CN109728103A - 太阳能电池 - Google Patents

太阳能电池 Download PDF

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CN109728103A
CN109728103A CN201711210101.1A CN201711210101A CN109728103A CN 109728103 A CN109728103 A CN 109728103A CN 201711210101 A CN201711210101 A CN 201711210101A CN 109728103 A CN109728103 A CN 109728103A
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CN109728103B (zh
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萧睿中
叶峻铭
林昭正
黄崇杰
杜政勋
陈俊亨
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种太阳能电池,包括硅基板、钝化结构以及金属电极。钝化结构设置于硅基板的表面上且包括隧穿层与多晶硅掺杂层。隧穿层位于所述硅基板的所述表面上,多晶硅掺杂层位于隧穿层上且包括厚度不同的第一区以及第二区,且第一区的厚度大于第二区的厚度,其中第一区的厚度在50nm~500nm之间,第二区的厚度大于0且在250nm以下。金属电极则位于多晶硅掺杂层的第一区上。本发明的钝化结构具有热稳定性佳、低电阻率(resistivity)以及低光吸收(1ight absorption)的效果,还能因此使具有上述结构的太阳能电池能产生高转换效率的功效。

Description

太阳能电池
技术领域
本发明是有关于一种太阳能电池技术,且特别是有关于一种太阳能电池。
背景技术
目前开发中的隧穿型太阳能电池如异质接面硅太阳能电池属于一种高效率太阳能电池,其发电量能大幅提升,以降低发电成本。
对于一般的隧穿型太阳能电池来说,在制造过程中通常会在硅芯片的一侧成长氧化硅层来作为隧穿层。然而,此氧化硅层并无法具有良好的钝化特性,因此需进行高温退火工艺来提高钝化质量。
上述高温退火工艺通常在炉管中进行,但是在高温的状态下,氧化硅层会增生而导致硅芯片内的载子无法经由隧穿机制而自由传输。因此,在进行退火工艺前,可于氧化硅层上形成一层经掺杂的非晶硅层来避免氧化硅层增生。在退火工艺后,上述经掺杂的非晶硅层会转变成多晶硅掺杂层(doped polysilicon layer)。
然而,一般多晶硅层的能隙为1.1eV,所以在光学上会有影响吸收的问题,使得进入到硅芯片的光会有所损耗。
发明内容
本发明提供一种太阳能电池,具有能兼顾光的吸收与钝化效果的钝化结构,并能进一步提升其短路电流以及转换效率(efficiency)。
本发明的太阳能电池,包括具有第一表面与第二表面的硅基板、设置于硅基板的第一表面上的第钝化结构以及位于第一钝化结构上的第一金属电极。所述第一钝化结构包括隧穿层与多晶硅掺杂层。隧穿层位于硅基板的第一表面上,多晶硅掺杂层位于隧穿层上。所述多晶硅掺杂层包括厚度不同的第一区以及第二区,且第一区的厚度大于第二区的厚度,其中第一区的厚度在50nm~500nm之间,第二区的厚度大于0且在250nm以下。第一金属电极则位于多晶硅掺杂层的第一区上。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第一区的面积为大于或等于第一金属电极的面积。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第一区的面积为小于第一金属电极的面积。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述隧穿层包括氧化硅(SiO2)、氮氧化硅(SiON)、氧化铝(Al2O3)或氮化硅(SiN)。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述多晶硅掺杂层包括多晶硅膜、多晶氧化硅或多晶碳化硅。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第一区的厚度在50nm~300nm之间,上述第二区的厚度为1/2倍至1/50倍的第一区的厚度。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二区的厚度为1nm~150nm之间。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述太阳能电池还可包括第二钝化结构,设置于硅基板的第二表面上,所述第二钝化结构包括隧穿层与多晶硅掺杂层。隧穿层位于硅基板的第二表面上,多晶硅掺杂层位于隧穿层上。所述多晶硅掺杂层包括厚度不同的第一区以及第二区,且第一区的厚度大于第二区的厚度,其中第一区的厚度在50nm~500nm之间,第二区的厚度大于0且在250nm以下。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述太阳能电池还可包括第二金属电极,位于所述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第一区上。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层包括多晶硅膜、多晶氧化硅或多晶碳化硅。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二钝化结构的隧穿层包括氧化硅、氮氧化硅、氧化铝或氮化硅。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第一区的厚度在50nm~300nm之间,上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第二区的厚度为1/2倍至1/50倍的上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第一区的厚度。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第二区的厚度为1nm~150nm之间。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第一区的面积为大于或等于第二金属电极的面积。
在本发明的一实施例中,上述第二钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层的第一区的面积为小于第二金属电极的面积。
在本发明的一实施例中,太阳光是从上述第一表面或第二表面进入上述太阳能电池。
基于上述,本发明通过在不同区域设定不同厚度范围的多晶硅掺杂层,将其作为钝化结构的一部分,因此不但具有热稳定性佳、低电阻率(resistivity)以及低光吸收(light absorption)的效果,还能因此使具有上述结构的太阳能电池能产生高转换效率的功效。
为让本发明的上述特征和优点能更明显易懂,下文特举实施例,并配合附图作详细说明如下。
附图说明
图1是依照本发明的第一实施例的一种太阳能电池的示意图。
图2A是第一实施例的一种变形例。
图2B是第一实施例的另一种变形例。
图3是依照本发明的第二实施例的一种太阳能电池的示意图。
图4A是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与短路电流(short-circuit current,JsC)的曲线图。
图4B是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与填充因子(fill factor,FF)的曲线图。
图4C是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与开路电压(open-circuit voltage,VoC)的曲线图。
图4D是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与电池转换效率的曲线图。
图5是模拟实验二随第二区与第一区的厚度比例变化的电池转换效率曲线图。
【符号说明】
10、30:太阳能电池
100、300:硅基板
100a、100b、300a、300b:表面
102、306:钝化结构
104、200、204、302、304:金属电极
106、308、318:隧穿层
108、310、320:多晶硅掺杂层
110、312:第一区
110a:侧壁
110b:顶面
112、314:第二区
114:背面场层
116:背电极
316:抗反射层
322:透明导电层
T1、T2:厚度
具体实施方式
下文列举实施例并配合附图来进行详细地说明,但所提供的实施例并非用以限制本发明所涵盖的范围。此外,附图仅以说明为目的,并未依照原尺寸作图,且可能放大或缩小不同的膜层或区域来显示于单一图式中。而且,虽然文中使用如“第一”、“第二”等来描述不同的组件、区域及/或膜层,但是这些组件、区域及/或膜层不应当受限于这些用语。而是,这些用语仅用于区别一组件、区域或膜层与另一组件、区域或膜层。因此,以下所讨论的第一组件、区域或膜层可以被称为第二组件、区域或膜层而不违背实施例的教示。而且,为了方便理解,下文中相同的组件将以相同的符号标示来说明。
图1是依照本发明的第一实施例的一种太阳能电池的示意图。
请参照图1,第一实施例的太阳能电池10基本上包括硅基板100、钝化结构102与金属电极104,且硅基板100有第一表面100a和第二表面100b。在本实施例中,第一表面100a是正面(太阳光从第一表面100a进入)、第二表面100b是背面,但本发明并不限于此,太阳光也可以从第二表面100b进入太阳能电池。第一实施例的钝化结构102是设置于硅基板100的第一表面100a上,所述钝化结构102包括一隧穿层106、一多晶硅掺杂层108。硅基板100在太阳能电池10中作为光的吸收层,一旦吸收太阳光后,能产生电子电洞对,产生电能。隧穿层106位于硅基板100的第一表面100a上,具有钝化芯片(即硅基板100)表面缺陷,以降低载子复合的功能,其中隧穿层106例如氧化硅(SiO2)、氮氧化硅(SiON)、氧化铝(Al2O3)或氮化硅(SiN)。多晶硅掺杂层108则位于隧穿层106上,用以收集少数载子,其中多晶硅掺杂层108例如多晶硅膜、多晶氧化硅或多晶碳化硅。举例而言,硅基板100若是n型硅芯片,则多晶硅掺杂层108可为p+多晶硅。
在本实施例中,多晶硅掺杂层108包括厚度不同的第一区110以及第二区112,且第一区110的厚度T1大于第二区112的厚度T2,其中第一区110的厚度T1在50nm~500nm之间,第二区112的厚度T2大于0且在250nm以下。多晶硅掺杂层108的结构由于具有厚度差,因此可以减少多晶硅掺杂层108的第二区112对入射光的吸收,同样能收集少数载子,以提升短路电流与转换效率。本实施例的多晶硅掺杂层108的形成方式,可先在隧穿层106表面以CVD工艺全面性地形成厚度T2的非晶硅或多晶硅掺杂膜,再利用屏蔽遮住第二区112,并继续沉积非晶硅或多晶硅掺杂膜,而形成厚度T1的第一区110,然后进行热扩散工艺,以完成多晶硅掺杂层108的制作。金属电极104则位于多晶硅掺杂层108的第一区110上,所述金属电极104例如可用在太阳能电池领域的金属电极,如铝(Al)、银(Ag)、钼(Mo)、金(Au)、铂(Pt)、镍(Ni)或铜(Cu)。上述制作多晶硅掺杂层108所使用的屏蔽还能作为形成金属电极104时的屏蔽。
在一实施例中,第一区110的厚度T1在50nm~300nm之间,第二区112的厚度T2为1/2倍至1/50倍的第一区110的厚度T1。在另一实施例中,上述第二区112的厚度T2为1nm~150nm之间。而且,以电池转换效率来看,第一区110的厚度T1愈薄,第二区112的厚度T2对第一区110的厚度T1的比例(T2/T1)愈小愈好;举例来说,第一区110的厚度T1若是在200nm以下,则第二区112的厚度T2优选是在40nm以下(即T2/T1=1/5以下);第一区110的厚度T1若是在180nm以下,则第二区112的厚度T2优选是在18nm以下(即T2/T1=1/10以下)。
在图1中,硅基板100的第二表面100b还设有背面场(back surface field,BSF)层114与背电极(back side electrode)116,其中背面场层114可通过背面电场降低少数载子于硅芯片100的第二表面100b的数量,降低复合。举例来说,硅基板100若是n型硅芯片,则背面场(BSF)层114可为n+扩散层。而背电极116例如可用在太阳能电池领域的金属电极,如铝、银、钼、金、铂、镍或铜等。
图2A是第一实施例的一种变形例,其中采用与图1相同的组件符号来表示相同或近似的组件,并且省略了相同技术内容的说明。
图2A与图1的结构差异在于,其中的金属电极200除了位于多晶硅掺杂层108的第一区110上方,还覆盖第一区110的侧壁110a,因此金属电极200有接触到部分的第二区112;换句话说,第一区110的面积小于金属电极200的面积。
图2B是第一实施例的另一种变形例,其中采用与图1相同的组件符号来表示相同或近似的组件,并且省略了相同技术内容的说明。
图2B与图1的结构差异在于,其中位于多晶硅掺杂层108的第一区110上方的金属电极202并未完全覆盖第一区110,而使第一区110的部分顶面110b露出;换句话说,第一区110的面积大于金属电极202的面积。
图3是依照本发明的第二实施例的一种太阳能电池的示意图。
请参照图3,第二实施例的太阳能电池30是一种双面太阳能电池,其包括硅基板300、第一金属电极302、第二金属电极304以及钝化结构306。太阳光可从硅基板300的第一表面300a和第二表面300b进入太阳能电池30。第一金属电极302位于硅基板300的第一表面300a上,第二金属电极304位于硅基板300的第二表面300b上。而钝化结构306至少位于第一表面300a与第一金属电极302之间或位于第二表面300b与第二金属电极304之间;在本实施例中是以钝化结构306位于第一表面300a与第一金属电极302之间为例,但本发明并不限于此。所述钝化结构306包括一隧穿层308以及一多晶硅掺杂层310。隧穿层308位于硅基板300的第一表面300a上,具有钝化芯片(即硅基板300)表面缺陷,以降低载子复合的功能,其中隧穿层308例如氧化硅(SiO2)、氮氧化硅(SiON)、氧化铝(Al2O3)或氮化硅(SiN)。多晶硅掺杂层310则位于隧穿层308与第一金属电极302之间,用以收集少数载子,其中多晶硅掺杂层310例如多晶硅膜、多晶氧化硅或多晶碳化硅。
在本实施例中,多晶硅掺杂层310包括厚度不同的第一区312以及第二区314,第一区312介于隧穿层308与第一金属电极302之间,且第一区312的厚度T1大于第二区314的厚度T2,其中第一区312的厚度T1在50nm~500nm之间,第二区314的厚度T2大于0且在250nm以下。多晶硅掺杂层310的结构由于具有厚度差,因此可以减少多晶硅对入射光的吸收,同样能收集少数载子,以提升短路电流与转换效率。在本实施例中,第一区312的面积等于第一金属电极302的面积;但本发明并不限于此,第一区312的面积也可大于或小于第一金属电极302的面积。
在一实施例中,第一区312的厚度T1在50nm~300nm之间,第二区314的厚度T2为1/2倍至1/50倍的第一区312的厚度T1。在另一实施例中,上述第二区314的厚度T2为1nm~150nm之间。而且,以电池转换效率来看,第一区312的厚度T1愈薄,第二区314的厚度T2对第一区312的厚度T1的比例(T2/T1)愈小愈好;举例来说,第一区312的厚度T1若是在200nm以下,则第二区314的厚度T2优选是在40nm以下(即T2/T1=1/5以下);第一区312的厚度T1若是在180nm以下,则第二区314的厚度T2优选是在18nm以下(即T2/T1=l/10以下)。
在图3中,第一金属电极302和第二金属电极304例如可用在太阳能电池领域的金属电极,如铝(Al)、银(Ag)、钼(Mo)、金(Au)、铂(Pt)、镍(Ni)或铜(Cu),且第一金属电极302和第二金属电极304的材料可相同或不同。另外,在硅基板300的第一表面300a的多晶硅掺杂层310的第二区314上还可设有一抗反射层316,以降低入射光的反射,其中抗反射层316例如氮化硅(SiNx)、氮氧化硅(SiON)、氧化铝(Al2O3)、碳化硅(SiC)、氧化钨(WOx)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、五氧化二钽(Ta2O5)或其他适合的材料。或者,这里的抗反射层316也可使用一透明导电(TCO材料)层也有相同的抗反射效果。
此外,硅基板300的第二表面300b还设有另一隧穿层318与另一多晶硅掺杂层320所构成的钝化结构,其中隧穿层318与隧穿层308同样具有钝化芯片(即硅基板300)表面缺陷,以降低载子复合的功能,其中隧穿层318例如氧化硅(SiO2)、氮氧化硅(SiON)、氧化铝(Al2O3)或氮化硅(SiN)。而多晶硅掺杂层320可为厚度均一的膜层,并位于隧穿层318与第二金属电极304之间,用以收集少数载子。以电性传输的观点来看,还可于多晶硅掺杂层320与第二金属电极304之间全面性地设置一透明导电层(TCO)322,其例如铟锡氧化物、铟锌氧化物、铝锌氧化物、镓锌氧化物、铝镓锌氧化物、镉锡氧化物、氧化锌、二氧化锆或其他适合的材料。在另一实施例中,多晶硅掺杂层320可与多晶硅掺杂层310的结构一样包括厚度不同的第一区以及第二区,第二金属电极304可位于此一钝化结构的多晶硅掺杂层320的第一区上,且第一区与第二区的厚度差异可参照上述内容,故不再赘述。
以下,使用模拟的方式来验证本发明实施例的功效,但本发明的范围并不局限于以下内容。
模拟实验一
模拟实验一的太阳能电池如图1所示。仿真的太阳能电池结构包含一n型的硅基板、作为BSF的n+扩散层、上下电极、隧穿层(厚度为1nm)以及多晶硅掺杂层,其中多晶硅掺杂层分为两个区域,分别是在上电极下方的第一区(厚度为100nm),上电极以外的第二区厚度则为变量,来分析对太阳能电池的影响。
图4A至图4D分别为使用上述模拟实验一的太阳能电池结构所计算出来的太阳能电池特征数值。图4A是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与短路电流(short-circuit current,JsC)的曲线图。图4B是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与填充因子(fill factor,FF)的曲线图。图4C是模拟实验一的第二区厚度与开路电压(open-circuit voltage,Voc)的曲线图。
从图4A至图4B中可以发现,当第二区厚度越薄时,短路电流越高,虽然多晶硅掺杂层厚度减少对填充因子会有影响,但从图4D可以发现整体在太阳能电池的光电转换效率会是增加的。因此通过多晶硅掺杂层的厚度差异,可以有效的增加电池的短路电流与转换效率。
模拟实验二
另外,以模拟实验一的太阳能电池为仿真结构,并对其中的多晶硅掺杂层的第一区厚度以及第二区对第一区的厚度比例变化作分析,结果显示于下表1及图5。
表1
※转换效率的单位均为%。
表1(续)
※转换效率的单位均为%。
从图5中可以发现,比第一区与第二区厚度相同的情况更优异的是,第一区的厚度在50nm~300nm之间,且第二区的厚度为1/2倍至1/50倍的第一区的厚度。换句话说,第二区的厚度优选为1nm~150nm之间。而且,从表1可以发现,当第一区的厚度愈薄,第二区对第一区的厚度比例愈小愈好;举例来说,第一区厚度若是在200nm以下,则第二区厚度优选是在40nm以下(即第二区厚度是1/5倍以下的第一区厚度);第一区厚度若是在180nm以下,则第二区厚度优选是在18nm以下(即第二区厚度是1/10倍以下的第一区厚度)。
综上所述,本发明通过多晶硅掺杂层不同区域的厚度上差异,可同时收集少数载子以及减少入射光的吸收,以提升短路电流与转换效率。
虽然本发明已以实施例公开如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,本领域技术人员在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作些许的更动与润饰,故本发明的保护范围当视权利要求书所界定的保护范围为准。

Claims (16)

1.一种太阳能电池,其特征在于,包括:
硅基板,具有第一表面与第二表面;
第一钝化结构,设置于该硅基板的该第一表面上,所述第一钝化结构包括:
隧穿层,位于该硅基板的该第一表面上;以及
多晶硅掺杂层,位于该隧穿层上,该多晶硅掺杂层包括厚度不同的第一区和第二区,其中该第一区的厚度大于该第二区的厚度,该第一区的厚度在50nm~500nm之间,该第二区的厚度大于0且在250nm以下;以及
第一金属电极,位于所述第一钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第一区上。
2.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于该隧穿层包括氧化硅、氮氧化硅、氧化铝或氮化硅。
3.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于该多晶硅掺杂层包括多晶硅膜、多晶氧化硅或多晶碳化硅。
4.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于该第一区的厚度在50nm~300nm之间,该第二区的厚度为1/2倍至1/50倍的该第一区的厚度。
5.如权利要求4所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于该第二区的厚度为1nm~150nm之间。
6.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于该第一区的面积为大于或等于该第一金属电极的面积。
7.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于该第一区的面积为小于该第一金属电极的面积。
8.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,还包括第二钝化结构,设置于该硅基板的该第二表面上,所述第二钝化结构包括:
隧穿层,位于该硅基板的该第二表面上;以及
多晶硅掺杂层,位于该隧穿层上,该多晶硅掺杂层包括厚度不同的第一区和第二区,其中该第一区的厚度大于该第二区的厚度,该第一区的厚度在50nm~500nm之间,该第二区的厚度大于0且在250nm以下。
9.如权利要求8所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于,还包括第二金属电极,位于所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第一区上。
10.如权利要求8所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层包括多晶硅膜、多晶氧化硅或多晶碳化硅。
11.如权利要求8所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于所述第二钝化结构的该隧穿层包括氧化硅、氮氧化硅、氧化铝或氮化硅。
12.如权利要求8所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第一区的厚度在50nm~300nm之间,所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第二区的厚度为1/2倍至1/50倍的所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第一区的厚度。
13.如权利要求12所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第二区的厚度为1nm~150nm之间。
14.如权利要求9所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第一区的面积为大于或等于该第二金属电极的面积。
15.如权利要求9所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于所述第二钝化结构的该多晶硅掺杂层的该第一区的面积为小于该第二金属电极的面积。
16.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其特征在于太阳光是从该第一表面或该第二表面进入该太阳能电池。
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