CN109900758B - Silver/carbon nanotube composite material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Silver/carbon nanotube composite material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a silver/carbon nanotube composite material and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method is simple and feasible, the reaction conditions are mild, the silver nano particles are uniformly distributed, the prepared silver/carbon nano tube composite material is rich in nitrogen and porous, the thickness of the tube wall is controllable, and the composite material is a good prospect in the field of preparing active electro-catalysts for hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensors and fuel cell catalysts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of composite materials, and particularly relates to a silver/carbon nanotube composite material and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Carbon materials are attractive catalytic materials due to their excellent properties, such as excellent chemical stability, large surface area, high electrical conductivity. Carbon materials modified by noble metal nanoparticles (e.g., Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, etc.) can greatly improve catalytic performance. Among these noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received much attention due to their excellent properties of high catalytic activity, low price, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. The highly dispersed silver nanoparticles can greatly improve the catalytic performance of the material. However, silver nanoparticles are prone to agglomeration, resulting in a decrease in electrochemical activity. In order to improve the problem, silver nanoparticles are uniformly fixed on a carbon material precursor, and then the silver nanoparticle modified carbon material is directly obtained by carbonizing the carbon material precursor, wherein the carbon material precursor comprises Polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), melamine, Polydopamine (PDA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and the like.
Among these precursors, Polydopamine (PDA) has been widely studied for various applications such as biosensors, catalysts, adsorbents, antibacterial agents, capacitors, and the like. Dopamine (DA) can self-polymerize in alkaline solutions and exhibits excellent adhesion properties, which can spontaneously adhere to the surface of various solid materials. In addition, due to the reducing power of polydopamine itself, metal nanoparticles can be obtained by interaction with various metal ions. Meanwhile, the polydopamine contains a large amount of amine functional groups and catechol, so that the polydopamine can be easily carbonized into nitrogen-doped graphitized carbon, and the electron conductivity and the catalytic activity can be improved. Poly-dopamine loaded with silver, gold, etc. is mostly reported, but the loading of metal particles and the thickness of poly-dopamine are currently adjusted only by different growth times and concentrations, often resulting in the agglomeration of metal nanoparticles caused by too long growth cycles (One-step hydrotherma green synthesis of silver-carbon nanoparticles reduced-graphene oxide composites and ions application as a hydrogen peroxide sensor, Sens. actuator B-chem.,208(2015) 389398.).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a silver/carbon nanotube composite material and a preparation method and application thereof, which not only overcome the defects of weak combination, uneven distribution and the like of silver nanoparticles and carbon materials, but also obtain the silver/carbon nanotube composite material with adjustable tube wall thickness, and simultaneously obtain porous nitrogen-rich carbon nanotubes with high specific surface area by the carbonization of polydopamine.
According to the silver/carbon nanotube composite material, polydopamine and silver nanoparticles are coated on the surface of polystyrene nanofibers, the thickness of the silver/polydopamine is adjusted layer by layer, and a polystyrene fiber template is directly removed through high-temperature carbonization.
The silver/carbon nanotube composite material is of a tubular structure, the surface of the silver/carbon nanotube composite material is rich in nitrogen and porous, and the thickness of the tube wall is controllable.
The diameter of the sulfonated polystyrene nano-fiber is 100-800nm, preferably 200-300 nm.
The particle size of the silver nanoparticles is 4-8 nm.
The thickness of the tube wall of the silver/carbon nanotube composite material is 30-100 nm.
The number of the coating layers of the polydopamine and silver nanoparticles is more than or equal to 1, preferably 1-3, and most preferably 2.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the silver/carbon nanotube composite material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) soaking the sulfonated polystyrene nano-fiber into a dopamine solution for reaction, and washing with water to obtain a polydopamine-modified polystyrene nano-fiber;
(2) soaking the polydopamine modified polystyrene fiber prepared in the step (1) in a silver nitrate solution, then washing with water, and drying in vacuum to obtain silver nano-particles/polydopamine modified polystyrene nano-fibers;
(3) and (3) repeating the steps (1) and (2) to obtain the silver nanoparticle/polydopamine modified polystyrene nano-fiber with different layers, and carbonizing to obtain the silver/carbon nano-tube composite material.
The dopamine solution in the step (1) is 10mM Tris-HCl with 0.5-10mg/mL, preferably 2-3mg/mL of dopamine, and the pH value is 8.5.
The technological parameters of the reaction in the step (1) are as follows: the reaction temperature is 20-30 ℃, and the reaction time is 1-24 h.
The concentration of the silver nitrate solution in the step (2) is 0.1-50 mg/mL.
The dipping time in the step (2) is 0.5-20 h.
The technological conditions of the carbonization treatment in the step (3) are as follows: raising the temperature from room temperature to 1200 ℃, preferably 800 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-10 ℃/min, preferably 5 ℃/min, in a nitrogen atmosphere, and keeping the temperature for 30-120min, preferably 60 min.
The invention further provides the application of the silver/carbon nanotube composite material in the field of hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensors or fuel cell catalysts.
The method comprises the steps of soaking sulfonated polystyrene nanofibers in a dopamine solution, and wrapping the surfaces of the polystyrene nanofibers with poly-dopamine in a self-polymerization manner; then immersing the silver nano particles into a silver nitrate solution, and reducing the silver nano particles on the surface of the poly-dopamine in situ by utilizing the reducibility of the poly-dopamine; repeating the steps, carbonizing the multilayer film at high temperature under inert gas, and obtaining the silver/carbon nanotube composite materials with different tube wall thicknesses, wherein the number of layers is different. The silver nano particles are uniformly distributed, the prepared silver/carbon nano tube composite material is rich in nitrogen and porous, the thickness of the tube wall is controllable, and the composite material is a good prospect in the field of preparing an active electrocatalyst for a hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensor and a fuel cell catalyst.
Advantageous effects
(1) The method has ingenious design idea, the polydopamine and silver nanoparticles are coated on the surface of the polystyrene nanofiber, and the polystyrene fiber template is directly removed by high-temperature carbonization, so that the silver/carbon nanotube composite material is obtained. The preparation method is simple and easy to implement, mild in reaction process, environment-friendly and easy to operate, and is a green chemical preparation method.
(2) The silver/carbon nano tube prepared by the invention has the advantages that the silver nano particles on the surface are uniformly distributed, and the silver/carbon nano tube has a high specific surface area, porous and nitrogen-rich tubular structure; the invention can regulate and control the thickness of the tube wall of the silver/carbon nano tube by controlling the number of layers of the polydopamine and silver nano particle layer by layer.
(3) The silver/carbon nanotube composite material prepared by the invention is used for hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensors and fuel cell catalysts, and has high catalytic performance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process for preparing a silver/carbon nanotube composite material according to examples 1 to 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the polystyrene nanofibers (A), the silver/polydopamine modified polystyrene nanofibers (B), and the silver/carbon nanotube composite nanomaterials (C) in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of the plane and the cross-section of different numbers of layers of silver/carbon nanotube composite materials prepared in examples 1 to 3 of the present invention and a carbon nanotube material prepared in comparative example 1;
FIG. 4 is a transmission electron microscope image of the silver/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a scanning electron microscope image of silver/carbon nanotube composite materials prepared according to comparative example 2 of the present invention with different reaction times;
FIG. 6 is XRD spectra of different numbers of layers of silver/carbon nanotube composites prepared in examples 1-3 according to the present invention and carbon nanotube material prepared in comparative example 1;
FIG. 7 is a drawing showing the nitrogen desorption of the silver/carbon nanotube composite prepared in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an XPS plot of N1s for a silver/carbon nanotube composite prepared in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a cyclic voltammogram (A) and a linear graph (B) of concentration and current of a silver/carbon nanotube composite modified electrode prepared in example 2 of the present invention in phosphate buffers containing hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations;
fig. 10 is a cyclic voltammogram of the bare electrode and the carbon nanotube-modified electrode prepared in comparative example 1, and the silver/carbon nanotube composite-modified electrode prepared in example 2 in an oxygen-saturated phosphate buffer.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it should be understood that various changes or modifications of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teaching of the present invention, and such equivalents may fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
Dopamine (J & K Scientific Ltd) is adopted in the embodiment of the invention; electrochemical tests were performed in a conventional three-electrode system using a μ -AUTOLAB-III electrochemical workstation.
Example 1
(1) The sulfonated PS nanofibers were immersed in 10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 aqueous solution containing 2mg/mL DA for 20 h. After the reaction, in order to remove the non-adhered PDA, the nanofibers were thoroughly washed several times with ultrapure water to obtain PDA-modified PS nanofibers.
(2) Soaking the PDA modified PS nano-fiber obtained in the step (1) into AgNO of 10mg/mL3Reacting in the solution for 1.5h, washing with ultrapure water for several times, and then putting into a vacuum drying oven to dry for 8h at 50 ℃ to obtain the Ag/PDA modified PS nano-fiber.
(3) And (3) transferring the sample obtained in the step (2) to a tubular furnace, raising the temperature to 800 ℃ at the temperature rise speed of 5 ℃/min in the atmosphere of nitrogen, keeping for 1h, and carbonizing to obtain the Ag/carbon nano tube composite material, which is recorded as 1-AgNPs-NCNTs.
In this embodiment, a scanning electron microscope image of the PS nanofiber is shown in fig. 2A, a scanning electron microscope image of the Ag/PDA-modified PS nanofiber is shown in fig. 2B, a scanning electron microscope image of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material is shown in fig. 2C, and scanning electron microscope images of a plane and a cross section thereof are respectively shown in fig. 3B and B', which indicates that the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material has a uniform size and collapses to a certain extent.
The XRD spectrum of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example is shown in fig. 6, in which the diffraction peaks at 38.2 °, 44.2 °, 64.4 °, 77.4 ° and 81.6 ° in the X-ray diffraction curve are consistent with the standard diffraction peaks of silver (JCPDS, No. 04-0783), indicating that silver ions are reduced in situ to silver nanoparticles by PDA.
Example 2
(1) The sulfonated PS nanofibers were immersed in 10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 aqueous solution containing 2mg/mL DA for 20 h. After the reaction, in order to remove the non-adhered PDA, the nanofibers were thoroughly washed several times with ultrapure water to obtain PDA-modified PS nanofibers.
(2) Will be provided withSoaking the PDA modified PS nano-fiber obtained in the step (1) into AgNO of 10mg/mL3The solution reacts for 1.5h, and after washing with ultrapure water for a plurality of times, the solution is repeatedly immersed into the dopamine solution and the silver nitrate solution under the same conditions. And (3) after washing, putting the washed PS nano-fiber into a vacuum drying oven, and drying the PS nano-fiber for 8 hours at the temperature of 50 ℃ to obtain the Ag/PDA modified PS nano-fiber.
(3) And (3) transferring the sample obtained in the step (2) to a tube furnace, raising the temperature to 800 ℃ at the temperature rise speed of 5 ℃/min in the atmosphere of nitrogen, keeping for 1h, and carbonizing to obtain the Ag/carbon nano tube composite material, which is recorded as 2-AgNPs-NCNTs.
The scanning electron microscope images of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example are shown in FIG. 3C (plane) and C' (cross section), which shows that the Ag/carbon nanotube has a uniform size and a uniform tubular structure, the diameter of the Ag/carbon nanotube is 200-300nm, and the thickness of the tube wall is 40-60 nm.
The transmission electron microscope image of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example, as shown in fig. 4, shows that the silver nanoparticles are uniformly distributed, and the particle size is about 6 nm.
The XRD spectrum of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example is shown in fig. 6, in which the diffraction peaks at 38.2 °, 44.2 °, 64.4 °, 77.4 ° and 81.6 ° in the X-ray diffraction curve are consistent with the standard diffraction peaks of silver (JCPDS, No. 04-0783), indicating that silver ions are reduced in situ to silver nanoparticles by PDA.
The nitrogen desorption and specific surface area of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in the example are shown in FIG. 7, which shows that the specific surface area of the prepared composite material is 245.1.
The XPS spectrum of N1s of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example is shown in fig. 8, where N exists mainly in the form of graphitized N and pyridine N.
The Ag/carbon nanotubes prepared in this example were dispersed in absolute ethanol (mass concentration 0.1mg/mL) and subjected to ice-water bath ultrasound with a cell disruptor for 30 minutes, then Nafion was added to make the Nafion dispersion concentration 0.01%, and the ultrasound was continued for 10 minutes to make it uniformly dispersed. Sucking 5 mu L of the glass carbon electrode by using a microsyringe, dripping the glass carbon electrode on the surface of the glass carbon electrode, and naturally airing to form a film so as to obtain the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material modified glass carbon electrode.
Using the glassy carbon electrode modified with Ag/carbon nanotubes prepared in this example as a working electrode, a platinum wire as a counter electrode, a saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, and three electrodes inserted into 10mL of phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 8,0.1mol/L), adding hydrogen peroxide of different concentrations into the buffer, turning on an electrochemical workstation, performing cyclic voltammetric scanning, and as shown in fig. 9, it is known that as the concentration increases, the corresponding current increases in sequence, and a good linear relationship is formed in a concentration range of 1 μ M to 5 mM.
Example 3
(1) The sulfonated PS nanofibers were immersed in 10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 aqueous solution containing 2mg/mL DA for 20 h. After the reaction, in order to remove the non-adhered PDA, the nanofibers were thoroughly washed several times with ultrapure water to obtain PDA-modified PS nanofibers.
(2) Soaking the PDA modified PS nano-fiber obtained in the step (1) into AgNO of 10mg/mL3The solution reacts for 1.5h, and after washing with ultrapure water for a plurality of times, the solution is immersed in the dopamine solution and the silver nitrate solution under the same conditions twice. And (3) after washing, putting the washed PS nano-fiber into a vacuum drying oven, and drying the PS nano-fiber for 8 hours at the temperature of 50 ℃ to obtain the Ag/PDA modified PS nano-fiber.
(3) And (3) transferring the sample obtained in the step (2) to a tube furnace, raising the temperature to 800 ℃ at the temperature rise speed of 5 ℃/min in the atmosphere of nitrogen, keeping for 1h, and carbonizing to obtain the Ag/carbon nano tube composite material, which is recorded as 3-AgNPs-NCNTs.
The scanning electron microscope images of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example are shown in fig. 3D (plane) and D' (cross section), which shows that the Ag/carbon nanotube has a uniform size, a uniform tubular structure, and a thickened nanotube diameter and wall.
The XRD spectrum of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared in this example is shown in fig. 6, in which the diffraction peaks at 38.2 °, 44.2 °, 64.4 °, 77.4 ° and 81.6 ° in the X-ray diffraction curve are consistent with the standard diffraction peaks of silver (JCPDS, No. 04-0783), indicating that silver ions are reduced in situ to silver nanoparticles by PDA.
Comparative example 1
The control group of the present invention, the preparation of the carbon nanotube not doped with silver nanoparticles, comprises:
(1) the sulfonated PS nanofibers were immersed in 10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 aqueous solution containing 2mg/mL DA for 20 h. After the reaction, in order to remove the non-adhered PDA, the nanofibers were thoroughly washed with ultrapure water several times and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 50 ℃ for 8 hours to obtain the PDA-modified PS nanofibers.
(2) And (2) transferring the PDA modified PS nano-fiber prepared in the step (1) into a tube furnace, raising the temperature to 800 ℃ at the temperature raising speed of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere of nitrogen, keeping for 1h, and carbonizing to obtain the carbon nano-tube, wherein the carbon nano-tube is recorded as NCNTs.
Scanning electron micrographs of the carbonized nanotubes prepared in this comparative example are shown in fig. 3A (plane) and a' (cross section), and it is clear that the carbon nanotubes have a uniform size and a certain degree of collapse. The XRD spectrum of the carbon nanotube prepared in the present comparative example is shown in fig. 6, in which the X-ray diffraction curve does not contain the diffraction peak of silver.
The carbon nanotube prepared in the comparative example was dispersed in absolute ethanol (mass concentration of 0.1mg/mL) and subjected to ice-water bath ultrasonication with a cell disruptor for 30 minutes, and then Nafion was added to make the Nafion dispersion concentration 0.01%, and ultrasonication was continued for 10 minutes to make it uniformly dispersed. Sucking 5 mu L of the solution by a microsyringe, dripping the solution on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode, and naturally airing the glassy carbon electrode to form a film so as to obtain the glassy carbon electrode modified by the carbon nano tube.
Bare electrode bare GCE, carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode NCNTs/GCE prepared in the comparative example, Ag/carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode AgNPs-NCNTs/GCE prepared in example 2 were used as working electrodes, platinum wire as a counter electrode, saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, and the three electrodes were inserted into 10mL phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 8,0.1mol/L), and cyclic voltammetric scanning was performed under oxygen saturation conditions, and the results are clearly shown in FIG. 10: the bare electrode has little catalytic effect on oxygen reduction; the carbon nano tube modified electrode has a certain catalytic effect on oxygen reduction; the Ag/carbon nano tube modified electrode has good catalytic effect on oxygen reduction.
Comparative example 2
The preparation of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material with different reaction times of the control group comprises the following steps:
(1) the sulfonated PS nanofibers were immersed in 10mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5 aqueous solution containing 2mg/mL DA for 40 h. After the reaction, in order to remove the non-adhered PDA, the nanofibers were thoroughly washed several times with ultrapure water to obtain PDA-modified PS nanofibers.
(2) Soaking the PDA modified PS nano-fiber prepared in the step (1) into AgNO of 10mg/mL3Reacting in the solution for 4.5h, washing with ultrapure water for several times, and then putting into a vacuum drying oven to dry for 8h at 50 ℃ to obtain the Ag/PDA modified PS nano-fiber.
(3) And (3) transferring the sample prepared in the step (2) to a tubular furnace, raising the temperature to 800 ℃ at the temperature rise speed of 5 ℃/min in the atmosphere of nitrogen, keeping for 1h, and carbonizing to obtain the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material.
In a scanning electron microscope image of the Ag/carbon nanotube composite material prepared by the comparative example, as shown in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the Ag/carbon nanotube is seriously agglomerated and the silver nanoparticles are large in size.
Claims (10)
1. A silver/carbon nanotube composite material characterized by: the preparation method of the composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) soaking the sulfonated polystyrene nano-fiber into a dopamine solution for reaction, and washing with water to obtain a polydopamine-modified polystyrene nano-fiber;
(2) soaking the polydopamine-modified polystyrene nanofiber prepared in the step (1) in a silver nitrate solution, then washing with water, and drying in vacuum to obtain silver nanoparticles/polydopamine-modified polystyrene nanofiber;
(3) and (3) repeating the steps (1) and (2) to obtain the silver nanoparticle/polydopamine modified polystyrene nano-fiber with different layers, and carbonizing to obtain the silver/carbon nano-tube composite material.
2. The silver/carbon nanotube composite of claim 1, wherein: the diameter of the sulfonated polystyrene nanofiber is 100-800 nm; the particle size of the silver nanoparticles is 4-8 nm; the thickness of the tube wall of the silver/carbon nanotube composite material is 30-100 nm.
3. The silver/carbon nanotube composite of claim 1, wherein: the number of the coating layers of the polydopamine and silver nanoparticles is more than or equal to 1.
4. A method for preparing the silver/carbon nanotube composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising:
(1) soaking the sulfonated polystyrene nano-fiber into a dopamine solution for reaction, and washing with water to obtain a polydopamine-modified polystyrene nano-fiber;
(2) soaking the polydopamine-modified polystyrene nanofiber prepared in the step (1) in a silver nitrate solution, then washing with water, and drying in vacuum to obtain silver nanoparticles/polydopamine-modified polystyrene nanofiber;
(3) and (3) repeating the steps (1) and (2) to obtain the silver nanoparticle/polydopamine modified polystyrene nano-fiber with different layers, and carbonizing to obtain the silver/carbon nano-tube composite material.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein: the dopamine solution in the step (1) is 10mM Tris-HCl containing 0.5-10mg/mL of dopamine, and the pH value of the solution is 8.5.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein: the technological parameters of the reaction in the step (1) are as follows: the reaction temperature is 20-30 ℃, and the reaction time is 1-24 h.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein: the concentration of the silver nitrate solution in the step (2) is 0.1-50 mg/mL.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein: the dipping time in the step (2) is 0.5-20 h.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein: the technological conditions of the carbonization treatment in the step (3) are as follows: in the nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature is raised from room temperature to 500-1200 ℃ at the heating rate of 2-10 ℃/min, and the holding time is 30-120 min.
10. Use of the silver/carbon nanotube composite of claim 1 in the field of hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensors or fuel cell catalysts.
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