditch.
In a more specific embodiment of the present invention, the eel fry in step E) is a non-damaged and disease-free eel fry which is vivid, has regular size and yellow or brownish red body color, and is thrown into the net cage from the first ten days to the middle ten days of july; the control of the throwing density of the eel fries in the net cage is as follows: the throwing amount of 30-50 g/eel seeds in a net cage is 100 plus 120, and before the throwing, the eel seeds are soaked for 5-10min by adopting saline solution with the mass percentage concentration of 3-5%; the toad seedlings are put in the rice seeding area when the temperature of the environmental atmosphere rises to be more than 18 ℃ or the toad seedlings are put in twenty days later from the date of transplanting; the controlled release density of the toad seedlings is as follows: 1000 toad seedlings of 15-20 g/per mu of rice field are thrown in 1100 per mu of rice field, and the depth of the rice field is controlled to be 6-15 cm.
In a further specific embodiment of the present invention, the mixed bait in step F) is a mixture of earthworms, fish paste and compound feed, wherein the mixed bait comprises, by mass: 20% of earthworms, 60% of fish slurry and 20% of compound feed, wherein the earthworms are fresh green earthworms, frozen green earthworms or fresh limnodrilus; the feeding amount is controlled according to the measurement of 3-6% of the weight of a single finless eel, and the feeding frequency is controlled once every 2-3 days.
In still another specific embodiment of the present invention, the controlled fertilizing amount in the step G) is that the amount of the straw livestock manure bacterial manure is controlled to be 50 kg/mu, and the top dressing amount of the controlled topping manure is that the top dressing amount of the topping manure is controlled to be 25 kg/mu.
In yet another specific embodiment of the present invention, the controlling of the water changing frequency in the step H) is controlling the water changing frequency to 5 to 7 days/time; the amount of water changed every time is controlled to be 20 percent of the total water amount; the control of the water level of the field surface is to control the water level of the field surface to be 10 cm; the content of the quicklime in the quicklime water is controlled to be 10-15g per cubic meter of water; the on-line oxygenation refers to the oxygenation of the ecological ditch when the body of the finless eel is observed to be vertical and the head of the finless eel stretches out of the water surface in sultry summer; the step I) of deepening the water layer at the later tillering stage is to deepen the water layer by 5 cm; the quantity of the quicklime splashed in the quicklime water is controlled to be 20g/m3Water; the microbial preparation is EM and bacillus subtilis, and the dosage of the microbial preparation is controlled to be 1-2g/m3And (3) water.
The technical scheme provided by the invention has the technical effects that: the finless eel and the toad have the habit of enjoying eating insects, so that the method is very helpful for preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests in the air, on land and in water, and avoids using toxic and harmful insecticides; because the water quality can be improved by culturing plankton with the livestock and poultry manure and the straws, the straws are fermented and treated, and the green manure is planted and the earthworms are cultured, the chemical fertilizer is not used, and the soil is protected; because the ridges are improved and the precise irrigation is implemented, the method is beneficial to ensuring that rich water does not flow outwards and effectively avoiding non-point source pollution; because chemical fertilizer is not used, soil hardening can be prevented, so that the wetland function of the rice field can be enhanced conveniently, the water storage capacity of each mu of rice field can be increased by more than 150 tons in rainy season, and the drought resistance effect in dry seasons is exerted; the activity of the eel and the toad can increase the content of dissolved oxygen in water, thereby being beneficial to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane; the eel, the toad and the rice are bred in a symbiotic manner, which benefits each other, and organic matters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like generated by the eel, the toad and the rice can be absorbed by the rice and can promote the growth of the rice, so that the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus to a water body is reduced; the rice can provide a high-quality growing water environment for the finless eels under the purification effect on water quality.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
A) selecting and arranging the symbiotic culture unit field, firstly selecting the symbiotic culture unit field which is convenient to irrigate, such as the field close to a river channel, good in water retention, neutral and slightly alkaline clay loam and 5-7 mu in area, then the ridges of the symbiotic culture unit field blocks are integrated to ensure that the ridges meet the degree that the width is 2.8m and the height is 0.5m, then excavating an ecological ditch with the bottom width of 2m, the surface width of 3m, the depth of 1m and the total length of 550m along the inner side of the ridge and at a position 1m away from the inner side of the ridge, further piling straw livestock manure bacterial manure which is helpful for culturing and breeding earthworms on the ridges at intervals, digging out redundant sludge with the thickness of more than 5cm at the bottom of the ecological ditch in the last ten months, and then planting sun-shading plants on the ridges in the late February and cleaning and disinfecting the ecological ditches, wherein the water quality of the water source used in the step is as follows: the pH value is 6.9, the dissolved oxygen is more than 4mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.1mg/L and the nitrite is less than 0.1mg/L, the direction of the ecological ditch is in the north-south direction, the ventilation effect in the north-south direction is better than that in the east-west direction, and the area of the rice seeds in the symbiotic culture unit field is 85 percent; the amount of the earthworms cultured and propagated is controlled to be 5 percent of the eating amount of the earthworms per day accounting for the total weight of all cultured toads, the suntan plant is taro and/or a vine plant, and the vine plant is towel gourd, cucumber and/or wax gourd and the like; the pond cleaning and disinfection of the ecological ditch are as follows: sprinkling 35kg of massive quicklime slurrying on each mu of ecological ditches in hot whole ditches without dead corners, or sprinkling 25kg of bleaching powder containing 28% of available chlorine on each mu of ecological ditches after mixing water on the whole ditches without dead corners, or sprinkling 8kg of bleaching powder containing 65% of available chlorine on each mu of ecological ditches in whole ditches without dead corners after mixing water on the whole ditches with the available chlorine; the independent water inlet and outlet channel is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet, the water inlet and the water outlet form a diagonal position relationship, the horizontal height of the water inlet is higher than that of the water outlet, and the water inlet is provided with a 50-mesh nylon bolting silk for preventing or stopping enemy organisms, small trash fishes and fish eggs from entering the ecological channel;
B) arranging toad escape-preventing facilities, namely arranging the toad escape-preventing facilities at the peripheral edge part facing the symbiotic culture unit field along the inward side of the ridge in the step A), and specifically comprising the following steps: arranging a pile column at intervals of 80cm, arranging a plastic film on the inner side of the pile column by taking the pile column as a carrier, sewing iron wires or ropes on the upper edge of the plastic film in a sewing mode, fixing the iron wires or ropes with the pile column, burying the lower part of the plastic film 10cm underground, enabling the upper part of the plastic film to be 55cm higher than a terrace, paving and tamping the inner side and the outer side of the lower part of the plastic film by using broken soil, and arranging an anti-escape net with the height of 110cm along the peripheral part of the terrace by taking the pile column as the carrier, wherein the pile column is a wood pile column;
C) sowing rice, namely, firstly, additionally applying organic fertilizers to the symbiotic cultivation unit field blocks in the step A), returning the livestock manure bacterial manure of rice straws and green manure as base fertilizers to the field, and then sowing the rice to the field blocks from late April to early May, wherein the additionally applied organic fertilizers are one ton per mu, and the organic fertilizers are products (namely organic fertilizers) obtained by crushing the rice straws, mixing the crushed straw straws with livestock manure such as pig manure, cow manure and/or sheep manure and performing high-temperature fermentation; the mode of sowing the paddy rice in the field is mechanical broadcasting or mechanical transplanting, the seed consumption of the mechanical broadcasting is 4 kg/mu, and the row spacing of the mechanical transplanting is 20 multiplied by 30 cm;
D) preparing for placing seedlings, and controlling the water level in the ecological ditch in the step A) to be 40cmFirstly, arranging net cages in an ecological ditch at intervals, positioning the net cages, enabling the upper parts of the net cages to be 40cm higher than the water surface of a rice seeding area in a symbiotic culture unit field block, and then throwing water plants into the net cages, wherein the net cages in the step are made of 38-mesh polyethylene knotless net sheets, the length of the net cages is 300cm, the width of the net cages is 115cm, the height of the net cages is 85cm, the net cages are supported by bamboo poles at the periphery, the four corners of the net cages form an arc shape, the bottom of each net cage is 25cm away from soil at the bottom of the ecological ditch, and the interval distance between every two adjacent net cages is 200 cm; the aquatic weeds put into the net cage are as follows: piling up the net cage in a circular state every 150cm, wherein the diameter is 40cm, the distance is 50cm, and the pre-use amount is 20g/m3The watery lettuce fixed by the moso bamboos with the diameter of 1cm, the lower ends of which are inserted into the mud bottom and the upper ends of which are exposed out of the water surface, is cultivated in the central position of each pile of the watery lettuce, the water spinach floating on the water surface accounting for 15 percent of the water surface area of the ecological ditch is thrown outside the net cage in the ecological ditch, and 100kg of field snails are thrown into each mu of the ecological ditch;
E) stocking eel fries, namely, putting the eel fries which are free of damage and diseases, move about actively, have regular specification and size and are yellow or brownish red in body color into the net cage in the step D), controlling the putting density of the eel fries in the net cage, and putting loaches accounting for 3-6% of the number of the eel fries in the net cage; putting toad seedlings into the rice seeding area in the step D) and controlling the putting density of the toad seedlings, wherein the putting density of the eel seedlings in the net cage is controlled as follows: the throwing amount of 30 g/tail eel seeds in a net cage is 120, and the eel seeds are soaked for 10min by adopting 3% saline solution in percentage by mass before being thrown; the time for putting the toad seedlings into the rice sowing area is that the temperature of the environmental atmosphere rises to be more than 18 ℃ or the toad seedlings are put after the twentieth day from the date of seedling transplanting, and the control of the putting density of the toad seedlings is as follows: putting 1100 toad seedlings of 15-20 g/per mu of rice field, and controlling the depth of the rice field to be 6 cm;
F) feeding, namely feeding mixed bait to the finless eel in the net cage in the step E), controlling the feeding amount and the feeding frequency, enabling the toads to eat the earthworms cultured and bred by the straw and animal manure bacterial manure in the step A), and installing the earthworms for attracting insects at the edge of the ridge of the net cage to serve as supplementary food for the finless eel and the toads to move at night, wherein the mixed bait in the step is a mixture of the earthworms, fish paste and compound feed, and is calculated according to the mass percentage: 20% of earthworms, 60% of fish slurry and 20% of compound feed, wherein the earthworms are fresh green earthworms, frozen green earthworms or fresh limnodrilus; the feeding amount is measured according to 3-6% of the weight of a single finless eel, and the feeding frequency is controlled to be once every 2 days;
G) applying tillering fertilizer to the symbiotic cultivation field as a rice field in the middle ten days of June, wherein the tillering fertilizer is the straw livestock manure bacterial fertilizer for cultivating and breeding earthworms in the step A) and controlling the fertilizing amount, and applying rice topping fertilizer in the middle ten days of July, wherein the topping fertilizer is the same as the tillering fertilizer and controls the topdressing amount of the topping fertilizer, the controlled fertilizing amount in the step is that the control of the straw livestock manure bacterial fertilizer is controlled to be 50 kg/mu, and the topdressing amount of the controlled topping fertilizer is that the topdressing amount of the topping fertilizer is controlled to be 25 kg/mu;
H) adjusting water quality and water level, irrigating new water to raise seedlings and live at the early stage of rice seeding, deepening a water layer by 5cm at the later stage of rice tillering to control ineffective tillering of rice and simultaneously facilitate growth of finless eels, changing water during the rice growth period, controlling water changing frequency, controlling water changing amount and controlling field surface water level, splashing quicklime water into a field every twelve days, controlling the content of quicklime in the quicklime water, and carrying out servo oxygenation, wherein in the step, the water changing frequency is controlled to be 5 days/time, the water changing amount is controlled to be 20 percent of the total water amount, the content of the quicklime in the quicklime water is controlled to be 10g per cubic meter of water, the servo oxygenation means that the finless eels are observed to be vertical in hot summer, when the eel head extends out of the water surface, the ecological ditch is oxygenated;
I) the pest control is carried out in the period of six to September,splashing quicklime water to the ecological ditch in the steps A) and D) every month and controlling the amount of quicklime in the splashed quicklime water, splashing a microbial preparation to the ecological ditch every month and controlling the using amount of the splashed microbial preparation in the period of six to october, preventing rice plant diseases and insect pests by using an agricultural control mode of deep tedding soil, weeding in spring ploughing, cleaning a field and covering duckweeds, draining water in a planting area of the rice field ten days before harvesting of the rice, concentrating finless eels and toads into the ecological ditch, and harvesting the rice by a harvester in the last ten days of the october, wherein the amount of the quicklime in the splashed quicklime water is controlled to be 20g/m3Water, the microbial preparation is EM bacterial preparation and bacillus subtilis preparation, and the dosage of the microbial preparation is controlled to be 1g/m3Water, the weight ratio of the EM bacterial preparation to the Bacillus subtilis preparation is 1: 1, in the step, the EM bacterial preparation is preferably an SS-I preparation which is produced by natural biotechnology Limited in Shanghai province in China and widely sold in the market before the proposal of the application, and the Bacillus subtilis preparation is preferably an Oufeng Bacillus subtilis preparation which is produced by Oufeng crop disease control Limited in Weifang in Shandong province in China and widely sold in the market before the proposal of the application;
J) and (4) catching, namely catching finished finless eels which reach the market standard in late august and selling the finished finless eels in a net cage, keeping finless eels which do not reach the market standard continuously in the net cage for culture, keeping healthy individuals as finless eels parents for breeding, extracting toads, toad skins or dried toads from large and mature toads, and enabling the toads needing to be continuously cultured to automatically enter a sludge layer at the bottom of an ecological ditch to overwinter.
Example 2:
changing the area of one symbiotic culture unit field block in the step A) into 6 mu, changing the width and height of a ridge into 3.2m and 0.6m respectively, changing the total length of the ecological ditch into 600m, changing the redundant sludge with the thickness of more than 5cm at the bottom of the excavated ecological ditch into redundant sludge with the thickness of more than 10cm, changing the pH value from 6.9 to 7, and controlling the amount of cultured and bred earthwormsChanging the daily eating capacity of earthworms to 6 percent of the total weight of all cultured toads, changing the use of 35kg of blocky quicklime for each mu of ecological ditch into 38kg of blocky quicklime, changing the use of 25kg of bleaching powder into 30kg of water, changing the use of bleaching powder into 12kg of bleaching powder, and changing the mesh number of nylon bolting silk into 70 meshes; only changing the plastic film in the step B) into a plastic film with the upper part being 45cm higher than the terrace, and changing the pile into a bamboo pile; only changing the water level in the ecological ditch controlled in the step D) into 35cm, changing the degree of the water surface of a rice seeding area in the symbiotic culture unit field block, which is higher than the upper part of the net cage, into 60cm, changing the net cage into a polyethylene knotless net sheet with the mesh number of 35 meshes, changing the length of the net cage into 350cm, changing the width of the net cage into 120cm, changing the height of the net cage into 95cm, changing the soil, which is away from the bottom of the ecological ditch, of the bottom of the net cage into 35cm, changing the diameter of the water plants stacked in a circular state in the net cage into 50cm, changing the disinfection time of copper sulfate on the myriophyllum glaucescens into 180min, changing the diameter of phyllostachys praecox into 2cm, changing the water surface area of the hollow plants floating on the water surface into 12%, and changing the throwing amount of the field snails in the ecological ditch per mu into 150 kg; only the putting density of the eel fries in the step E) in the net cages is changed into 50 g/tail, the putting amount of the eel fries in one net cage is changed into 100 tails, the mass percentage concentration of the salt solution is changed into 4 percent, the time for soaking the eel fries is changed into 7min, the putting amount of the toad fries put in each mu of rice field is changed into 1050 toad fries of 18 g/rice field, and the control of the water depth of the rice field is changed into 15 cm; changing the feeding frequency in the step F) into one feeding in 3 days; changing the days of sprinkling quicklime water to the field once in the step H) into eighteen days; changing the water changing frequency to 7 days/time, and changing the quantity of the raw lime in the quicklime water to 15g of quicklime in each cubic meter of water; only the amount of the EM preparation and the Bacillus subtilis preparation in the step I) is changed to 1.5g/m3And (3) water. The rest is the same as described in example 1.
Example 3:
changing the area of one symbiotic culture unit field block in the step A) into 7 mu, changing the width and the height of a ridge into 3m and 0.4m respectively, changing the total length of an ecological ditch into 650m, and digging out the ecological ditchChanging redundant sludge with the thickness of more than 5cm at the bottom of the ditch into redundant sludge with the thickness of more than 8cm, changing the pH value from 6.9 to 7.2, controlling the quantity of cultured and bred earthworms to be 5 percent of the total weight of all cultured toads which is consumed and eaten by earthworms every day, changing the quantity of 35kg of blocky quicklime used in each mu of ecological ditch into 40kg of blocky quicklime, changing 25kg of bleaching powder into 20kg of water, changing the quantity of bleaching essence into 10kg of water, and changing the mesh number of nylon bolting silk into 60 meshes; only changing the plastic film in the step B) into a plastic film with the upper part 50cm higher than the terrace, and changing the pile into a cement pile; only changing the water level in the ecological ditch for controlling in the step D) to 45cm, changing the degree of the water surface of the rice seeding area in the symbiotic culture unit field block, which is higher than the upper part of the net cage, to 50cm, changing the net cage to be made of polyethylene knotless net sheets with the mesh number of 36 meshes, changing the length of the net cage to 400cm, changing the width of the net cage to 125cm, changing the height of the net cage to 90cm, changing the soil, which is away from the bottom of the ecological ditch, of the bottom of the net cage to 30cm, changing the diameter of the waterweeds stacked in a circular state in the net cage to 45cm, changing the disinfection time of copper sulfate to myriophyllum glaucescens to 150min, changing the diameter of phyllostachys praecox into 1.5cm, changing the water surface area of the hollow grasses floating on the water surface to 8%, and changing the throwing amount of the field snails in each mu of ecological ditch to 200 kg; only the putting density of the eel fries in the step E) in the net cages is changed into 40 g/tail, the putting amount of the eel fries in one net cage is changed into 110 tails, the mass percentage concentration of the salt solution is changed into 5 percent, the time for soaking the eel fries is changed into 5min, the putting amount of the toad fries put in each mu of rice field is changed into 20 g/one, the putting amount of the toad fries is changed into 1000, and the control of the water depth of the rice field is changed into 10 cm; changing the feeding frequency in the step F) into one feeding in 3 days; changing the days for splashing quicklime water into the field once in the step H) into fifteen days; changing the water changing frequency to 6 days/time, and changing the quantity of the raw lime in the quicklime water to 12g of quicklime in each cubic meter of water; only the amount of the EM preparation and the Bacillus subtilis preparation in the step I) is changed to 2g/m3And (3) water. The rest is the same as described in example 1.
Claims (8)
1. A symbiotic breeding method of eel, toad and rice is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A) selecting and arranging symbiotic culture unit field blocks, firstly selecting the field blocks which are convenient to irrigate, good in water retention, neutral and slightly alkaline clay loam in soil quality and 5-7 mu in area as symbiotic culture unit field blocks, integrating ridges of the symbiotic culture unit field blocks to enable the ridges to meet the requirements of 2.8-3.2m in width and 0.4-0.6m in height, then excavating ecological ditches 2m wide in bottom, 3m wide in surface and 1m deep in depth along the inner sides of the ridges and 1m away from the inner sides of the ridges, and having a total length of 550 earthworm 650m, further piling straw, livestock manure and bacterial manure which are beneficial to culture and propagation on the ridges at intervals, excavating redundant silt with the thickness of more than 5-10cm at the bottoms of the ecological ditches in ten months, planting sun-shading plants on the ditches below the two months and disinfecting the ecological ditches, the water quality of the water source used for irrigation is as follows: the pH value is 6.9-7.2, the dissolved oxygen is more than 4mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.1mg/L, and the nitrite is less than 0.1mg/L, the pond cleaning and disinfection of the ecological ditch are as follows: sprinkling 35-40kg of massive quicklime slaking slurry on each mu of ecological ditches in a whole ditch without dead corners, or sprinkling 20-30kg of bleaching powder containing 28% of available chlorine on each mu of ecological ditches after adding water on the whole ditch without dead corners, or sprinkling 8-12kg of bleaching powder containing 65% of available chlorine on each mu of ecological ditches in the whole ditch without dead corners after adding water;
B) arranging toad escape-preventing facilities along the peripheral edge of the inward side of the ridge in the step A);
C) sowing rice, namely, firstly applying organic fertilizers to the symbiotic cultivation unit field blocks in the step A), returning the livestock manure and green manure of rice straws as base fertilizers to the field, and then sowing the rice to the field blocks from late April to early May;
D) preparing for pre-seeding, controlling the water level in the ecological ditch in the step A) to be 35-45cm, firstly arranging net cages in the ecological ditch at intervals, positioning the net cages and enabling the upper parts of the net cages to be 40-60cm higher than the water surface of a rice seeding area in the symbiotic culture unit field block, and then throwing waterweeds into the net cages;
E) putting eel fries into the net cage in the step D), controlling the putting density of the eel fries in the net cage, and putting loaches accounting for 3-6% of the number of the eel fries in the net cage; putting toad seedlings into the rice seeding area in the step D) and controlling the putting density of the toad seedlings;
F) feeding, namely feeding mixed bait to the finless eels in the net cage in the step E), controlling the feeding amount and the feeding frequency, enabling the toads to self-feed earthworms cultured and bred by the straw and livestock manure bacterial manure in the step A), and installing the earthworms for attracting insects at the edge of the ridge of the net cage to serve as supplementary food for the finless eels and the toads to move at night;
G) applying tillering fertilizer to the symbiotic cultivation unit field blocks serving as the rice fields in the middle ten days of June, wherein the tillering fertilizer is the straw livestock manure bacterial fertilizer for cultivating and breeding earthworms in the step A) and controlling the fertilizing amount, and additionally applying rice topping fertilizer in the middle ten days of July, the rice topping fertilizer is the same as the tillering fertilizer and controls the topdressing amount of the topping fertilizer, the controlled fertilizing amount is that the control of the straw livestock manure bacterial fertilizer is 50 kg/mu, and the topdressing amount of the controlled topping fertilizer is that the topdressing amount of the topping fertilizer is 25 kg/mu;
H) adjusting water quality and water level, irrigating fresh water to raise seedlings and survive at the early stage of rice seeding, deepening a water layer by 5cm at the later stage of rice tillering to control ineffective rice tillering and simultaneously facilitate the growth of finless eels, changing water during the rice growth period, controlling water changing frequency, controlling the water changing amount each time and controlling the water level of a field surface, splashing quicklime water into the field once every twelve to eighteen days, controlling the content of quicklime in the quicklime water, and increasing oxygen on demand, wherein the water changing frequency is controlled to be 5-7 days/time; the amount of water changed every time is controlled to be 20 percent of the total water amount; the control of the water level of the field surface is to control the water level of the field surface to be 10 cm; the content of the quicklime in the quicklime water is controlled to be 10-15g per cubic meter of water; the on-line oxygenation refers to the oxygenation of the ecological ditch when the body of the finless eel is observed to be vertical and the head of the finless eel stretches out of the water surface in sultry summer;
I) pest control, splashing quicklime water to the ecological ditches in the steps A) and D) every month during six to September, controlling the amount of quicklime in the splashed quicklime water, splashing a microbial preparation to the ecological ditches every month during six to October, controlling the amount of the splashed microbial preparation, preventing rice pest by using an agricultural control mode of deep tedding soil, spring ploughing weeding, cleaning a field garden and covering with duckweed, draining water in a rice field planting area ten days before rice harvesting, concentrating finless eels and toads into the ecological ditches, and harvesting the rice by a harvester in ten days before November, wherein a water layer is deepened to 5cm in a later tillering period; the quantity of the quicklime in the splashed quicklime water is controlled to be 20g/m3Water; the microbial preparation is EM bacteria and bacillus subtilis, and the dosage of the microbial preparation for controlling the splashing is that the dosage of the microbial preparation is controlled to be 1-2g/m3Water;
J) and (4) catching, namely catching finished finless eels which reach the market standard in late august and selling the finished finless eels in a net cage, keeping finless eels which do not reach the market standard continuously in the net cage for culture, keeping healthy individuals as finless eels parents for breeding, extracting toads, toad skins or dried toads from large and mature toads, and enabling the toads needing to be continuously cultured to automatically enter a sludge layer at the bottom of an ecological ditch to overwinter.
2. The symbiotic reproduction method of eel, toad and rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein the direction of the ecological ditch in step A) is from south to north; the area of the rice seeds in the symbiotic cultivation unit field is 85 percent; the amount of earthworms cultured and bred is controlled to 5-6% of the total weight of all cultured toads on eating earthworms per day.
3. The symbiotic cultivation method of eel, toad and rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sunshade plant in step A) is taro and/or cirrus plant, and the cirrus plant is luffa, cucumber and/or wax gourd; the independent water inlet and outlet channel is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet, the water inlet and the water outlet form a diagonal position relationship, the horizontal height of the water inlet is higher than that of the water outlet, and the water inlet is provided with a nylon bolting silk with 50-70 meshes for preventing enemy organisms, small trash fishes and fish eggs from entering the ecological channel.
4. The symbiotic cultivation method of eel, toad and rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein the toad escape prevention facility in step B) is arranged at the peripheral edge of the inward side of the ridge: arranging a pile at intervals of 80-120cm, arranging a plastic film on the inner side of the pile by taking the pile as a carrier, sewing iron wires or ropes on the upper edge of the plastic film in a sewing mode, fixing the iron wires or ropes with the pile, burying the lower part of the plastic film into the ground by 10cm, enabling the upper part of the plastic film to be 45-55cm higher than a terrace, paving and tamping the inner side and the outer side of the lower part of the plastic film by using broken soil, and arranging an anti-escape net with the height of 110 plus 130cm along the peripheral part of the ridge by taking the pile as the carrier; the pile column is a wood pile column, a bamboo pile column or a cement pile column.
5. The eel, toad and rice symbiotic cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of the additional organic fertilizer applied in step C) is one ton per mu, and the organic fertilizer is a product obtained by crushing straw stalks, mixing with animal manure and fermenting at high temperature; the mode of sowing the paddy rice in the field is mechanical broadcasting or mechanical transplanting, the seed consumption of the mechanical broadcasting is 4 kg/mu, and the row spacing of the mechanical transplanting is 20 multiplied by 30 cm.
6. The symbiotic cultivation method of eel, toad and rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein the net cage in step D) is made of polyethylene knotless net sheets with 35-38 meshes, the length of the net cage is 300-400cm, the width of the net cage is 115-125cm, the height of the net cage is 85-95cm, the net cage is supported by bamboo poles at the periphery, and the four corners are arc-shaped; the distance between the bottoms of the net cages and the soil at the bottom of the ecological ditch is about 25-35cm, and the distance between every two adjacent net cages is 200 cm; the aquatic weeds put into the net cage are as follows: circles are arranged in the net cage every 150cmStacking in shape with diameter of 40-50cm and spacing of 50cm, and using amount of 20g/m3120-180min of the blue foxtail algae disinfected by the copper sulfate, and breeding a water lettuce fixed by moso bamboos with the lower end inserted into the mud bottom and the upper end exposed out of the water surface at the central position of each pile of the blue foxtail algae; and (3) putting water spinach floating on the water surface, which accounts for 8-15% of the area of the water surface of the ecological ditch, outside the net cages in the ecological ditch, and putting 100-200kg river snails per mu in the ecological ditch.
7. The eel, toad and rice symbiotic cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the eel fries in step E) are non-injurious, disease-free, vivid, regular in size and yellow or brownish red in body color, and are thrown into the net cage from late July to middle July; the control of the throwing density of the eel fries in the net cage is as follows: the throwing amount of 30-50 g/eel seeds in a net cage is 100 plus 120, and before the throwing, the eel seeds are soaked for 5-10min by adopting saline solution with the mass percentage concentration of 3-5%; the toad seedlings are put in the rice seeding area when the temperature of the environmental atmosphere rises to be more than 18 ℃ or the toad seedlings are put in twenty days later from the date of transplanting; the controlled release density of the toad seedlings is as follows: 1000 toad seedlings of 15-20 g/per mu of rice field are thrown in 1100 per mu of rice field, and the depth of the rice field is controlled to be 6-15 cm.
8. The symbiotic cultivation method of eel, toad and rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixed bait in step F) is a mixture of earthworm, fish paste and compound feed, wherein the mixed bait comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 20% of earthworms, 60% of fish slurry and 20% of compound feed, wherein the earthworms are fresh green earthworms, frozen green earthworms or fresh limnodrilus; the feeding amount is controlled according to the measurement of 3-6% of the weight of a single finless eel, and the feeding frequency is controlled once every 2-3 days.
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| CN112616592A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-09 | 南县泽水居农业有限公司 | Eel rice planting method |
| CN112913780B (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2022-10-18 | 西昌富华金蟾生物科技有限公司 | Toad breeding method |
| CN112889752B (en) * | 2021-02-19 | 2022-04-26 | 西昌富华金蟾生物科技有限公司 | Toad breeding method |
| CN115380788A (en) * | 2022-08-23 | 2022-11-25 | 广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所 | Taro-lumbricus planting and breeding combination method |
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