CN110552771A - oxidation catalyst fault detection method, device, equipment and storage medium - Google Patents
oxidation catalyst fault detection method, device, equipment and storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN110552771A CN110552771A CN201910886550.0A CN201910886550A CN110552771A CN 110552771 A CN110552771 A CN 110552771A CN 201910886550 A CN201910886550 A CN 201910886550A CN 110552771 A CN110552771 A CN 110552771A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
- F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
- F01N2550/02—Catalytic activity of catalytic converters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Abstract
The embodiment of the invention provides a method, a device, equipment and a storage medium for detecting faults of an oxidation catalyst, wherein the method comprises the following steps: when the upstream temperature of the DOC is monitored to enter a transient stage from a steady-state stage, recording an initial upstream temperature value and an initial downstream temperature value of the DOC; detecting a first amount of change in an upstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second amount of change in a downstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase; and if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault. According to the DOC removal fault detection method and device, the first variation of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature and the second variation of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature can be used for detection, and the DOC removal fault detection accuracy can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
the embodiment of the invention relates to the technical field of engines, in particular to a method, a device, equipment and a storage medium for detecting faults of an oxidation catalyst.
background
An Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) is a device installed in an engine exhaust line to convert carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in engine exhaust gas into harmless water and carbon dioxide through an Oxidation reaction. After-treatment failure caused by manual removal of the DOC can not only cause that a particle trap (DPF) cannot be regenerated, thereby blocking an after-treatment pipeline, increasing the after-sale maintenance cost of enterprises in the vehicle warranty period, but also cause that the emission exceeds the standard, so that when the DOC removal fault of the vehicle occurs, an engine control strategy can give an alarm and degrade the vehicle, and the cheating behavior is prevented. The chemical reaction in the DOC is an exothermic process, the exothermic amount is related to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in the tail gas, and the DOC can exchange heat with the tail gas, so the change rule of the temperature of the DOC at the upstream and the downstream is different.
At present, the main detection mode is to integrate the difference value between the temperatures of the upper stream and the lower stream of the DOC under the transient working condition, reflect the change rule of the temperatures of the upper stream and the lower stream of the DOC through an integral value, and judge that the DOC is removed when the integral value is smaller.
However, since the DOC has both an exothermic process, i.e. a catalytic oxidation reaction, and heat exchange of the tail gas, the process is complicated, and the influence factors of the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature are large, even under the transient condition that the DOC normally works, the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC are very close to each other in practice, and at this time, the integral value of the difference between the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC is judged, and erroneous judgment may occur. The existing detection mode has poor detection accuracy and a false alarm risk.
disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a method, a device, equipment and a storage medium for detecting faults of an oxidation catalyst, and aims to solve the problems that the detection accuracy of the existing detection mode is poor and the risk of false alarm exists.
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides an oxidation catalyst fault detection method, including:
when monitoring that the upstream temperature of an oxidation catalyst (DOC) enters a transient stage from a steady-state stage, recording an initial upstream temperature value and an initial downstream temperature value of the DOC;
detecting a first amount of change in an upstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second amount of change in a downstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase;
And if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault.
in one possible embodiment, detecting a first amount of change in the upstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second amount of change in the downstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase includes:
During the period from the starting time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integral value, wherein the starting time corresponds to the initial value of the upstream temperature, and the preset time is the time after the starting time;
during the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value;
the first integrated value is taken as the first variation amount, and the second integrated value is taken as the second variation amount.
In a possible embodiment, the first preset time is any one of the following:
the time interval between the starting time and the starting time is the time of a first preset time length threshold value;
the moment when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature is maximum;
The end time of the transient phase.
in one possible embodiment, detecting a first amount of change in the upstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second amount of change in the downstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase includes:
plotting a first curve of temperature upstream of the DOC versus time and a second curve of temperature downstream of the DOC versus time, respectively, during the transient phase;
calculating a first slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a point corresponding to a second preset time on the first change curve;
Calculating a second slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature and a point corresponding to the second preset time on the second change curve;
and taking the first slope as the first variation and the second slope as the second variation.
in a possible embodiment, the second preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value is the time of a second preset time threshold;
a time when a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial upstream temperature value is maximum.
in one possible embodiment, if the first variation amount is consistent with the second variation amount, determining that the DOC has a removal fault includes:
calculating a ratio between the second variation and the first variation;
and if the ratio is larger than a first preset threshold value, determining that the DOC has removal faults.
in one possible embodiment, the method further comprises:
Monitoring a temperature upstream of the DOC;
And determining whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady stage according to a difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and a filter value, wherein the filter value is obtained by filtering the upstream temperature of the DOC.
in one possible embodiment, determining whether the temperature upstream of the DOC has entered a transient phase from a steady-state phase based on a difference between the temperature upstream of the DOC and a filtered value includes:
Determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage when a difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is less than a second preset threshold;
After the duration that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage exceeds a third preset duration threshold, if the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is monitored to be greater than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage is determined.
In one possible embodiment, after determining that the DOC has a removal fault, the method further includes:
and generating and sending an alarm message, wherein the alarm message is used for indicating that the DOC has a removal fault.
in a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus, including:
The recording module is used for recording an upstream temperature initial value and a downstream temperature initial value of the DOC when monitoring that the upstream temperature of the oxidation catalyst DOC enters a transient stage from a steady-state stage;
A detection module for detecting a first variation of an upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second variation of a downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase;
And the processing module is used for determining that the DOC has removal faults if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity.
In a possible implementation, the detection module is configured to:
during the period from the starting time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integral value, wherein the starting time corresponds to the initial value of the upstream temperature, and the preset time is the time after the starting time;
during the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value;
The first integrated value is taken as the first variation amount, and the second integrated value is taken as the second variation amount.
in a possible embodiment, the first preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval between the starting time and the starting time is the time of a first preset time length threshold value;
The moment when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature is maximum;
The end time of the transient phase.
in a possible implementation, the detection module is configured to:
plotting a first curve of temperature upstream of the DOC versus time and a second curve of temperature downstream of the DOC versus time, respectively, during the transient phase;
Calculating a first slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a point corresponding to a second preset time on the first change curve;
Calculating a second slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature and a point corresponding to the second preset time on the second change curve;
And taking the first slope as the first variation and the second slope as the second variation.
in a possible embodiment, the second preset time is at least one of the following:
the time interval corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value is the time of a second preset time threshold;
A time when a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial upstream temperature value is maximum.
In a possible implementation, the processing module is configured to:
Calculating a ratio between the second variation and the first variation;
and if the ratio is larger than a first preset threshold value, determining that the DOC has removal faults.
In a possible embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a monitoring module configured to:
Monitoring a temperature upstream of the DOC;
and determining whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady stage according to a difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and a filter value, wherein the filter value is obtained by filtering the upstream temperature of the DOC.
in a possible implementation, the monitoring module is configured to:
Determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage when a difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is less than a second preset threshold;
after the duration that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage exceeds a third preset duration threshold, if the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is monitored to be greater than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage is determined.
In a possible embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an alarm module, configured to:
and after the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, generating and sending an alarm message, wherein the alarm message is used for indicating that the DOC has the removal fault.
in a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus including: at least one processor and memory;
The memory stores computer-executable instructions;
the at least one processor executing the computer-executable instructions stored by the memory causes the at least one processor to perform the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection method as described above in the first aspect and various possible embodiments of the first aspect.
in a fourth aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a computer-readable storage medium, in which computer-executable instructions are stored, and when a processor executes the computer-executable instructions, the method for detecting a fault of an oxidation catalyst according to the first aspect and various possible embodiments of the first aspect is implemented.
according to the fault detection method, the fault detection device, the fault detection equipment and the fault detection storage medium for the oxidation catalyst, when the upstream temperature of the DOC is monitored to enter a transient stage from a steady-state stage, an upstream temperature initial value and a downstream temperature initial value of the DOC are recorded; detecting a first variation of an upstream temperature of the DOC relative to an initial value of the upstream temperature and a second variation of a downstream temperature of the DOC relative to an initial value of the downstream temperature in the transient phase; if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, the first variable quantity of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature and the second variable quantity of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature can be used for comparing, when the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, the change degrees of the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC are similar, no hysteresis link exists, the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, and the detection accuracy of the DOC removal fault detection can be improved.
drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an engine aftertreatment system according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of a method for detecting a malfunction of an oxidation catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for oxidation catalyst fault detection according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a schematic flow diagram of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection method according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for oxidation catalyst fault detection according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first integrated value obtained by integrating a difference between an upstream temperature of a DOC and an initial value of the upstream temperature according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a straight line formed by a point corresponding to an initial value of an upstream temperature on a first change curve and a point corresponding to a second preset time according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the temperature upstream of a DOC during a steady state phase and a transient phase, respectively, over a period of time, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 10 is a schematic structural view of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 11 is a schematic hardware configuration diagram of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an engine aftertreatment system according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 1, the outlet end of the DOC is connected to the inlet end of the DPF, a DOC upstream temperature sensor is provided in an upstream area of the DOC, and a DOC downstream temperature sensor is provided in a downstream area of the DOC. The exhaust gas passes through the DOC and DPF in sequence. In the exhaust gas, nitrogen monoxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) are oxidized by the precious metal coating on the DOC surface, and the generated high-activity nitrogen dioxide (NO2) enters the DPF to stimulate the DPF to be passively regenerated. The DPF collects particulate components in the exhaust gas, and the DPF regeneration causes a chemical reaction in a portion where the collected particulates can react, thereby preventing the DPF from being clogged. The chemical reaction in DOC is an exothermic process, the exothermic amount is related to NO, CO and HC in tail gas, and the DOC can exchange heat with the tail gas, so the temperature difference between the upstream and downstream of the DOC is positive or negative, and can be equal.
after the aftertreatment system is connected with the DOC, the aftertreatment system is equivalent to a delay link connected in an aftertreatment gas circuit, when the temperature of the upstream of the DOC is transited from a steady state to a transient state, the temperature of the downstream of the DOC can continuously maintain the steady state for a period of time due to the existence of the delay link, and then the transition from the steady state to the transient state is carried out. The embodiment of the invention diagnoses according to transient change rules of DOC upstream and downstream gas temperatures: when the DOC is removed and the upstream temperature of the DOC is subjected to transient change, the downstream temperature can be subjected to transient change with the same rule immediately; when the DOC normally works and transient temperature of the upstream of the DOC changes, the temperature of the downstream of the DOC changes correspondingly after a certain time delay, and a certain time lag exists.
The diagnosis time of the embodiment of the invention is generated near the lag time range, the first variable quantity of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature and the second variable quantity of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature can be used for comparing, when the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, the change degrees of the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC are similar, and no lag link exists, so that the DOC is determined to generate the removal fault, the detection accuracy of DOC removal fault detection can be improved, the system identification and robustness are greatly improved, and the false alarm risk is reduced.
fig. 2 is a schematic flow chart of a method for detecting a fault of an oxidation catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 2, the method includes:
S201, when the condition that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient state from a steady state stage is monitored, recording an initial value of the upstream temperature and an initial value of the downstream temperature of the DOC.
In the present embodiment, the steady-state phase is a period in which the temperature change is small. The transient phase is a period of time in which the temperature changes largely. The upstream temperature initialization value is the temperature value of the upstream temperature of the DOC at the time when the transient phase is just entered from the steady-state phase. The downstream temperature initial value is the temperature value of the downstream temperature of the DOC when the transient stage is just entered from the steady-state stage.
the upstream and downstream temperatures of the DOC can be monitored by temperature sensors mounted at locations upstream and downstream of the DOC. When the upstream temperature of the DOC is monitored to enter a transient stage from a steady-state stage, recording an initial upstream temperature value and an initial downstream temperature value of the DOC.
S202, detecting a first variation of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature in the transient stage and a second variation of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature.
In this embodiment, for a transient phase, the first amount of change is indicative of a degree of change in temperature upstream of the DOC during the transient phase. The greater the first amount of change, the greater the degree of change in the upstream temperature of the DOC. The second amount of change is used to characterize a degree of change in temperature downstream of the DOC during the transient period. The larger the second variation amount, the larger the degree of variation in the downstream temperature of the DOC.
The first variation may be a difference between an upstream temperature value and an upstream initial value at a time after a certain time period after the start time of the transient stage; or the integral value of the difference between the upstream temperature and the initial value of the upstream temperature within a certain time period after the starting time of the transient stage; or the difference between the maximum temperature value of the upstream temperature in the transient phase and the initial value of the upstream temperature, etc. The specific form of the first variation may be determined according to actual requirements, and is not limited herein. The specific form of the second variation is consistent with the second variation, and is not described herein again.
S203, if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault.
In this embodiment, it is determined whether a difference between the first variation and the second variation is within a certain range, or a ratio between the first variation and the first variation is within a certain range, or whether the first variation and the second variation are consistent through other manners, which is not limited herein. The first variable quantity and the second variable quantity are consistent and represent that the change degrees of the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC in the transient stage are similar, no lag exists between the downstream temperature and the upstream temperature change, and when the transient change occurs to the upstream temperature of the DOC, the downstream temperature can have the transient change with the same rule immediately, so that the DOC can be determined to have the removal fault. And if the first variation is not consistent with the second variation, determining that the DOC has no removal fault.
according to the embodiment of the invention, when the upstream temperature of the DOC is monitored to enter the transient stage from the steady-state stage, the initial value of the upstream temperature and the initial value of the downstream temperature of the DOC are recorded; detecting a first variation of an upstream temperature of the DOC relative to an initial value of the upstream temperature and a second variation of a downstream temperature of the DOC relative to an initial value of the downstream temperature in the transient phase; if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, the first variable quantity of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature and the second variable quantity of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature can be used for comparing, when the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, the change degrees of the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC are similar, no hysteresis link exists, the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, and the detection accuracy of the DOC removal fault detection can be improved.
Optionally, S203 may include:
calculating a ratio between the second variation and the first variation;
And if the ratio is larger than a first preset threshold value, determining that the DOC has removal faults.
In this embodiment, the first preset threshold is less than 1. The specific value of the first preset threshold may be set according to an actual requirement, for example, the first preset threshold may be set to 0.95, 0.90, and the like, which is not limited herein. If the ratio of the second variation to the first variation is smaller than the first preset threshold, the upstream temperature of the DOC is not similar to the downstream temperature variation, the downstream temperature variation is delayed relative to the upstream temperature variation, and therefore it is determined that the DOC has no removal fault. If the ratio of the second variation to the first variation is larger than the first preset threshold, the ratio is close to 1, the upstream temperature of the DOC and the downstream temperature of the DOC have similar variation degrees, and the downstream temperature variation does not have lag relative to the upstream temperature variation, so that the DOC is determined to have the removal fault.
it is easy to think that when the ratio between the second variation and the first variation is negative, the absolute value of the ratio between the second variation and the first variation may be used to compare with the first preset threshold.
Optionally, after S203, the method may further include:
and generating and sending an alarm message, wherein the alarm message is used for indicating that the DOC has a removal fault.
in this embodiment, after it is determined that the DOC has a removal fault, an alarm message may be generated and sent to prompt the user that the DOC has a removal fault, so that the user can process the fault in time.
Fig. 3 is a schematic flow chart of a method for detecting a malfunction of an oxidation catalyst according to another embodiment of the present invention. The present embodiment describes in detail one implementation manner of detecting the first variation and the second variation. As shown in fig. 3, the method includes:
S301, when the upstream temperature of the oxidation catalyst DOC is monitored to enter a transient stage from a steady-state stage, recording an upstream temperature initial value and a downstream temperature initial value of the DOC.
In this embodiment, S301 is similar to S201 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described here again.
S302, during the period from the starting time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integrated value, wherein the starting time corresponds to the initial value of the upstream temperature, and the preset time is the time after the starting time.
And S303, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value during the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time.
S304 sets the first integrated value as the first variation amount and the second integrated value as the second variation amount.
In this embodiment, the start time is the time when the DOC enters the transient phase. The DOC upstream temperature at the starting time is the initial value of the upstream temperature. The DOC downstream temperature at the starting moment is the initial value of the downstream temperature. The first preset time is a time after the starting time in the transient phase, and the specific form of the first preset time is not limited herein. Optionally, the first preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval between the starting time and the starting time is the time of a first preset time length threshold value;
The moment when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature is maximum;
The end time of the transient phase.
the specific value of the first preset duration threshold may be determined according to an actual requirement, and is not limited herein. For example, when the first preset time threshold is 5 seconds, the first preset time is a time after the starting time and separated from the starting time by 5 seconds.
and during the period from the initial time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integral value. And taking the first integrated value as a first variation, and representing the variation degree of the temperature upstream of the DOC by the first integrated value. And during the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value. And taking the second integrated value as a second variation, and representing the variation degree of the temperature downstream of the DOC through the second integrated value. Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first integrated value obtained by integrating a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and an initial value of the upstream temperature. In the figure, the area of the hatched portion indicates the first integrated value.
S305, if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault.
In this embodiment, S305 is similar to S203 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described herein again.
In the embodiment, the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature and the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature are respectively integrated, and the difference between the temperatures in a certain time is accumulated by utilizing integration processing, so that the change degree of the temperature in the transient stage can be accurately reflected, and the accuracy of DOC removal fault detection is further improved.
fig. 4 is a schematic flow chart of a method for detecting a malfunction of an oxidation catalyst according to another embodiment of the present invention. The present embodiment describes another implementation manner of detecting the first variation and the second variation in detail. As shown in fig. 4, the method includes:
s401, when the condition that the upstream temperature of the oxidation catalyst DOC enters a transient state from a steady state stage is monitored, recording an upstream temperature initial value and a downstream temperature initial value of the DOC.
in this embodiment, S401 is similar to S201 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described here again.
S402, respectively drawing a first change curve of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to time and a second change curve of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to time in the transient stage.
in this embodiment, the first and second profiles may be plotted according to the upstream and downstream temperatures of the DOC collected at different times during the transient phase.
And S403, calculating a first slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a point corresponding to a second preset time on the first change curve.
s404, calculating a second slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature and a point corresponding to the second preset time on the second change curve.
s405, taking the first slope as the first variation and taking the second slope as the second variation.
In this embodiment, the second preset time is a certain time after the starting time in the transient phase, and the specific form of the second preset time is not limited herein. Optionally, the second preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value is the time of a second preset time threshold;
A time when a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial upstream temperature value is maximum.
the specific value of the second preset duration threshold may be determined according to actual requirements, and is not limited herein. For example, when the second preset time threshold is 5 seconds, the second preset time is a time after the starting time and separated from the starting time by 5 seconds.
On the first change curve, the point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature is connected with the point corresponding to the second preset time to form a straight line, a straight line equation of the formed straight line can be calculated according to the two points, and then the slope of the straight line equation is determined, namely the first slope. And taking the first slope as a first variation, and representing the variation degree of the temperature upstream of the DOC through the first slope. On the second change curve, the point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature is connected with the point corresponding to the second preset time to form a straight line, a straight line equation of the formed straight line can be calculated according to the two points, and then the slope of the straight line equation is determined, namely the second slope. And taking the second slope as a second variation, and representing the variation degree of the temperature downstream of the DOC through the second slope. Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a straight line formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature on the first change curve and a point corresponding to the second preset time.
s406, if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault.
in this embodiment, S406 is similar to S203 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described herein again.
In the embodiment, the slope of the linear equation formed by the point corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value on the first change curve and the point corresponding to the second preset time and the slope of the linear equation formed by the point corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value on the second change curve and the point corresponding to the second preset time are respectively calculated, so that the change degree of the temperature in the transient stage can be accurately reflected by using the slope, and the accuracy of the DOC removal fault detection is further improved.
fig. 5 is a schematic flow chart of a method for detecting a malfunction of an oxidation catalyst according to still another embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment describes a specific implementation process for monitoring whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady-state stage. As shown in fig. 5, the method includes:
S501, monitoring the upstream temperature of the DOC.
In this embodiment, the temperature upstream of the DOC may be monitored by a temperature sensor disposed at a location upstream of the DOC.
S502, determining whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady stage according to the difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and a filter value, wherein the filter value is obtained by filtering the upstream temperature of the DOC.
In this embodiment, the filtered value is obtained by filtering the collected upstream temperature. It may be determined that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the transient stage when the difference between the upstream temperature and the filtered value is large; when the difference value between the upstream temperature and the filter value is small, the upstream temperature of the DOC is determined to be in a steady-state stage, and whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from the steady-state stage or not can be accurately determined according to the change of the difference value between the upstream temperature and the filter value.
optionally, determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is less than a second preset threshold;
after the duration that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage exceeds a third preset duration threshold, if the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is monitored to be greater than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage is determined.
In this embodiment, the second preset threshold and the third preset threshold may be determined according to actual requirements, and are not limited herein. The second preset threshold and the third preset threshold may be equal or unequal, and are not limited herein.
and when the difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is smaller than a second preset threshold value, determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in a steady-state stage. After the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage and exceeds a third preset time threshold (such as 3 seconds), if the difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filter value is changed from being smaller than the second preset threshold to being larger than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage from the steady-state stage is indicated. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the temperature upstream of the DOC during a period of time in a steady state phase and a transient phase, respectively.
S503, when the upstream temperature of the oxidation catalyst DOC is monitored to enter a transient stage from a steady-state stage, recording an upstream temperature initial value and a downstream temperature initial value of the DOC.
in this embodiment, S503 is similar to S201 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described herein again.
s504, detecting a first variation of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature in the transient stage and a second variation of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature.
In this embodiment, S504 is similar to S202 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described here again.
and S505, if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault.
In this embodiment, S505 is similar to S203 in the embodiment of fig. 2, and is not described herein again.
the stage that DOC upstream temperature is located is judged through the difference between DOC's upstream temperature and the filtering value to this embodiment, can accurately monitor the moment that DOC's upstream temperature enters transient stage by steady state stage.
the change rule of the DOC upstream and downstream temperatures used in the detection process of the embodiment of the invention is only related to the DOC upstream and downstream temperature change degrees and is not related to the respective sizes of the DOC upstream and downstream temperatures, and the calibration threshold is applicable to the temperature range of the DOC with the largest number and the working condition of the engine. As the adopted monitoring window is the moment of transition from the steady state to the transient state, the DOC upstream and downstream temperature change laws with the hysteresis link are obviously different, the system identification degree is high, and the calibration threshold range is wider.
Fig. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 9, the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection device 90 includes: a recording module 901, a detection module 902 and a processing module 903.
The recording module 901 is configured to record an initial upstream temperature value and an initial downstream temperature value of the DOC when it is monitored that the upstream temperature of the oxidation catalyst DOC enters a transient state from a steady state.
A detecting module 902 is configured to detect a first variation of an upstream temperature of the DOC with respect to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second variation of a downstream temperature of the DOC with respect to the initial value of the downstream temperature in the transient phase.
and the processing module 903 is configured to determine that the DOC has a removal fault if the first variation is consistent with the second variation.
According to the embodiment of the invention, when the upstream temperature of the DOC is monitored to enter the transient stage from the steady-state stage through the recording module, the initial value of the upstream temperature and the initial value of the downstream temperature of the DOC are recorded; the detection module detects a first variation of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to an initial value of the upstream temperature and a second variation of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to an initial value of the downstream temperature in a transient stage; if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, the processing module determines that the DOC has the removal fault, can compare the first variable quantity of the upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature with the second variable quantity of the downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature, and shows that the change degrees of the upstream temperature and the downstream temperature of the DOC are similar when the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, so that no hysteresis link exists, the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, and the detection accuracy of the DOC removal fault detection can be improved.
Fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 10, the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus 90 provided in this embodiment may further include, in addition to the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus provided in the embodiment shown in fig. 9: monitoring module 904, alarm module 905.
optionally, the detecting module 902 is configured to:
during the period from the starting time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integral value, wherein the starting time corresponds to the initial value of the upstream temperature, and the preset time is the time after the starting time;
During the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value;
the first integrated value is taken as the first variation amount, and the second integrated value is taken as the second variation amount.
optionally, the first preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval between the starting time and the starting time is the time of a first preset time length threshold value;
The moment when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature is maximum;
The end time of the transient phase.
optionally, the detecting module 902 is configured to:
plotting a first curve of temperature upstream of the DOC versus time and a second curve of temperature downstream of the DOC versus time, respectively, during the transient phase;
calculating a first slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a point corresponding to a second preset time on the first change curve;
Calculating a second slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature and a point corresponding to the second preset time on the second change curve;
and taking the first slope as the first variation and the second slope as the second variation.
optionally, the second preset time is at least one of the following:
The time interval corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value is the time of a second preset time threshold;
a time when a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial upstream temperature value is maximum.
Optionally, the processing module 903 is configured to:
Calculating a ratio between the second variation and the first variation;
and if the ratio is larger than a first preset threshold value, determining that the DOC has removal faults.
Optionally, the monitoring module 904 is configured to:
monitoring a temperature upstream of the DOC;
and determining whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady stage according to a difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and a filter value, wherein the filter value is obtained by filtering the upstream temperature of the DOC.
Optionally, the monitoring module 904 is configured to:
determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage when a difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is less than a second preset threshold;
after the duration that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage exceeds a third preset duration threshold, if the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is monitored to be greater than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage is determined.
Optionally, the alarm module 905 is configured to:
And after the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, generating and sending an alarm message, wherein the alarm message is used for indicating that the DOC has the removal fault.
The oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus provided by the embodiment of the present invention can be used to implement the above method embodiments, and the implementation principle and technical effect are similar, which are not described herein again.
Fig. 11 is a schematic hardware configuration diagram of an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 11, the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus 110 provided by the present embodiment includes: at least one processor 1101 and memory 1102. The oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus 110 further includes a communication section 1103. The processor 1101, the memory 1102, and the communication unit 1103 are connected by a bus 1104.
In a particular implementation, the at least one processor 1101 executes computer-executable instructions stored by the memory 1102 to cause the at least one processor 1101 to perform the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection method described above.
for a specific implementation process of the processor 1101, reference may be made to the above method embodiments, which implement similar principles and technical effects, and details of this embodiment are not described herein again.
in the embodiment shown in fig. 11, it should be understood that the Processor may be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), other general purpose Processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), etc. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor or the processor may be any conventional processor or the like. The steps of a method disclosed in connection with the present invention may be embodied directly in a hardware processor, or in a combination of the hardware and software modules within the processor.
The memory may comprise high speed RAM memory and may also include non-volatile storage NVM, such as at least one disk memory.
the bus may be an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, an Extended ISA (EISA) bus, or the like. The bus may be divided into an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, etc. For ease of illustration, the buses in the figures of the present application are not limited to only one bus or one type of bus.
The present application also provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection method as described above.
the computer-readable storage medium may be implemented by any type of volatile or non-volatile memory device or combination thereof, such as Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), read-only memory (ROM), magnetic memory, flash memory, magnetic or optical disk. Readable storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.
an exemplary readable storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the readable storage medium. Of course, the readable storage medium may also be an integral part of the processor. The processor and the readable storage medium may reside in an Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). Of course, the processor and the readable storage medium may also reside as discrete components in the apparatus.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: all or a portion of the steps of implementing the above-described method embodiments may be performed by hardware associated with program instructions. The program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When executed, the program performs steps comprising the method embodiments described above; and the aforementioned storage medium includes: various media that can store program codes, such as ROM, RAM, magnetic or optical disks.
finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (20)
1. a method of oxidation catalyst fault detection, comprising:
when monitoring that the upstream temperature of an oxidation catalyst (DOC) enters a transient stage from a steady-state stage, recording an initial upstream temperature value and an initial downstream temperature value of the DOC;
detecting a first amount of change in an upstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second amount of change in a downstream temperature of the DOC from the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase;
And if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity, determining that the DOC has a removal fault.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting a first amount of change in an upstream temperature of the DOC from the upstream temperature initial value and a second amount of change in a downstream temperature of the DOC from the downstream temperature initial value during the transient phase comprises:
During the period from the starting time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integral value, wherein the starting time corresponds to the initial value of the upstream temperature, and the preset time is the time after the starting time;
during the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value;
The first integrated value is taken as the first variation amount, and the second integrated value is taken as the second variation amount.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval between the starting time and the starting time is the time of a first preset time length threshold value;
the moment when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature is maximum;
the end time of the transient phase.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting a first amount of change in an upstream temperature of the DOC from the upstream temperature initial value and a second amount of change in a downstream temperature of the DOC from the downstream temperature initial value during the transient phase comprises:
Plotting a first curve of temperature upstream of the DOC versus time and a second curve of temperature downstream of the DOC versus time, respectively, during the transient phase;
calculating a first slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a point corresponding to a second preset time on the first change curve;
calculating a second slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature and a point corresponding to the second preset time on the second change curve;
and taking the first slope as the first variation and the second slope as the second variation.
5. the method according to claim 4, characterized in that the second preset moment is any one of the following:
The time interval corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value is the time of a second preset time threshold;
a time when a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial upstream temperature value is maximum.
6. the method of claim 1, wherein determining that the DOC has a removal failure if the first variation is consistent with the second variation comprises:
calculating a ratio between the second variation and the first variation;
and if the ratio is larger than a first preset threshold value, determining that the DOC has removal faults.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
Monitoring a temperature upstream of the DOC;
and determining whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady stage according to a difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and a filter value, wherein the filter value is obtained by filtering the upstream temperature of the DOC.
8. the method of claim 7, wherein determining whether the temperature upstream of the DOC has entered a transient phase from a steady-state phase based on a difference between the temperature upstream of the DOC and the filtered value comprises:
determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage when a difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is less than a second preset threshold;
after the duration that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage exceeds a third preset duration threshold, if the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is monitored to be greater than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage is determined.
9. the method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein after determining that the DOC has a removal failure, the method further comprises:
And generating and sending an alarm message, wherein the alarm message is used for indicating that the DOC has a removal fault.
10. An oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus, comprising:
The recording module is used for recording an upstream temperature initial value and a downstream temperature initial value of the DOC when monitoring that the upstream temperature of the oxidation catalyst DOC enters a transient stage from a steady-state stage;
A detection module for detecting a first variation of an upstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a second variation of a downstream temperature of the DOC relative to the initial value of the downstream temperature during the transient phase;
And the processing module is used for determining that the DOC has removal faults if the first variable quantity is consistent with the second variable quantity.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the detection module is configured to:
During the period from the starting time of the transient stage to a first preset time, integrating the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature to obtain a first integral value, wherein the starting time corresponds to the initial value of the upstream temperature, and the preset time is the time after the starting time;
During the period from the initial time of the transient stage to the first preset time, integrating the difference between the downstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the downstream temperature to obtain a second integral value;
The first integrated value is taken as the first variation amount, and the second integrated value is taken as the second variation amount.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first preset time is any one of the following:
The time interval between the starting time and the starting time is the time of a first preset time length threshold value;
the moment when the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial value of the upstream temperature is maximum;
The end time of the transient phase.
13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the detection module is configured to:
plotting a first curve of temperature upstream of the DOC versus time and a second curve of temperature downstream of the DOC versus time, respectively, during the transient phase;
Calculating a first slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the upstream temperature and a point corresponding to a second preset time on the first change curve;
calculating a second slope of a linear equation formed by a point corresponding to the initial value of the downstream temperature and a point corresponding to the second preset time on the second change curve;
and taking the first slope as the first variation and the second slope as the second variation.
14. the apparatus of claim 13, wherein the second predetermined time is at least one of:
The time interval corresponding to the upstream temperature initial value is the time of a second preset time threshold;
a time when a difference between an upstream temperature of the DOC and the initial upstream temperature value is maximum.
15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processing module is configured to:
calculating a ratio between the second variation and the first variation;
And if the ratio is larger than a first preset threshold value, determining that the DOC has removal faults.
16. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising a monitoring module to:
monitoring a temperature upstream of the DOC;
And determining whether the upstream temperature of the DOC enters a transient stage from a steady stage according to a difference value between the upstream temperature of the DOC and a filter value, wherein the filter value is obtained by filtering the upstream temperature of the DOC.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the monitoring module is configured to:
determining that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage when a difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is less than a second preset threshold;
After the duration that the upstream temperature of the DOC is in the steady-state stage exceeds a third preset duration threshold, if the difference between the upstream temperature of the DOC and the filtered value is monitored to be greater than the third preset threshold, the fact that the upstream temperature of the DOC enters the transient stage is determined.
18. the apparatus of any one of claims 10-16, further comprising an alarm module to:
and after the DOC is determined to have the removal fault, generating and sending an alarm message, wherein the alarm message is used for indicating that the DOC has the removal fault.
19. an oxidation catalyst malfunction detection apparatus, comprising: at least one processor and memory;
the memory stores computer-executable instructions;
The at least one processor executing the computer-executable instructions stored by the memory causes the at least one processor to perform the oxidation catalyst malfunction detection method of any one of claims 1-9.
20. A computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, implement the oxidation catalyst fault detection method of any one of claims 1-9.
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