CN110642657A - Water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar - Google Patents
Water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention discloses a water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar. It comprises the following steps: carrying out drip irrigation cultivation on the poplar artificial forest according to the following process (1) or process (2): (1) firstly, irrigating, then simultaneously fertilizing and irrigating, and continuing to irrigate after the fertilization is finished; (2) fertilizing, and irrigating after the fertilizing is finished so as to finish water and fertilizer integrated fertilizing of the drip irrigation cultivation of the poplar; the annual fertilization amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100% -130% of the benchmark standard of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the current year, and the benchmark standard of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the current year is the annual absorption amount of the whole poplar to N, P, K nutrient elements according to different age stages of the poplar. The invention can reduce the fertilizing amount and save the labor input.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar, belonging to the field of drip irrigation cultivation.
Background
At present, the conventional cultivation (non-drip irrigation cultivation) of poplar uses the methods of flood irrigation, furrow irrigation or hole irrigation and the like for irrigation, and the matched fertilizer application method is forest land broadcasting, furrow application or hole application. The ordinary phosphate fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and is matched with proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and the fertilizer application amount is determined according to the field conditions, and each plant is 100-300 g. And (3) applying additional fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer or single nitrogen fertilizer) in the second year after forestation, wherein the reference ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer to the phosphorus fertilizer to the potassium fertilizer is 3: 1: 1 (urea: calcium superphosphate: potassium chloride). The nitrogen dosage is generally 50g to 200g per plant. The top dressing time is carried out after the leaves are spread, and the fertilization times per year are 1-2 times.
In recent years, production practices of cultivating poplar artificial forests by adopting drip irrigation have appeared, producers also carry out water and fertilizer integrated fertilization on poplar by using a drip irrigation system, but scientific basis is lacked in fertilization formula and fertilization amount, and refined fertilization cannot be achieved. Moisture and fertilizer are two important factors for the growth and development of forest trees and are also the two most easily controlled factors. Reasonable water and fertilizer management is beneficial to the forest to develop larger growth potential, and blind water and fertilizer management is not only unfavorable for the growth and development of crops, but also can cause water and fertilizer resource waste and environmental pollution.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar, which can reduce fertilization amount and save labor input.
The invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar, which comprises the following steps:
carrying out drip irrigation cultivation on the poplar artificial forest according to the following process (1) or process (2):
(1) firstly, irrigating, then simultaneously fertilizing and irrigating, and continuing to irrigate after the fertilization is finished;
(2) fertilizing, and irrigating after the fertilizing is finished so as to finish water and fertilizer integrated fertilizing of the drip irrigation cultivation of the poplar;
the annual fertilization amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100% -130% of the benchmark standard of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the current year, and the benchmark standard of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the current year is the annual absorption amount of the whole poplar to N, P, K nutrient elements according to different age stages of the poplar.
In the invention, the annual fertilization amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is calculated by mass percentage.
In the method, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are applied once every 10-15 days every year.
In the method, the annual absorption amount of the whole poplar plants at different age stages to N, P, K nutrient elements isThe cumulative absorption of each nutrient element in current year N, P, K minus the cumulative absorption of each nutrient element in previous year N, P, K.
In the above method, the cumulative absorption amount of each element N, P, K by poplar at different age stages is calculated according to the content of N, P, K nutrient elements in biomass of each organ of poplar at different age stages;
the organs of the poplar include stems, branches, roots and stems of the poplar.
In the method, the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are selected according to the following standards: high solubility; a lower or medium pH value; ③ no calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate or ions capable of forming insoluble salts; the microelements are in chelate form, but not in ion form.
In the method, the nitrogen fertilizer is at least one of urea, potassium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate;
the phosphate fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate and/or urea phosphate;
the potash fertilizer is at least one of white potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
In the method, in the step (1), the fertilization and the irrigation are simultaneously carried out for 20 minutes 2 hours before the irrigation is stopped, and then the irrigation is continued for 1 hour and 20 minutes;
in the step (2), the fertilization is carried out for 20 minutes, and the irrigation is carried out for 1 hour and 20 minutes after the fertilization is finished.
In the method, the step (1) or (2) further comprises the step of repeatedly flushing the fertilization container once after the fertilization is finished, and performing fertilization operation for 20 minutes.
In the method, the drip irrigation is carried out by adopting a drip irrigation system pipe network.
In the present invention, the drip irrigation may be performed at a flow rate as is conventional in the art.
In the method, the poplar is 1 to 8 years in different age stages.
In the invention, the annual fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 1 st year can be 100-130% of 17.429g, 0.963g and 7.783g, preferably 17.429g, 0.963g and 7.783g respectively;
the annual fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 2 nd year can be 100-130% of that of 20.244g, 12.908g and 26.272g respectively, and preferably can be 20.244g, 12.908g and 26.272 g;
the annual fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 3 rd year can be 100-130% of 136.794g, 47.842g and 88.615g, preferably 136.794g, 47.842g and 88.615 g;
the annual fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 4 th year can be 100-130% of 145.504g, 43.344g and 100.576g, preferably 145.504g, 43.344g and 100.576 g;
the annual fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 5 th year can be 100-130% of 183.664g, 78.622g and 126.158g, preferably 183.664g, 78.622g and 126.158 g;
the annual fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 6 th year can be 100-130% of 241.314g, 132.985g and 149.556g, preferably 241.314g, 132.985g and 149.556 g;
the annual fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 7 th year can be 100-130% of 366.062g, 201.273g and 292.633g respectively, and preferably 366.062g, 201.273g and 292.633 g;
the annual fertilizing amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer of the poplar in the 8 th year can be 100-130% of 369.632g, 212.719g and 282.156g, preferably 369.632g, 212.719g and 282.156 g;
the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are respectively added in N, P2O5、K2And the mass of O.
The invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention can save the labor input: by adopting the method of the invention, the water and fertilizer integrated system for drip irrigation can combine irrigation and fertilization, and only 1 person is needed to operate each time of irrigation; compared with the conventional cultivation, the irrigation and fertilization of the poplar artificial forest by adopting the drip irrigation method of the invention only needs 4 weekdays/hm for one year2While the conventional cultivation needs 20.1 workdays/hm2Saving 16.1 worker day/hm2And the labor efficiency is improved by 80.1%.
2. And the fertilizing amount is tested on the basis of the annual absorption amount of the whole poplar at each age level to N, P, K nutrient elements, so that the fertilizing amount which best meets the requirement of keeping a higher growth rate of the poplar is obtained, and compared with the conventional cultivation, the fertilizing amount is reduced, and the non-point source pollution of the conventional cultivation is prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the manual irrigation and fertilization input of poplar trees with different cultivation modes.
Detailed Description
The experimental procedures used in the following examples are all conventional procedures unless otherwise specified.
Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Examples 1,
(1) Determination of annual absorption amount of nutrient elements N, P, K in poplar artificial forest
1) Researches show that N, P, K nutrient elements absorbed and accumulated by the trunk, branch, root and leaf of the poplar in the growing process increase along with the increase of the age of the poplar, and simultaneously, the nutrient elements also increase along with the increase of the annual growth amount of the poplar.
The volume of the individual plants and the biomass of the whole plants of 1 to 8 years old poplar were measured according to a method known in the art, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Poplar Single plant volume and Biomass continuous year growth scale
2) The cumulative absorption amount of N, P, K elements by poplar at different age stages is N, P, K nutrient element content according to biomass of poplar organs at different age stages.
The cumulative absorption of N, P, K elements by poplar at different age stages was calculated based on the N, P, K nutrient content in biomass of poplar organs at different age stages measured in table 1 above, and the results are shown in tables 2 and 3.
TABLE 2 cumulative absorption scale of nutrient elements N, P, K for each organ of poplar
TABLE 3 summary table of nutrient element cumulative absorption of poplar individual plant N, P, K
3) The annual absorption of nutrient elements of the poplar individual N, P, K can be calculated from the cumulative absorption of nutrient elements from each organ N, P, K of the poplar individual in tables 2 and 3, i.e., the cumulative absorption of nutrient elements in the current year minus the cumulative absorption of nutrient elements in the previous year, and the results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 annual absorption Scale of nutrient elements for individual poplar N, P, K (unit: g)
(2) Fertilizing amount of N, P, K nutrient elements in poplar artificial forest
When a fertilization system is established, the annual absorption amount of N, P, K nutrient elements by the whole poplar of each age group is taken as the annual fertilization amount to meet the growth requirement of the poplar, and the result is shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 Fertilizer application scale (unit: g) for individual plant N, P, K at each age of drip irrigation cultivation poplar artificial forest
Note: 1. when fertilizing, fertilizer is poured into a fertilizing barrel which is filled with water (1 m)3) Fully stirring and dissolving, standing for 10 minutes, and opening a fertilizing pump for fertilizing. 2. If the fertilizer is applied independently, after the fertilizer liquid in the fertilizer application barrel is applied (10-20 minutes), the fertilizer application barrel is repeatedly flushed once, and the irrigation is continued for 1 hour and 20 minutes after the fertilizer application is finished, and the total time is 2 hours. And secondly, if irrigation is combined, fertilizing is carried out 2 hours before irrigation is stopped, a barrel of fertilizer liquid can be completely applied within about 20 minutes, the barrel is repeatedly flushed once, irrigation is continued for 1 hour and 20 minutes after fertilization is completed, and the fertilizer liquid in the pipeline is completely flushed. 3. If the fertilizing amount of one area exceeds 40kg, two barrels are separated for fertilizing, and the step 3 is repeated. 4. If special conditions (weather, holidays) and the like are met, the fertilization can be delayed or advanced for 1-2 days.
Research on the influence effect of different fertilization amount treatments on the poplar artificial forest is developed in 2017 in months 4-10, and the standard fertilization amount under the conditions of conventional fertilization and drip irrigation is set.
The fertilization system of the invention comprises: the standard fertilizing amount is 100%, and the standard fertilizing amount is the annual absorption amount of nutrient elements of the poplar artificial forest N, P, K calculated in the table 5. The growth and physiological characteristics of the poplar artificial forest under different fertilization treatments are preliminarily analyzed. And theoretical support and technical guidance are provided for a mechanism of improving forest stand productivity by drip irrigation and fine fertilization.
In clear weather of 8 months in 2017, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were measured, and the results are shown in table 6. Wherein the porosity conductance, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the base fertilizer (fertilization system of the invention) treatment are higher than those of CK (conventional cultivation). This shows that the treatment of the base fertilizer (fertilization system of the invention) can increase the water consumption of the artificial forest compared with CK (conventional cultivation), and promote the photosynthesis thereof, thereby promoting the growth and development of the artificial forest.
TABLE 6 conductance of leaf pores, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate for treatments with different fertilizing amounts
Finally, the 8-year-old poplar artificial forest can reach the tree height of 22.7m, the breast diameter of 24.2cm and the single plant volume of 0.1988m3Accumulation amount 150.14m3/hm2Compared with the conventional cultivation, the yield is improved by more than 50%.
(3) Time and frequency of fertilization
Since the fast-growing and high-yield poplar forest cultivated by drip irrigation can grow fast in the whole growing season, fertilization is required to be performed during each irrigation in principle. In the current year, fertilization is started after the cutting shoots grow adventitious roots, and in other years, fertilization is started after the poplar leaves are spread until the end of the growing season. The fertilizing times and the fertilizing amount each time should follow the principle of multiple times and small amount, according to the time required for the fertilizers such as urea and the like to be converted into the state that the root system of the tree can absorb ions in the soil, the fertilizers are recommended to be applied once every 10-15 days, and the single fertilizing amount can be properly increased in the vigorous growing season of the poplar.
(4) Fertilizing method
Meet the requirements of fertilizer
Operating the drip irrigation system to fertilize, and having the following requirements on the fertilizer: high solubility; a lower or medium pH value; ③ no calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate or other ions which may form insoluble salts; the trace elements are in the form of chelates and not in the form of ions.
According to the above requirements, the following nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are required to be selected for fertigation:
a. nitrogen fertilizer
The urea is the most common nitrogen fertilizer variety for drip irrigation fertilization due to the advantages of good water solubility, less impurities and the like.
b. Phosphate fertilizer
The main phosphate fertilizer used in the drip irrigation fertilization is monoammonium phosphate which has good water solubility and is not easy to react with other fertilizers to form precipitates.
c. Potassium fertilizer
The most suitable potassium fertilizer for drip irrigation is potassium chloride, but red potassium chloride cannot be used, and white potassium chloride should be used because the potassium fertilizer contains a large amount of iron oxide and is easy to block drippers.
② fertilizing method and steps
The following method and steps should be taken to operate the drip irrigation system for fertilization: firstly, putting fertilizers into a fertilizing device in proportion, fully mixing, and fertilizing along with irrigation; secondly, the fertilization is started after the irrigation is started for a period of time, the fertilizer is just applied while the irrigation is finished, the specific time for starting the fertilization is determined according to the fertilizing amount, and generally, the fertilization is started about 2 hours before the irrigation is stopped, so that the applied fertilizer can be uniformly dispersed in a soil humid body formed by the irrigation; and thirdly, when the fertilizer in the fertilizing device is used up in the fertilizing process, the fertilizing device is required to be operated continuously for irrigating for a period of time, the fertilizer liquid remained in the pipe network of the drip irrigation system is thoroughly conveyed to the field by using clean water, and meanwhile, the cleaning effect can be achieved, so that the fertilizer is prevented from corroding equipment. The specific flushing time is calculated according to the pipe network laying distance from the head of the irrigation system to the end drippers in the field and the pipe diameter of the pipe, and the continuous operation time is generally 20 minutes.
The invention can save the labor input:
by adopting the method of the invention, the water and fertilizer integrated system for drip irrigation can combine irrigation and fertilization, only 1 person is needed for operation in each irrigation, and the manual input of the drip irrigation system for irrigation and fertilization of the artificial forest can be calculated by the irrigation and fertilization time; the manual input for irrigation and fertilization management of the invention is monitored and recorded by adopting a conventional cultivation mode.
As shown in figure 1, irrigation and fertilization of the poplar artificial forest by adopting the drip irrigation method (intelligent drip irrigation is called in figure 1 for short) of the invention only needs 4 weekdays/hm for one year2While the conventional cultivation needs 20.1 workdays/hm2And save 16.1 work day/hm2And the labor efficiency is improved by 80.1%.
Comparative example (c),
And (3) conventional cultivation: the annual fertilizing amount of each plant is 515g of urea, 129g of monoammonium phosphate and 279g of potassium sulfate. Routine fertilization trials were performed at 5, 7, and 9 months of each year, for a total of 3 fertilizations each year. And uniformly applying the calculated fertilizing amount to the middle of 2 trees, and irrigating to dilute the fertilizer after fertilizing.
Claims (10)
1. A water and fertilizer integrated fertilization method for drip irrigation cultivation of poplar comprises the following steps:
carrying out drip irrigation cultivation on the poplar artificial forest according to the following process (1) or process (2):
(1) firstly, irrigating, then simultaneously fertilizing and irrigating, and continuing to irrigate after the fertilization is finished;
(2) fertilizing, and irrigating after the fertilizing is finished so as to finish water and fertilizer integrated fertilizing of the drip irrigation cultivation of the poplar;
the annual fertilization amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer is 100% -130% of the benchmark standard of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the current year, and the benchmark standard of the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the current year is the annual absorption amount of the whole poplar to N, P, K nutrient elements according to different age stages of the poplar.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: and fertilizing the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer once every 10-15 days.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the annual absorption amount of the whole poplar at different age stages to N, P, K each nutrient element is obtained by subtracting the cumulative absorption amount of N, P, K each nutrient element in the previous year from the cumulative absorption amount of N, P, K each nutrient element in the current year.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the accumulated absorption amount of the poplars to the N, P, K elements at different age stages is calculated according to the content of N, P, K nutrient elements in biomass of organs of the poplars at different age stages;
the organs of the poplar include stems, branches, roots and stems of the poplar.
5. The method according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein: the nitrogenous fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are selected according to the following standards: high solubility; a lower or medium pH value; ③ no calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate or ions capable of forming insoluble salts; the microelements are in chelate form, but not in ion form.
6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein: the nitrogen fertilizer is at least one of urea, potassium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate;
the phosphate fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate and/or urea phosphate;
the potash fertilizer is at least one of white potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein: in the step (1), the fertilization and the irrigation are simultaneously carried out for 20 minutes 2 hours before the irrigation is stopped, and then the irrigation is continued for 1 hour and 20 minutes;
in the step (2), the fertilization is carried out for 20 minutes, and the irrigation is carried out for 1 hour and 20 minutes after the fertilization is finished.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein: and (3) in the step (1) or (2), after the fertilization is finished, the fertilization method further comprises the step of repeatedly flushing the fertilization container once for 20 minutes.
9. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein: the drip irrigation is carried out by adopting a drip irrigation system pipe network.
10. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein: the poplar is 1-8 years at different age stages.
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Application publication date: 20200103 |