CN110447332B - Thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method, which comprises the following steps: dividing the slope surface into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a first no-tillage area of 20-30cm between every two adjacent cultivation modules; carrying out intermittent deep ploughing in the ploughing module to form a wide ridge and a second no-ploughing area, wherein the ground height of the wide ridge naturally floats upwards by 10-15cm under the action of ploughing, the width of the wide ridge is 1.5-6m, and the width of the second no-ploughing area is 15-30 cm; the cultivation is carried out in cultivation directions of 40-50 degrees in an oblique direction and 140 degrees in an oblique direction between adjacent wide ridges at intervals. The method can effectively solve the problems that the soil layer is easy to become thinner day by day, the soil fertilizer and water retention capacity is reduced and the soil gathering no-tillage process is complicated in the existing tillage method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, in particular to a thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method.
Background
The purple soil is rich in mineral nutrients and high in natural fertility, but frequent cultivation and unreasonable management cause serious water and soil loss of purple soil slope, soil degradation, particularly obvious soil shallow thinning characteristic, and the shallow soil becomes a key element for restricting water retention, fertilizer retention, yield increase and income increase of the purple soil. The serious water and soil loss not only causes the soil nutrient loss, the soil fertility degradation, the soil quality reduction and the agricultural cost increase, but also causes the soil grittization and the coarse ossification area to increase year by year, and becomes an important restriction factor for grain growth and agricultural sustainable development. The water and soil loss is a carrier for non-point source pollutant transmission, nitrogen and phosphorus enter rivers along with the water and soil loss to cause river pollution, and the river sediment deposition also seriously threatens the safety of basin ecology and hydropower engineering.
The strong farming erosion of the purple soil area causes the soil to run off on the upward slope, so that the thickness of the soil layer on the upward slope is continuously reduced, the thickness is generally only 10-20cm, the sand and gravel in the soil are more, and the water and fertilizer retention performance is poor. The farming erosion area is the area with the thinnest soil layer and the lowest yield of the sloping field, and the farming erosion becomes one of the important reasons for the soil degradation and the productivity reduction of the purple soil sloping field. The purple soil belongs to lithologic soil, the lithologic property is soft, the purple soil is easy to be mechanically crushed, the physical weathering is fast, when the thickness of a soil layer is smaller than the tillage depth, the tillage machine can crush mother rocks to supplement soil lost from a tillage layer, and the thickness of the soil layer is closely related to that of an uphill soil layer. In the prior art, hoeing, cattle pulling and plowing or rotary cultivator cultivation is utilized, because the cultivation depth is generally only 12-18cm, and the deepest cultivation depth is not more than 25cm, only shallow soil layers can be maintained, and the capability of increasing the thickness of the soil layers is limited. Meanwhile, for hoe tillage, cattle pull tillage or rotary cultivator tillage, the increase of the tillage depth is beneficial to the increase of the thickness of soil layers, but the tillage erosion strength is increased along with the increase of the soil layer thickness.
A large cross slope and small down slope type slope terrace structure and a construction method thereof are important water and soil conservation measures for farming of purple soil slopes, a long down slope is divided into small down slopes by excavating a cross slope cut-off trench, and the length of the small down slope in a ridge forming area of the down slope is smaller than the critical slope length of the slope where a thin trench occurs, so that the purposes of water conservation and corrosion reduction (thin trench corrosion reduction) are achieved, but the influence of farming corrosion is neglected by the technology. The soil erosion of the purple soil slope land is the result of combined action of water erosion and farming erosion, and the water erosion is dominant for a long slope, while the farming erosion is dominant for a short steep slope, and the water erosion and the farming erosion are comprehensively considered for water and soil conservation. Shortening the slope length reduces water erosion, but the upper portion of each small downslope becomes a farming erosion area, resulting in significant enhancement of farming erosion. In the past, the erosion of the uphill part can be compensated by 'picking sand surface soil', but the number of the labor force in rural areas is gradually reduced and the rural areas tend to be aged, and farmers still using the method to keep the soil are fewer and fewer every year, so that the soil layer of the uphill part is thinner and thinner.
A dry land soil accumulation no-tillage cultivation method is widely used for solving the problems of ' drought, thinness and erosion ' of purple soil dry sloping lands, and comprises the steps of ' soil accumulation and ridge building, and bottom padding by ridge-based organic fertilizer; furrows are arranged among the ridges, deep ploughing is carried out in the furrows to increase fertilizer, and a water-retaining soil block is added; leaving stubbles on ridges in summer without tillage, carrying out little tillage in autumn, and exchanging ridges and furrows regularly; performing furrow stereoscopic planting; the multifunctional water-bearing forest land-cultivating and water-bearing land-cultivating system is formed by matching the forest land-bearing system with the water-bearing system and other links, and has the multi-target unified comprehensive benefits of soil improvement and fertilization, corrosion prevention and thickening, drought resistance and water storage, labor saving, production increase and income increase. However, the soil gathering no-tillage process is complicated, the manpower and material resource consumption is huge, the labor force in rural areas is greatly reduced at present, and the farming method is adopted less and less.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a thin-layer purple soil active soil water-retaining cultivation method which can effectively solve the problems that the soil layer is gradually thinned, the soil fertilizer-retaining water-retaining capacity is reduced and the soil-gathering no-tillage process is complicated in the conventional cultivation method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
a thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dividing the slope surface into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a first no-tillage area of 20-30cm between every two adjacent cultivation modules;
(2) carrying out intermittent deep ploughing in the ploughing module in the step (1), wherein the deep ploughing forms a wide ridge and a second no-ploughing area, the ground height of the wide ridge naturally floats upwards by 10-15cm under the action of the deep ploughing, the width of the wide ridge is 1.5-6m, and the width of the second no-ploughing area is 15-30 cm;
(3) and (3) cultivating in the cultivation direction of 40-50 degrees in an inclined way and 140 degrees in an inclined way between the adjacent wide ridges in the step (2).
Further, in the step (2), when the slope gradient S is less than or equal to 10 degrees, the width of the wide ridge is set to be 5-6m, when the slope gradient S is less than or equal to 10 degrees and less than 15 degrees, the width of the wide ridge is set to be 4-5m, and when the slope gradient S is more than or equal to 15 degrees, the width of the wide ridge is set to be 1.5-4 m.
Furthermore, when the part with the soil thickness smaller than 20cm is cultivated in the cultivating module in the step (2), deep cultivation is carried out by using a vertical rotary tillage machine, the deep cultivation depth is based on the crushing depth of the parent rocks being more than 6-12cm, the speed of the parent rocks forming soil is accelerated by deep cultivation people, and the thickness of the soil layer is increased; when the thickness of the soil layer reaches 40-50cm, the vertical rotary cultivator is adopted to deeply plough for 1 time per year or every 2 years, and the other cultivation time adopts the cultivation in a no-tillage or shallow-tillage mode.
Further, the cultivation is carried out in the cultivation directions of 45-degree oblique and 135-degree oblique between the adjacent wide ridges in the step (3) intermittently.
The beneficial effects produced by adopting the scheme are as follows:
1. open source throttling, increase soil thickness: the method of the invention deeply ploughs and breaks the matrix rock under shallow soil, and achieves the purposes of accelerating the soil-forming rate of the matrix rock and quickly supplementing plough layer soil by utilizing the cultivation; a structure with wide ridges alternating with a second no-tillage area is formed by deep tillage, the overground part of the second no-tillage area plays a role of a drainage ditch, and a slope drainage system is formed with side ditches, so that the drainage of surface runoff is accelerated; the underground part plays a role in retaining runoff, improves the hydrothermal condition of soil in a second no-tillage area and accelerates the weathering of parent rock fragments; meanwhile, the invention adopts the cultivation directions of 40-50 degrees of slant and 140 degrees of 130 degrees of slant for cultivation, can reduce cultivation erosion and water erosion rate at the same time, and cooperates with protective cultivation measures such as no-tillage, little tillage and the like, thereby effectively weakening the soil loss strength, and realizing the rapid increase of the soil thickness of shallow soil layers under the double actions of promoting the rock formation and preventing and controlling erosion.
2. The soil is alive and the water is preserved, the crop yield is improved: compared with the traditional cultivation, the method has the advantages that the cultivation depth is obviously increased, the depth of a cultivation layer is increased by 12-28cm, the plough bottom layer can be broken, the depth of a live soil layer is effectively increased, the soil fertility of deep purple soil can be activated and mobilized, the soil volume weight is obviously reduced, the soil permeability is increased, the soil moisture infiltration and storage capacity is enhanced, a slope fluctuation structure formed by cultivation can effectively block runoff, a plurality of reservoirs for accumulating soil moisture are generated on the slope, the soil moisture utilization efficiency is improved, and the natural yield increase of crops is promoted.
3. Quality improvement and synergism are achieved, and soil conservation is promoted: the method of the invention utilizes the vertical rotary tillage machinery to complete the traditional operations of plowing, harrowing, crushing and the like at one time, does not turn over soil in the tillage process, does not damage the soil structure, promotes the efficient utilization of resources such as light, temperature, moisture and the like, effectively promotes the sustainable development of agriculture in purple soil areas, is simple and convenient to operate, is an efficient and environment-friendly protective tillage method, and realizes the soil conservation and recovery of purple soil.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic plan view of the present invention (the direction of the arrow in the figure is the planting direction).
Wherein: 1. a farming module; 2. a first no-tillage zone; 3. a wide ridge; 4. a second no-tillage zone; 5. and (4) side ditches.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
A thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dividing a slope surface with the slope of 9 degrees into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a 23cm first no-tillage area between every two adjacent cultivation modules;
(2) carrying out intermittent deep ploughing in the ploughing module in the step (1) by using a vertical rotary tillage machine, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably that the crushing depth of parent rocks is more than 7cm, so as to form a wide ridge and a second no-tillage area, the ground height of the wide ridge naturally floats upwards by 10-15cm under the action of ploughing, the width of the wide ridge is 6m, and the width of the thin ditch is 20 cm;
(3) cultivating in the cultivation direction of 45-degree oblique and 135-degree oblique among adjacent wide ridges in the step (2) intermittently; the cultivation is continued for 3 years in this way.
Example 2
A thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dividing a slope surface with the gradient of 16 degrees into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a 26cm first no-tillage area between every two adjacent cultivation modules;
(2) carrying out intermittent deep ploughing in the ploughing module in the step (1) by using a vertical rotary tillage machine, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably that the crushing depth of parent rocks is more than 10cm, so as to form a wide ridge and a second no-tillage area, the ground height of the wide ridge naturally floats upwards by 10-15cm under the action of ploughing, the width of the wide ridge is 3m, and the width of a thin ditch is 25 cm;
(3) cultivating in the cultivation direction of 45-degree oblique and 135-degree oblique among adjacent wide ridges in the step (2) intermittently; the cultivation is continued for 3 years in this way.
Comparative example 1
A thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dividing a slope surface with the slope of 9 degrees into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a 23cm first no-tillage area between every two adjacent cultivation modules;
(2) deep ploughing in the ploughing module in the step (1) by using a vertical rotary tillage machine, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably more than 7cm of the crushing depth of the parent rock, and the ground naturally floats up by 10-15cm after deep ploughing;
(3) tilling in a tilling direction inclined by 45 degrees in the step (2); the cultivation is continued for 3 years in this way.
Comparative example 2
A thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) intermittent deep ploughing is carried out on a slope surface with the gradient of 9 degrees by using a vertical rotary tillage machine, the deep ploughing depth is preferably that the crushing depth of parent rocks is more than 7cm, a wide ridge and a no-tillage area are formed, the ground height of the wide ridge naturally floats upwards by 10-15cm under the action of tillage, the width of the wide ridge is 6m, and the width of the no-tillage area is 20 cm;
(2) cultivating in the cultivation direction of 45-degree oblique and 135-degree oblique among adjacent wide ridges in the step (1) intermittently; the cultivation is continued for 3 years in this way.
Comparative example 3
A thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) dividing a slope surface with the slope of 9 degrees into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a 23cm first no-tillage area between every two adjacent cultivation modules;
(2) ploughing in the ploughing module in the step (1) to form a wide ridge and a second no-tillage area, wherein the width of the wide ridge is 6m, and the width of the second no-tillage area is 20 cm;
(3) cultivating in the cultivation direction of 45-degree oblique and 135-degree oblique among adjacent wide ridges in the step (2) intermittently; the cultivation is continued for 3 years in this way.
Test examples
Firstly, dividing the land with the same soil condition into 5 lands, wherein the 5 lands have comparability, cultivating the 5 lands by the methods in examples 1-2 and comparative examples 1-3 respectively, measuring the average thickness of the soil after cultivation according to the methods in examples 1-2 and comparative examples 1-3 after 3 years, and the specific results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: soil thickness meter
| Soil thickness (cm) before cultivation | Thickness of soil (cm) after cultivation | |
| Example 1 | 25 | 48 |
| Example 2 | 25 | 46 |
| Comparative example 1 | 25 | 35 |
| Comparative example 2 | 25 | 33 |
| Comparative example 3 | 25 | 30 |
As can be seen from the above table, the average thickness of the soil layers of the soil after 3 years of cultivation according to the method of examples 1-2 of the present invention is 45cm or more, while the average thickness of the soil layers of the soil after cultivation according to the method of comparative examples 1-3 is 35cm at the maximum, which proves that the cultivation method of examples 1-2 of the present invention can effectively increase the soil thickness of the soil.
Secondly, selecting the lands with different soil types respectively, recording the crop yield when a conventional cultivation mode is adopted, then adopting the cultivation methods in the embodiments 1-2 and the comparative examples 1-3 of the invention to cultivate the soil respectively, continuously planting corresponding crops on the cultivated soil, recording the crop yield of the third year when the methods in the embodiments 1-2 and the comparative examples 1-3 are adopted, and the specific results are shown in the table 2.
Table 2: crop yield scale
As can be seen from the above table, after the cultivation method according to the embodiments 1-2 of the present invention, the yields of different crops are increased, wherein the yield of rice is increased to 25.1% at most, the yield of potato is increased to 25.0% at most, the yield of corn is increased to 17.2% at most, and the yield of peanut is increased to 14.0% at most, which proves that after the cultivation method according to the present invention, the soil environment is improved, the water retention and storage capacity of the soil is enhanced, and the yield of the planted crops is increased finally.
Claims (3)
1. A thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) dividing the slope surface into a plurality of cultivation modules along the long slope direction, and reserving a first no-tillage area of 20-30cm between every two adjacent cultivation modules;
(2) carrying out intermittent deep ploughing in the ploughing module in the step (1), wherein the deep ploughing forms a wide ridge and a second no-tillage area, the ground height of the wide ridge naturally floats upwards by 10-15cm under the action of the deep ploughing, the width of the wide ridge is set to be 5-6m when the slope gradient S is less than or equal to 10 degrees, the width of the wide ridge is set to be 4-5m when the slope gradient S is less than or equal to 10 degrees and less than 15 degrees, and the width of the wide ridge is set to be 1.5-4m when the slope gradient S is more than or equal to 15 degrees;
(3) and (2) cultivating in the cultivation directions of 40-50 degrees in an oblique direction and 140 degrees in an oblique direction between adjacent wide ridges intermittently.
2. The thin-layer purple soil live soil water-retaining cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), when the part with the soil thickness less than 20cm is cultivated in the cultivation module, a vertical rotary tillage machine is used for deep tillage, and the deep tillage depth is based on the crushing depth of the mother rock being more than 6-12 cm; when the thickness of the soil layer reaches 40-50cm, the vertical rotary cultivator is adopted to deeply plough for 1 time every year or every 2 years, and the other cultivation time adopts a no-tillage or shallow-tillage mode to cultivate.
3. The thin-layer purple soil live soil water conservation cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein cultivation is performed intermittently in the cultivation direction inclined by 45 ° and inclined by 135 ° between adjacent wide ridges in the step (3).
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| CN114402935B (en) * | 2022-02-21 | 2022-08-02 | 四川省烟草公司广元市公司 | Method for relieving continuous cropping obstacle of calcareous soil tobacco based on strategic deep ploughing |
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