CN110093488B - Composite field regulation and control method for toughness of high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure - Google Patents
Composite field regulation and control method for toughness of high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/04—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering with simultaneous application of supersonic waves, magnetic or electric fields
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
- C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/40—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rings; for bearing races
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Abstract
The invention discloses a composite field regulation and control method for toughness of a high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure, which comprises the following steps: s1, heating the bearing matrix to a certain temperature above Acm to austenitize; s2, after the austenitizing is finished, carrying out martensite quenching or bainite austempering; s3, after quenching, rapidly placing the bearing matrix in a pulse current generator, starting the pulse current generator to perform pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix, and continuously nucleating residual blocky retained austenite in the quenched bearing matrix to produce a fine flaky martensite structure; and S4, finally, carrying out conventional tempering heat treatment on the bearing matrix. The invention can obviously improve the obdurability of the high-carbon chromium steel bearing by thinning the matrix structure of the bearing, is easy to implement, is green and pollution-free, and has obvious practical application value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of bearing manufacturing, and particularly relates to a composite field regulation and control method for toughness of a high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure.
Background
The bearing is a supporting part of various major mechanical equipment and directly determines the development level of the whole equipment manufacturing industry. The basic structure of the bearing consists of a bearing base body (comprising an inner ring and an outer ring), a rolling body and a retainer, wherein the bearing base body is a core component which is actively borne and most prone to failure by the rolling bearing. The performance and the service life of the bearing are improved, and the technical core is to improve the structural state of the bearing matrix.
The high-carbon chromium bearing steel becomes the most widely applied bearing base material at present due to good hardenability and comprehensive mechanical properties. At present, the final heat treatment of the high-carbon chromium bearing steel is mainly conventional quenching and tempering, and a complex phase structure of high-carbon martensite, residual austenite and carbide can be obtained after the heat treatment, and although the structure can enable a bearing matrix to have high strength and high hardness, the toughness matching of the high-carbon chromium bearing steel cannot meet the service requirement of a precision bearing under the current severer and complex service working condition.
In order to solve the problem of poor toughness of a bearing matrix, the Chinese patent application with the application number of 201810117501 discloses a forming manufacturing method for improving the toughness and the dimensional stability of an M50 bearing matrix, and bainite austempering and cold treatment are combined to achieve the effect of improving the toughness of the bearing matrix. Although the method can improve the matrix of the bearing material, the improvement effect is limited and even reaches the bottleneck, and the great improvement on the performance and the service life of the bearing cannot be realized. Under the above background, it is necessary to develop a new technology to optimize the structure of the bearing substrate material, so as to achieve the effects of improving the performance and the life of the bearing.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a composite field regulation and control method for the toughness of a high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
a composite field regulation and control method for the obdurability of a high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure comprises the following steps:
s1, heating the bearing matrix to a certain temperature above Acm to austenitize;
s2, after the austenitizing is finished, carrying out martensite quenching or bainite austempering on the bearing substrate;
s3, after quenching, rapidly placing the bearing matrix in a pulse current generator, starting the pulse current generator to perform pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix, and continuously nucleating residual blocky retained austenite in the quenched bearing matrix to produce a fine flaky martensite structure;
and S4, finally, carrying out conventional tempering heat treatment on the bearing matrix.
According to the technical scheme, in the step S1, if the bearing matrix is a low-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is heated to a temperature of 20-60 ℃ above Acm for a period of time, and austenitizing is carried out;
if the bearing matrix is a high-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is heated to a temperature of 30-80 ℃ above Acm for a period of time, low-temperature austenitization is carried out, then the bearing matrix is continuously heated to a temperature of 250-350 ℃ above Acm for a period of time, and high-temperature austenitization is carried out.
According to the technical scheme, in step S2, if the bearing matrix is a low-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is cooled to below Ms point for martensite quenching, or the bearing matrix is cooled to below Ms point for pre-quenching heat treatment, and then the bearing matrix is heated to above Ms point for bainite quenching;
and if the bearing matrix is a high-temperature bearing matrix, cooling the bearing matrix to below the Ms point, and carrying out martensite quenching, or quickly cooling the bearing matrix to above the Ms point and keeping the temperature for a period of time of 20-80 ℃, carrying out bainite quenching, and cooling the bearing matrix to below the Ms point, and carrying out martensite quenching.
According to the technical scheme, in the step S3, the bearing substrate is divided into a plurality of partitions along the circumferential direction, each partition of the bearing substrate is subjected to continuous pulse current processing for multiple times through the pulse current generator, the time interval between two adjacent continuous pulse current processing is 1-60S, and the single continuous pulse current processing parameters are as follows: the action time t of a single pulse current is 0.01 s-1 s, and the pulse current density is (0.4-1) jmaxThe number of electric pulses acting in a single continuous pulse current treatment is (0.1-1) NmaxWherein j ismaxIn order to achieve the maximum pulse current density,
in the formula cpD and rho are respectively the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity of the bearing base material; n is a radical ofmaxIs maximally connectedThe number of the pulses is continuously input,
in the formula D1And D2Respectively the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the bearing base body.
According to the technical scheme, in step S3, the pulse current generator includes two electrode rods disposed opposite to each other, and before pulse current processing is performed on a certain partition of the bearing substrate, the partition of the bearing substrate is clamped between the two electrode rods, and the upper and lower end faces of the partition are respectively in contact with the corresponding electrode rods.
According to the technical scheme, in the step S3, the bearing base body is divided into 8-64 areas along the circumferential direction.
According to the technical scheme, in the step S3, 2-60 times of continuous pulse current processing is carried out on each subarea of the bearing matrix.
According to the technical scheme, in the step S3, the time interval between two adjacent continuous pulse current treatments is 3-30S.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention organically combines the pulse electric field and the heat treatment temperature field, utilizes the Joule heat effect of the pulse current, and further nucleates and produces a fine martensite structure on the basis of quenching the initial structure, thereby realizing the refinement of the bearing matrix structure. The method is easy to implement, green and pollution-free, and has obvious practical application value.
Specifically, the invention rapidly carries out pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix after quenching is finished, the joule heat effect is generated in the bearing matrix by adopting reasonable pulse electric field parameters, and because the temperature rise and the temperature drop of the bearing matrix are generally completed within millisecond time order under the action of the pulse current treatment, under the effect of 'rapid cooling and rapid heating', the residual massive austenite remained after quenching is continuously nucleated to generate fine sheet martensite structures, and the fine sheet martensite hard phase structures divide the residual austenite matrix to enable the residual austenite matrix to exist in a film shape, so that the structure of the bearing matrix is integrally refined, and the bearing matrix has better strength and toughness after tempering.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a pulsed current treatment of a bearing substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2a is a schematic representation of the structure of a bearing substrate before pulsed current treatment according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2b is a schematic tissue map of a bearing substrate after pulse current treatment according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
As shown in figure 1, the composite field regulation and control method for the obdurability of the high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure comprises the following steps:
s1, heating the bearing matrix to a certain temperature above Acm to austenitize;
s2, after the austenitizing is finished, carrying out martensite quenching or bainite austempering on the bearing substrate;
s3, after quenching, rapidly placing the bearing matrix in a pulse current generator, reasonably setting the pulse current density and the frequency of continuous input of electric pulses according to the size of the inner and outer diameters and the material characteristics of the bearing matrix, starting the pulse current generator to perform pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix, and continuously nucleating the residual blocky austenite in the quenched bearing matrix to produce a fine flaky martensite tissue;
and S4, finally, carrying out conventional tempering heat treatment on the bearing matrix.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S1, in the case of a low-temperature bearing substrate, the bearing substrate is heated to 20 to 60 ℃ (20 ℃, 21 ℃, 22 ℃, … ℃, 60 ℃) above Acm for a certain period of time (the holding time is generally 20 to 60min), and austenitized;
if the bearing matrix is a high-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is heated to a temperature of 30-80 ℃ above Acm (30 ℃, 31 ℃, 32 ℃, … and 80 ℃) and is preserved for a period of time (the preservation time is 20-60 min), low-temperature austenitization is carried out, then the bearing matrix is continuously heated to a temperature of 250-350 ℃ above Acm (250 ℃, 251 ℃, 252 ℃, … and 350 ℃) and is preserved for a period of time (the preservation time is 20-60 min), and high-temperature austenitization is carried out.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S2, if the bearing matrix is a low-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is cooled (directly cooled by an oil bath) to below the Ms point for martensitic quenching, or the bearing matrix is cooled to below Ms for pre-quenching heat treatment, and then the bearing matrix is heated to above Ms for bainitic quenching (refer to chinese patent application No. 201711394897.0);
if the bearing matrix is a high-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is cooled (directly cooled by an oil bath) to below the Ms point, and then martensite quenching is carried out, or the bearing matrix is rapidly cooled to above the Ms point by 20-80 ℃ (20 ℃, 21 ℃, 22 ℃, … and 80 ℃) and is kept warm for a period of time, bainite quenching is carried out, then the bearing matrix is cooled to below the Ms point, and then martensite quenching is carried out (refer to the Chinese invention patent application with the application number of 201810117501.6).
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, in step S3, the bearing substrate is divided into a plurality of partitions along the circumferential direction, each partition of the bearing substrate is subjected to a plurality of times of continuous pulse current treatments by the pulse current generator (there may be a plurality of pulse currents during a single time of continuous pulse current treatment, there is no time interval between the plurality of pulse currents), the time interval between two adjacent continuous pulse current treatments is 1-60S (which may be 1S, 2S, …, 60S) to generate the effect of rapid cooling and rapid heating, and the parameters of the single time of continuous pulse current treatment are: single pulse electricityThe action time t of the current is 0.01 s-1 s (0.01 s, 0.02s, …, 1s), and the pulse current density is (0.4-1) jmaxMay be 0.4jmax、0.5jmax、…、jmaxThe number of electric pulses acting in a single continuous pulse current treatment is (0.1-1) NmaxMay be 0.1Nmax、0.2Nmax、…、NmaxWherein j ismaxIn order to achieve the maximum pulse current density,
in the formula cpD and rho are respectively the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity of the bearing base material; n is a radical ofmaxFor the maximum number of consecutive input pulses,
in the formula D1And D2Respectively the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the bearing base body. By reasonably setting parameters of the pulse electric field, on one hand, the bearing ring piece generates certain joule heat, on the other hand, a certain electron wind effect is generated, and by utilizing the joule heat effect and the electron wind effect of pulse current, on the basis of quenching initial structure, massive residual austenite remained in the bearing matrix after quenching is continuously nucleated to generate a fine sheet martensite structure so as to divide the residual austenite matrix to exist in a film shape.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, the pulse current generator includes two electrode rods disposed opposite to each other, and before pulse current processing is performed on a certain partition of the bearing substrate, the partition is clamped between the two electrode rods, and the upper and lower end faces of the partition are respectively in contact with the corresponding electrode rods. The core of the pulse current treatment is that a local high-energy electric field acts on a metal material, and the electrode bar can ensure higher current density and generate the action of the high-energy electric field and can ensure that all subareas can be uniformly treated.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, in step S3, the bearing substrate is divided into 8-64 regions along the circumferential direction, the number of the partitions is related to the size of the electrode rod and the size of the bearing substrate, the more the partitions are, the better the treatment effect is, but the corresponding cost and time are increased, so that the treatment effect can be ensured and the cost can be saved by setting a reasonable partition number.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, 2 to 60 times of continuous pulse current processing is performed for each of the bearing substrate segments. The number of times of continuous pulse current treatment is determined according to the treatment effect, and the multiple treatments are carried out to regulate and control most tissues in the whole area (single treatment may cause insufficient tissue regulation and control), so that the whole tissue is refined.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step S3, the interval between two adjacent consecutive pulse current treatments is 3-30S. The time interval between two adjacent continuous pulse current treatments is a certain time interval, and the time interval is used for preventing the joule heat temperature rise from being excessively accumulated during continuous pulse, so that the temperature exceeds the phase transition temperature or thermal damage is generated, and the like, therefore, the ring piece can be rapidly cooled at short time intervals, and the pulse current treatment is carried out in a low-temperature region. In the interval time, the ring piece can be rapidly cooled, and simultaneously, the rapid cooling process can ensure that the residual austenite rapidly generates martensite phase transformation, and the matrix structure is refined. The length of the interval is only dependent on the control of the ring temperature, while the intermittent cooling process contributes to the thinning of the tissue.
The invention is further illustrated by the following two examples.
Example 1
Taking GCr15 material bearing matrix of a certain model as an example, the composite field regulation and control method for the toughness of the matrix tissue of the high-carbon chromium steel bearing is implemented according to the following steps:
s1, heating the GCr15 bearing matrix to 850 ℃, preserving heat for 20min, carrying out austenitization, directly cooling to below Ms point through an oil bath at 60 ℃ after the austenitization heat preservation is finished, and carrying out martensitic quenching;
s2, after quenching, quickly clamping the bearing matrix between two electrode rods of a pulse current generator to make the upper and lower end surfaces of the bearing matrix completely contact with the electrode rods, and then carrying out pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix at normal temperature to obtain the final productThe bearing matrix is divided into 16 areas along the circumferential direction, the pulse current processing is rapidly carried out on each area of the GCr15 bearing matrix, and the pulse current density is set to be 8kA/cm2The action time of a single pulse current is 0.02s, the number of electric pulses acting in one continuous pulse current treatment is 6, the bearing matrix is subjected to pulse current treatment, after one continuous input electric pulse is finished, the next continuous pulse current treatment is continuously carried out on the same area of the bearing matrix after a gap is 5s, the continuous pulse current treatment is carried out for 30 times in total, and after each area is treated, the pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix is finished;
and S3, after the pulse current treatment of the sample is finished, heating the GCr15 bearing matrix in an air furnace to 160 ℃, tempering at low temperature, preserving heat for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature.
The toughness of the final bearing substrate of example 1 was compared to that of GCr15 bearing substrates obtained by conventional heat treatment methods, and the results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1: compared with the traditional heat treatment process, the hardness of the GCr15 bearing matrix obtained by the invention is slightly improved, the tensile strength is improved by 6%, and the impact toughness is improved by 56%, so that the toughness of the GCr15 bearing matrix can be obviously improved by refining the matrix structure of the GCr15 bearing.
Example 2
Taking an M50 material bearing matrix of a certain type as an example, the composite field regulation and control method for the obdurability of the matrix structure of the high-carbon chromium steel bearing is implemented according to the following steps:
s1, heating the M50 bearing matrix to 850 ℃, preserving heat for 30min, and carrying out low-temperature austenitizing; then, continuously heating the M50 bearing matrix to 1090 ℃, preserving heat for 20min, carrying out high-temperature austenitizing, directly cooling to below Ms point through an oil bath at 60 ℃ after the austenitizing heat preservation is finished, and carrying out martensitic quenching;
s2, after the quenching is finished,rapidly clamping the bearing matrix between two electrode rods of a pulse current generator, completely contacting the upper and lower end faces of the bearing matrix with the electrode rods, performing pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix at normal temperature, uniformly dividing the bearing matrix into 32 regions along the circumferential direction, rapidly performing pulse current treatment on each region of the M50 bearing matrix, and setting the pulse current density to be 20kA/cm2The action time of a single pulse current is 0.02s, the number of the electric pulses acting in one continuous pulse current treatment is 8, the bearing matrix is subjected to pulse current treatment, after one continuous input electric pulse is finished, the next continuous pulse current treatment is continuously carried out on the same area of the bearing matrix after a gap is 5s, the continuous pulse current treatment is carried out for 60 times in total, and after each area is treated, the pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix is finished;
s3, after the pulse current treatment of the sample is finished, heating the M50 bearing matrix to 530 ℃ in a nitrogen protection furnace for high-temperature tempering, and circulating twice.
As shown in fig. 2a and 2b, the structure of the M50 bearing matrix before and after the pulse current treatment in this example was analyzed and compared, and it was found that the structure of the M50 bearing steel can be significantly refined.
The toughness of the bearing substrate finally obtained in example 2 was compared with that of the M50 bearing substrate obtained by the conventional heat treatment method, and the results are shown in Table 2:
TABLE 2
As can be seen from table 2: compared with the traditional heat treatment process, the hardness of the M50 bearing matrix obtained by the method is slightly improved, the tensile strength is improved by 8%, and the impact toughness is improved by 51%, so that the method provided by the invention is proved to be capable of remarkably improving the toughness of the M50 bearing matrix through refining the matrix structure of the bearing.
It will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A composite field regulation and control method for the obdurability of a high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, heating the bearing matrix to a certain temperature above Acm to austenitize;
s2, after the austenitizing is finished, carrying out martensite quenching or bainite austempering on the bearing substrate;
s3, after quenching, rapidly placing the bearing matrix in a pulse current generator, starting the pulse current generator to perform pulse current treatment on the bearing matrix, and continuously nucleating residual blocky retained austenite in the quenched bearing matrix to produce a fine flaky martensite structure;
in step S3, the bearing substrate is divided into 8 to 64 regions along the circumferential direction, each region of the bearing substrate is subjected to 2 to 60 times of continuous pulse current processing by the pulse current generator, the time interval between two adjacent continuous pulse current processing is 1 to 60S, and the single continuous pulse current processing parameters are as follows: the action time t of a single pulse current is 0.01 s-1 s, and the pulse current density is (0.4-1) jmaxThe number of electric pulses acting in a single continuous pulse current treatment is (0.1-1) NmaxWherein j ismaxIn order to achieve the maximum pulse current density,
in the formula cpD and rho are respectively the specific heat capacity, density and resistivity of the bearing base material; n is a radical ofmaxFor the maximum number of consecutive input pulses,
in the formula D1And D2Respectively the outer diameter and the inner diameter of the bearing matrix,
the pulse current generator comprises two electrode rods which are oppositely arranged up and down, and before pulse current processing is carried out on a certain subarea of the bearing matrix, the subarea of the bearing matrix is clamped between the two electrode rods, and the upper end surface and the lower end surface of the subarea are respectively contacted with the corresponding electrode rods;
and S4, finally, carrying out conventional tempering heat treatment on the bearing matrix.
2. The composite field regulation and control method for the toughness of the high-carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, if the bearing matrix is a low-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is heated to a temperature of 20-60 ℃ above Acm for a period of time to austenitize;
if the bearing matrix is a high-temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is heated to a temperature of 30-80 ℃ above Acm for a period of time, low-temperature austenitization is carried out, then the bearing matrix is continuously heated to a temperature of 250-350 ℃ above Acm for a period of time, and high-temperature austenitization is carried out.
3. The composite field control method for the toughness of the high carbon chromium steel bearing matrix structure according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, if the bearing matrix is a low temperature bearing matrix, the bearing matrix is cooled to below Ms point for martensite quenching, or the bearing matrix is cooled to below Ms point for pre-quenching heat treatment, and then the bearing matrix is heated to above Ms point for bainite quenching;
and if the bearing matrix is a high-temperature bearing matrix, cooling the bearing matrix to below the Ms point, and carrying out martensite quenching, or quickly cooling the bearing matrix to above the Ms point and keeping the temperature for a period of time of 20-80 ℃, carrying out bainite quenching, and cooling the bearing matrix to below the Ms point, and carrying out martensite quenching.
4. The composite field regulation and control method for the toughness of the matrix structure of the high-carbon chromium steel bearing according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the time interval between two adjacent continuous pulse current treatments is 3-30S.
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| CN111590076B (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2021-07-23 | 吉林大学 | Electric pulse post-processing method and device for improving performance of metal component |
| CN111961811B (en) * | 2020-09-04 | 2022-05-24 | 燕山大学 | Method for preparing impact-resistant steel part by using phase change speed difference |
| CN112981066B (en) * | 2021-02-07 | 2022-09-30 | 松山湖材料实验室 | Heat treatment method of high-chromium steel and heat-treated high-chromium steel |
| CN113337694B (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2022-01-04 | 临清市同兴轴承锻造有限公司 | Spheroidizing annealing heat treatment method for ultrahigh-carbon bearing steel |
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