CN110477398A - 壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明涉及壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用。本发明所述的应用是将壳聚糖添加到食品中,所述壳聚糖的添加量为食品质量的3‑10%,所述食品为高脂食品。高脂食品具有脂肪含量高的特点,人体摄入后容易引起肥胖问题,向高脂食品中添加壳聚糖,在保证食品口感的同时,可以利用壳聚糖对肠道微生物的调节作用,增加瘦素水平,减轻体脂,在摄入高脂食品的同时,达到控制体重、抵抗肥胖的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用,属于食品技术领域。
背景技术
肥胖是一种被定义为与寿命减少和复杂健康问题有关的一种疾病。全球范围内肥胖愈发流行,全世界约有5亿肥胖人群和14亿超重人群,并且已经成为影响人群健康和生活水平的重要因素之一。许多研究表明,肥胖同时也是引起诸多***性疾病的元凶,比如心血管疾病,糖尿病,脂肪肝,代谢综合征,全身低度炎症甚至是癌症,而全世界用于治疗肥胖带来的健康问题以及心理问题所消耗的直接、间接费用及无形损失即占卫生支出的4%,预防肥胖及其相关疾病已经成为人类目前的挑战之一。引起肥胖的原因有很多,目前较为被大众所认同的是饮食生活习惯以及心理压力。但是越来越多的研究表明肥胖的主要病因之一是肠道菌群的失调,如拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比例的失调。也有许多研究已经证实可以通过调节肠道微生物从而治疗肥胖。比如通过减少人体中的Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron来增加血清中谷氨酸含量,菊粉和半乳糖寡糖通过增加双歧杆菌来控制体重,而***木聚糖则是通过促进多种产丁酸盐微生物的增加来控制体重,多酚则是通过双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、艾克曼菌等来控制体重。
中国专利文献CN101999580A(申请号201010565320.3)公开了一种可口的减肥糊状食品,各成分按重量比计:抗性淀粉1.5-15%,菊粉5-40%,低聚木糖5-40%,鲜玉米粒5-40%,乳清蛋白5-30%,竹叶黄酮0.01-0.06%,杞子1-20%,车前子2-20%,葫芦巴2-20%,白扁豆2-20%,骨胶原0.5-4%,山楂1-10%,壳聚糖0.15-3%,水30-70%。该发明根据现代医学和营养学原理,结合中医药理论和经验,制得一种可口的减肥糊状食品。该发明所述的减肥食品根据现代医学和营养学原理严格控制食品中的成分及含量,虽然可以通过减少热量吸收达到降脂的目的,但是与普通食品相比,其口感不佳,食用感较差。
壳聚糖又称脱乙酰甲壳素,化学名称为聚葡萄糖胺(1-4)-2-氨基-B-D葡萄糖,是一种与纤维素结构相似的不溶性膳食纤维,是自然界中唯一的氨基多糖,并被证明有多种生物功能如抗肥胖、降糖、降脂、减轻脂肪肝等等。虽然高分子壳聚糖在肠内不被吸收,但是可以像膳食纤维一样起作用,通过对肠道菌群的影响从而影响机体的健康状态,针对目前多种对于肥胖的治疗方法,本发明可以通过壳聚糖饮食干预影响特定的肠道微生物,通过特定肠道微生物的作用起到抗肥胖效果。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明提供了壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用。
本发明的技术方案如下:
壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用,其特征在于,所述应用是将壳聚糖添加到食品中,所述壳聚糖的添加量为食品质量的3-10%。
根据本发明优选的,所述壳聚糖的添加量为食品质量的5%。
根据本发明优选的,所述食品为高脂食品。
本发明中,所述的高脂食品中脂肪热能的比例>50%。
本发明向高脂食品中添加壳聚糖,通过壳聚糖调节肠道微生物水平,增加肠道中Parabacteroides goldsteinii、Clostridium ramosum、Clostridium leptum和Coprobacillus cateniformis的菌群数量,同时减少肠道中Clostridiumlactatifermentans、Clostridium cocleatum、Enterorhabdus mucosicola、Parvibactercaecicola和Eubacterium coprostanoligenes的菌群数量,增加瘦素水平,减轻体脂,控制体重。
有益效果:
本发明通过向食品中添加壳聚糖的方式制备抗肥胖食品。高脂食品具有脂肪含量高的特点,人体摄入后容易引起肥胖问题,向高脂食品中添加壳聚糖,在保证食品口感的同时,可以利用壳聚糖对肠道微生物的调节作用,增加肠道中Parabacteroidesgoldsteinii、Clostridium ramosum、Clostridium leptum和Coprobacilluscateniformis的菌群数量,同时减少肠道中Clostridium lactatifermentans、Clostridium cocleatum、Enterorhabdus mucosicola、Parvibacter caecicola和Eubacterium coprostanoligenes的菌群数量,增加瘦素水平,减轻体脂,在摄入高脂食品的同时,达到控制体重、抵抗肥胖的目的。
附图说明
图1为四组小鼠体重的变化曲线,图中,横坐标为时间,单位为天,纵坐标为体重,单位为g;
图2为四组小鼠体重的体脂率柱状图,图中,横坐标为组别,纵坐标为体脂率;****:P≤0.001;
图3为四组小鼠附睾脂肪细胞HE染色图,图中,L为5wt%纤维素低脂小鼠饲料喂养组,LC为5wt%壳聚糖低脂小鼠饲料喂养组,H为5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料喂养组,HC为5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料喂养组;
图4为四组小鼠脂肪细胞面积大小柱状图,图中,纵坐标为细胞面积,单位为mm2;****:P≤0.001;
图5为四组小鼠血液中瘦素含量柱状图,图中,纵坐标为瘦素含量,单位为ng/mL;***:P≤0.005;
图6为四组小鼠Ileum肠段炎症因子水平柱状图;图中,**:P≤0.01;*:P≤0.05;
图7为两组高脂喂养小鼠不同时间菌群差异变化柱状图;图中,A为饲养第0天两组高脂喂养小鼠的菌群差异柱状图,B为饲养第7天两组高脂喂养小鼠的菌群差异柱状图,C为饲养第14天两组高脂喂养小鼠的菌群差异柱状图,D为饲养第28天两组高脂喂养小鼠的菌群差异柱状图,D0H、D7H、D14H、D28H分别为第0、7、14、28天5%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料喂养组,D0HC、D7HC、D14HC、D28HC分别为第0、7、14、28天5%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料喂养组,横坐标为差异菌群的拉丁文名称,纵坐标为相对含量;
图8为小鼠差异菌群与小鼠生理指标斯皮尔曼关联分析图;图中,**:P≤0.01;*:P≤0.05。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和说明书附图对本发明的技术方案作进一步说明,但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于此。实施例中涉及的实验材料,若无特殊说明,均为普通市售产品。实施例中涉及的实验操作,若无特殊说明,均为本领域常规实验操作。
低脂小鼠饲料和高脂小鼠饲料均购自美国Research Diets公司,其中,低脂小鼠饲料的货号为D12450J,高脂小鼠饲料的货号为D12492。
实施例中的壳聚糖购自sigma公司,货号为448869,分子量为50000-190000Da。
实施例1
准备四种小鼠饲料,分别为含5wt%纤维素的低脂小鼠饲料,含5wt%纤维素的高脂小鼠饲料,含5wt%壳聚糖的高脂小鼠饲料,含5%壳聚糖的低脂小鼠饲料;
正常饮食中都含有一定量的不溶性膳食纤维,标准饮食不溶性膳食纤维含量大约是6wt%左右,实施例1中壳聚糖与纤维素都属于不溶性膳食纤维,控制变量,添加5wt%纤维素的为对照组,添加5wt%壳聚糖的为实验组。
取48只体重血糖均一的小鼠,平均分为4组,分别喂养四种小鼠饲料,并分别记做L组(5wt%纤维素低脂小鼠饲料),LC组(5wt%壳聚糖低脂小鼠饲料),H组(5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料),HC组(5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料)。
喂养1个月之后称量四组小鼠体重并取小鼠组织进行实验分析。喂养过程中每周取小鼠粪便一次,实验结束后进行肠道菌群分析。
1:小鼠体重分析:喂养过程中每隔4天称量一次小鼠体重,四组小鼠的体重变化情况如图1所示,喂养低脂小鼠饲料的L组和LC组小鼠体重增加不明显,喂养高脂小鼠饲料的H组和HC组小鼠的体重增加量明显高于低脂小鼠饲料喂养组,但是HC组小鼠的体重增加量明显低于H组小鼠的体重增加量,说明将壳聚糖添加到高脂食品中可以减轻高脂饮食造成的肥胖问题。
2:体脂分析:通过解剖小鼠附睾、背腹及肠道,将小鼠附睾脂肪、背腹脂肪、肠系膜脂肪称重作为白色脂肪代表,检测体脂率,检测结果如图2所示;并将附睾脂肪进行石蜡切片,HE染色,染色结果如图3所示,通过Image J软件计算得到脂肪细胞面积大小,计算结果如图4所示。
由图2可知,喂养低脂小鼠饲料的L组和LC组小鼠的体脂率较低,喂养高脂小鼠饲料的H组和HC组小鼠的体脂率均有所升高,但是在5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料喂养的小鼠(HC组)中体脂率的升高量较小,且与5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料喂养的小鼠(H组)相比差异显著(p<0.001),说明将壳聚糖添加到高脂食品中可以减轻高脂饮食造成的体脂率升高的问题。
由图3可知,喂养低脂小鼠饲料的L组和LC组小鼠的脂肪细胞较小,5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料喂养的小鼠(HC组)的脂肪细胞面积有所增大,经5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料喂养的小鼠(H组)脂肪细胞最大;由图4可知,5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料喂养的小鼠(HC组)的脂肪细胞面积与喂养低脂小鼠饲料的L组和LC组小鼠的脂肪细胞面积相比,增加幅度不大,但是与喂养5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料的小鼠(H组)相比,差异显著(p<0.001),说明将壳聚糖添加到高脂食品中可以减轻高脂饮食造成的脂肪细胞增大的问题。
3:瘦素的检测:小鼠解剖时,取小鼠血液,4℃放置30分钟,1000g离心10分钟取上清,继续1000g离心10min得血浆,Elisa试剂盒检测瘦素水平,检测结果如图5所示。
喂养低脂小鼠饲料的L组和LC组小鼠以及喂养5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料的H组小鼠,血液中的瘦素含量为5-6ng/mL,喂养5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料的HC组小鼠血液中的瘦素含量为10ng/mL,且H组小鼠与HC组小鼠血液中的瘦素含量差异显著(p<0.005),说明壳聚糖的添加增加了高脂饮食组小鼠的瘦素水平,壳聚糖在抗肥胖中起关键作用。
4:炎症因子的检测:解剖取的小鼠Ileum肠段,采用PCR技术检测小鼠肠道炎症因子水平,检测的炎症因子包括TNF、IL-6、IL-10、IL-1b、IFN,检测结果如图6所示。
由图6可知,喂养5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料的H组小鼠的炎症因子,包括TNF、IL-6、IL-10、IL-1b、IFN均明显升高,但是喂养5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料的HC组小鼠的炎症因子却没有明显的升高,且IL-6、IL-10、IL-1b的水平与低脂小鼠饲料喂养的小鼠水平相近,说明壳聚糖可以降低高脂饮食引起的低度肠道炎症反应。
5:肠道微生物分析及菌群关联分析
喂养过程中每周取小鼠粪便,采用高通量测序技术对小鼠粪便中的微生物菌群进行分析,在不同时间段,四组小鼠肠道微生物构成差异显著,喂养5wt%壳聚糖低脂小鼠饲料的LC组小鼠和喂养5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料的HC组小鼠肠道菌群结构相似。两组高脂饮食小鼠的分析结果如图7所示,相对于5wt%纤维素高脂小鼠饲料喂养的H组小鼠,喂养5wt%壳聚糖高脂小鼠饲料的HC组小鼠肠道中Parabacteroides goldsteinii、Clostridium ramosum、Clostridium leptum和Coprobacillus cateniformis的菌群数量有所增加,并且减少了一部分细菌如Clostridium cocleatum、Clostridiumlactatifermentans、Enterorhabdus mucosicola、Parvibacter caecicola和Eubacteriumcoprostanoligenes的菌群数量。
将小鼠生理指标与肠道差异微生物进行斯皮尔曼关联分析,得到菌群与小鼠生理指标的关联,从而发现壳聚糖通过对肠道微生物的调节而引起指标变动从而起到的抗肥胖作用,分析结果如图8所示,图中,**:P≤0.01;*:P≤0.05,从图中可以看出,Clostridiumlactatifermentans,Clostridium cocleatum与体重体脂等指标呈正相关;Coprobacilluscateniformis,Clostridium leptum与瘦素水平呈正相关;并且Clostridiumlactatifermentans与血脂水平呈正相关,说明菌群变化在内分泌和体重方面起到的重要作用。
本发明提供一种通过壳聚糖辅助高脂条件下调节肠道微生物,改善某些特定菌群丰度影响高脂饮食下激素水平及其体重体脂的应用方法。如通过增加Coprobacilluscateniformis和Clostridium leptum增加瘦素水平控制体重,同时通过减少Clostridiumlactatifermentans、Clostridium cocleatum、Enterorhabdus mucosicola和Eubacteriumcoprostanoligenes来减轻体重和体脂。
Claims (3)
1.壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用,其特征在于,所述应用是将壳聚糖添加到食品中,所述壳聚糖的添加量为食品质量的3-10%。
2.如权利要求1所述的壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用,其特征在于,所述壳聚糖的添加量为食品质量的5%。
3.如权利要求1所述的壳聚糖在制备抗肥胖食品中的应用,其特征在于,所述食品为高脂食品。
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