CN109698643A - 电驱动*** - Google Patents

电驱动*** Download PDF

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CN109698643A
CN109698643A CN201810946688.0A CN201810946688A CN109698643A CN 109698643 A CN109698643 A CN 109698643A CN 201810946688 A CN201810946688 A CN 201810946688A CN 109698643 A CN109698643 A CN 109698643A
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inverter
drive system
motor
sic
power drive
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CN109698643B (zh
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A·阿佩斯迈尔
M·席德迈尔
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Audi AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P5/00—Arrangements specially adapted for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of two or more electric motors
    • H02P5/74—Arrangements specially adapted for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of two or more electric motors controlling two or more ac dynamo-electric motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
    • B60K1/02—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units comprising more than one electric motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • H02M7/5395—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/40—Electrical machine applications
    • B60L2220/42—Electrical machine applications with use of more than one motor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/66—Arrangements of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/12—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
    • H01L29/16—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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    • H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
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    • H01L29/739—Transistor-type devices, i.e. able to continuously respond to applied control signals controlled by field-effect, e.g. bipolar static induction transistors [BSIT]
    • H01L29/7393—Insulated gate bipolar mode transistors, i.e. IGBT; IGT; COMFET
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种包括多个驱动装置的电驱动***，该电驱动***用于机动车、特别是用于纯电动车辆，本发明还涉及一种用于运行驱动***的方法。

Description

电驱动***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于机动车的包括多个驱动装置的电驱动***，所述电驱动***特别是用于纯电动车辆，本发明还涉及一种用于运行所述驱动***的方法。
背景技术
在以纯电的方式驱动的机动车中，如纯电动车辆(BEV)或燃料电池车辆中通常安装多个驱动装置在不同的车桥上。在每个驱动装置中都使用相同的带有Si(硅)-功率半导体器件的功率电子装置。
使用基于碳化硅(SiC)的半导体构件代替基于硅的半导体构件，可以决定性地提高功率电子装置的组件的效率。
文献US 2015/246614 A1公开了一种安装在行车道中的感应式的能量传输***。在为感应线圈供电的单元中，可以使用碳化硅-半导体构件，用于接通流经感应线圈的电流。
从文献DE 10 2016 207 254 A1中已知以一种用于为电机提供相电流的逆变器以及一种用于具有这种逆变器的混合动力车辆/电动车辆的电驱动装置。逆变器包括实施为碳化硅-半导体开关的传导开关，该传导开关在控制信号停止的情况下自动地关闭。传导开关可以是MOSFET或IGBT。
从文献WO 2016/002057 A1中已知一种碳化硅-半导体构件，该碳化硅-半导体构件可以应用在用于电动车的功率模块、逆变器和三相电机***中。
发明内容
现在的车辆还具有相对小的续航里程，以及用于HV电池(高压电池)的成本相对较高。因此本发明的目的是，提供一种驱动***，该驱动***可以在无功率损失的情况下以较小的电池容量实现规定的续航里程。
上述目的根据本发明通过具有权利要求1的装置和具有权利要求9的特征的方法。所述装置和方法的设计方案由从属权利要求中得到。
在具有驱动装置的车辆中通过基于碳化硅的牵引用逆变器(SiC逆变器)可以在WLTP周期(Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Vehicles Test Procedure(全球统一轻型车辆测试程序))中或在NEFZ(Neuer FahrzyklusRichtlinie 70/220/EWG(根据规则70/220/EWG的新的欧洲行驶周期))中实现达到约为0.5kWh/100km的节省。这在车辆的500km的续航里程中可以减小约2.5kWh的电池容量。
在具有两个电驱动装置的车辆的常规行驶运行中，主要使一个驱动装置承受负载，而另一个驱动装置仅被联动。仅当第一驱动转轴不能单独满足转矩要求时，才接入第二驱动装置。在驱动装置之间的转矩分配由于效率原因主要偏重在一个驱动装置上。
根据本发明，在具有多个电驱动装置的驱动***中，将具有碳化硅-半导体构件的至少一个逆变器(SiC-逆变器)与具有硅-半导体构件的至少一个逆变器(传统的Si-逆变器)组合。这种组合提供了一系列优点。通过高效的SiC-逆变器涵盖了在行驶运行中较低的载荷范围。由此减小了为达到续航里程要求所需的电池容量。在车辆中可以使用较小容量的电池，这实现了节约。较小的电池容量还实现了按比率(充电比)减小的充电时间。由于通过Si-逆变器对SiC-逆变器进行补充，从而驱动***的总功率保持不变。机动车也表现出与具有两个Si-逆变器的车辆相同的性能。
本发明的主题是一种用于机动车的电驱动***，该机动车具有至少两个电机以及至少一个具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器和至少一个具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器。
根据本发明的用于机动车的电驱动***具有至少两个电机(E-Maschinen)。在一个实施形式中，机动车具有三个电机。在一个实施形式中，机动车具有四个电机。在一个实施形式中，一个电机驱动机动车的前桥，另一电机驱动机动车后桥。在另一实施形式中，机动车的每个车轮都由单独的电机驱动。
通过为每个电机配设的单独的逆变器(Wechselrichter)为电机中的每个电机提供交流电。驱动***具有至少一个具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器和至少一个具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器。在一个实施形式中，驱动***具有两个电机、一个具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器和一个具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器。在另一实施形式中，驱动***具有四个电机，两个具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器和两个具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器。
逆变器(Wechselrichtern)的构造对于本领域技术人员原则上是已知的。逆变器从由HV电池或燃料电池提供的直流电压中产生交流电压以用于使电机运行。在根据本发明的驱动***的实施形式中，逆变器是正弦逆变器，就是说，逆变器产生正弦形的交流电压。在一个实施形式中，逆变器在通过脉宽调制(PWM)的斩波操作中(Chopper操作)产生正弦形的输出交流电压。借助用作开关元件的晶体管(例如IGBT或MOSFET)通过脉宽调制(PWM)在斩波操作中由高频率的短脉冲模拟正弦交流电压。晶体管以高频率使直流电压换向。在一个实施形式中，逆变器的开关频率在10kHz至25kHz的范围内。高频率的、脉宽调制的开关频率的平均值是输出交流电压。也可以由小的、不同宽度的脉冲合成输出交流电压并形成正弦形的电压变化。
在一个实施形式中，至少一个具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器(Si-逆变器)包括至少一个Si-IGBT和至少一个Si-二极管，就是说，IGBT和二极管由硅-半导体构件制成。在一实施形式中，至少一个具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器(SiC-逆变器)包括至少一个SiC-MOSFET、即由碳化硅-半导体制成的MOSFET。在另一实施形式中，SiC-逆变器包括至少一个Si-IGBT和至少一个SiC-二级管。
本发明的主题是一种用于运行根据本发明的驱动***的方法。在此在机动车的行驶运行中，当转矩要求小于由通过SiC-逆变器供电的电机能产生的最大转矩时，仅通过SiC-逆变器供电的电机被用于运行机动车。如果转矩要求大于由通过SiC-逆变器供电的电机能产生的最大转矩时，则既使用由SiC-逆变器供电的电机又使用由Si-逆变器供电的电机来驱动机动车。在本方法的一个实施形式中，机动车的前桥通过至少一个由Si-逆变器供电的电机驱动，而机动车的后桥通过至少一个由SiC-逆变器供电的电机驱动。
当然在不脱离本发明的范围时，上述的和在下面还要描述的特征不仅能以相应给出的组合方式，而且能以其它组合方式或单独地使用。
附图说明
根据在附图中的实施形式示意性示出本发明且参照附图进一步描述本发明。附图示出：
图1示出不同的逆变器损耗功率的比较图；
图2示出根据本发明的具有两个不同的逆变器的驱动***的实施例的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1中，图1a示出在全负荷运行中不同的逆变器在不同的脉冲频率下在恒定的负荷点处的损耗功率的比较图；图1b)示出在部分负荷运行中不同的逆变器在不同的脉冲频率下在恒定的负荷点处的损耗功率的比较图。所使用的逆变器以最大功率180kW、最大电压1200V HL、在10s间隔上取平均值为150安培的交流电运行。逆变器曾被针对在过渡处的最大为175℃(Si-逆变器)或200℃(SiC-逆变器)的最大温度来设计。从测量中确定损耗数据。用于计算的边界条件是：cos phi(功率因素)：0.7；最大调制比：0.9；电机+变速器的效率：0.9*0.94；DC电压：800V。
如从图1a中看出，SiC-逆变器在全负荷运行(350安培，开关频率10kHz)中的损耗功率比Si-逆变器小35％。损耗功率是开关损耗11与导通损耗的12的总和。由于显著较小的开关损耗11造成该减小。在以175安培运行的部分负荷运行中(图1b)，开关频率为10kHz时损耗功率甚至减小了55％。如所示出的，损耗的差别在高负荷的范围中小于在部分负荷的范围中。
图2示出具有两个不同的逆变器24和25的驱动***20的示意图。Si-逆变器24为第一电机22供电，SiC-逆变器24为第二电机22供电。两个逆变器24和25分别通过DC-HV-电缆23(直流高压电缆)与为逆变器24和25的运行提供直流电流的HV电池21连接。与Si-逆变器24连接的第一电机22可以例如布置在机动车的前桥上并驱动该前桥，与SiC-逆变器25连接的第二电机22可以布置在机动车的后桥上并驱动该后桥。当然也可以在车辆中使多于两个驱动装置彼此组合。
附图标记列表：
11 开关损耗
12 导通损耗
20 驱动***
21 HV电池(高压电池)
22 电机
23 DC-HV-电缆(直流高压电缆)
24 Si-逆变器
25 SiC-逆变器

Claims (10)

1.一种用于机动车的电驱动***(20)，该电驱动***具有至少两个电机(22)以及至少一个具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器(24)和至少一个具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器(25)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，具有硅-半导体构件的逆变器(24)包括至少一个Si-IGBT和至少一个Si-二极管。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器(25)包括至少一个SiC-MOSFET。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，具有碳化硅-半导体构件的逆变器(25)包括至少一个Si-IGBT和至少一个SiC-二极管。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，逆变器(24、25)是正弦逆变器。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，逆变器(24、25)在斩波操作中通过脉宽调制产生正弦形输出电压。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，逆变器(24、25)的开关频率在10kHz至25kHz的范围中。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的电驱动***(20)，其特征在于，至少两个电机中的至少一个电机(22)由至少一个Si-逆变器(24)供电并设置用于驱动机动车的前桥，至少两个电机中的至少一个电机(22)由至少一个SiC-逆变器(25)供电并设置用于驱动机动车的后桥。
9.一种用于运行根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电驱动***(20)的方法，其中在机动车的行驶运行中，
当转矩要求小于由通过SiC-逆变器供电的电机(22)能产生的最大转矩时，仅使用通过SiC-逆变器(25)供给交流电的电机(22)来驱动机动车；
当转矩要求大于由通过SiC-逆变器(25)提供交流电的电机(22)能产生的转矩时，由SiC-逆变器(25)提供交流电的电机(22)和由Si-逆变器(24)提供交流电的电机(22)都被用于驱动机动车。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，通过至少一个由Si-逆变器(24)供电的电机(22)驱动机动车的前桥，通过至少一个由SiC-逆变器(25)供电的电机(22)驱动机动车的后桥。
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