CN109655160A - A kind of extension target divides visual field polarization measurement system and method in real time - Google Patents
A kind of extension target divides visual field polarization measurement system and method in real time Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of extension targets to divide visual field polarization measurement system and method in real time, and measuring system includes camera lens and camera；Optical element is arranged in the aperture position of the camera lens；The optical element is square；The square includes the equal small square polarizing film of four side lengths, square achromatism quarter wave plate is covered on one of them small square polarizing film, and it looks along camera lens incidence light direction, the square achromatism quarter wave plate is located at the front of small square polarizing film, in the small square polarizing film of the other three, the angle of the polarization direction of two neighboring small square polarizing film is 60 °；Optical filter is between camera lens and camera, and the optical filter is installed on the rear end of camera lens；Shape and the matched microlens array of optical element shape are provided on the imaging surface of camera lens；The photosurface of the camera is located on the back focal plane of the microlens array.The present invention can not only measure full-polarization, and can directly switch to linear polarization imaging pattern when target scene only exists linearly polarized light.
Description
Technical field
It is especially a kind of to divide visual field polarimetry in real time for extension target the present invention relates to polarization imaging technical field
System and method.
Background technique
Light is the plane of oscillation and the perpendicular shear wave in its direction of propagation, if the direction of vibration of light be not it is irregular,
We claim it with polarizability.Since the physiological structure of human eye does not have the ability of detecting polarization light, people are in order to seeing
Polarised light is needed by means of dedicated polarization imaging equipment, referred to as polarization camera.Document [1] discloses a kind of based on light field phase
The real-time polarization imaging system and method for machine and four-quadrant polarizing film realize inclined to big visual field extension target under primary shooting
It is measured while vibration degree and the angle of polarization, but this method can only measure linearly polarized light, not have sensing capability to circularly polarized light.Document
[2] the full Polarization Detection of target emanation is realized using four-quadrant polarization modulation element and 4 quadrant detector, but this method
Point target can only be implemented to measure, be not suitable for extending target.Document [3] is improved on the basis of document [1], in light
Four subregion achromatism retardation plates+linear polarizer structure is used at circle, it is therefore an objective to realize to the fast of extension target full-polarization
Illuminated measurement.
Achromatism retardation plate, also referred to as achromatic waveplate involved in document [3].It is limited by its realization principle, its energy
The spectral region enough worked normally is relatively narrow, and the requirement to angle of incidence of light is also more harsh: when incident light deviates camera lens master
After optical axis certain angle, phase delay precision can be significantly reduced.Therefore, using document [3] system to extension target
When imaging, for deviateing the target of field of view center, the precision of polarimetry is very low or even entirely ineffective.And it is mentioned in document [1]
Four-quadrant polarizing film be directly to be spliced by linear polarizer, it is almost right there is no the problem that light can be too small with acceptance angle
The light that any direction is injected can play good polarization effect, meanwhile, the available spectral region of linear polarizer also compares colour killing
Poor retardation plate wants much broader.Accordingly, it is considered to which the light overwhelming majority to nature contains only linear polarization ingredient, it means that exhausted
In most cases, the polarization measurement system precision based on achromatism retardation plate disclosed in document [3] will be lower than document [1] institute
The disclosed polarization measurement system based on linear polarizer.
In conclusion lack the linear polarization measurement that high-precision, wide spectrum, big visual field can be realized under the conditions of the prior art,
The real-time full polarization imaging system and method to circularly polarized light measurement capability can be taken into account again simultaneously.
Bibliography:
1 national inventing patent application, " sky polarization mode detection method and system based on four-quadrant polarizing film ", application
Number: 201510639950.3.
2 what super, Chang Jintao, Wang Yong etc., the Stokes Vector measuring instrument [J] based on 4 quadrant detector, infrared and milli
Metric wave journal, 2016,35 (1): 57-62.
3 national inventing patent applications, " the compact noise immunity type optical field imaging full-polarization spectrum detection device of fast illuminated and side
Method ", application number: 201710097593.1.
Summary of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the present invention are: in view of the shortcomings of the prior art, providing a kind of reality for extension target
Time-division visual field polarization measurement system and method can not only measure full-polarization, and only exist linearly polarized light in target scene
When can directly switch to linear polarization imaging pattern, and realize big visual field, wide spectrum, high-precision linear polarization measurement.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is that: a kind of full polarization measurement system in real time,
Including camera lens and camera；Optical element is arranged in the aperture position of the camera lens；The optical element is square；Square packet
The equal small square polarizing film of four side lengths is included, is covered with square achromatism 1/4 on one of them small square polarizing film
Wave plate, and the square achromatism quarter wave plate is located at small square polarizing film along front (the i.e. mesh of camera lens incidence light direction
Mark radiant light is first irradiated to square achromatism quarter wave plate, then is irradiated to small square polarizing film), the small square of the other three
In polarizing film, the angle of the polarization direction of two neighboring small square polarizing film is 60 °；Optical filter be located at camera lens and camera it
Between, and the optical filter is installed on the rear end of camera lens；Shape and the optical element shape are provided on the imaging surface of camera lens
The microlens array matched；The photosurface of the camera is located on the back focal plane of the microlens array.
The square achromatism quarter wave plate thickness is no more than 1 millimeter.
The lens imaging face, microlens array surface, camera photosurface are parallel to each other.
The camera is connect with computer.
The microlens array includes the identical small square lens unit of several sizes, and each small square lens list
It closely arranges between member；The microlens array covers the entire photosurface region of the camera.
In the optical element, the side length of small square polarizing film isWherein D is that lens aperture numerical value is set asWhen its aperture physical pore size diameter, L be microlens array in small square lens unit side length, f be lenticule battle array
The focal length of column.
When there are when gap, black is arranged at the gap between the optical element and the aperture position of the camera lens
Baffle, the black baffle surface do flocking or frosted processing.
Correspondingly, the present invention also provides a kind of methods for realizing polarimetry using above system:
1) a frame target image is shot, the corresponding square subgraph of each small square lens unit in target image
4 small square areas are divided into, have respectively corresponded 0 °, 60 °, 120 ° are 4 regions of the polarization direction of θ with angle, right
All pixels gray value is averaged under each region, is as a result denoted as respectively: I0, I60, I120, Iθ, they have respectively corresponded 0 °,
60 °, 120 ° of target emanation light intensity values corresponding with image-region under the polarization direction that angle is θ；
2) it is corresponding that square subgraph is obtained by the following formula in target image under arbitrarily small square lens unit
The value of all four components of Stokes vector:
Wherein, S is Stokes vector, and four components are successively are as follows: s '0, s '1, s '2, s '3；
For the polarization direction angle of the small square area of one of them in optical element；α is square achromatism quarter wave plate
Fast axis direction angle；
And: utilize 0 °, 60 ° and 120 ° lower three of direction in the square subgraph of each small square lens unit
The target emanation light intensity value I in region0, I60, I120, first three component s of target Stokes vector is calculated in conjunction with following formula0, s1,
s2:
3) for region different in image, the highest Stokes vector of choice accuracy is as final measurement.
Although it is existing based on light field modulation real-time polarization imaging method in or can only measure linearly polarized light or
Full polarization can be measured, but available light spectral coverage is relatively narrow, and the measurement error when imaging viewing field is larger is very big.With existing skill
Art is compared, the advantageous effect of present invention is that: on hardware configuration, the present invention is difficult from polarimetry precision, processing technology
It spends two angles to comprehensively consider, on the basis of tradition is based on polarized light field modulated structure, proposes a kind of the inclined of special construction
Shake light field modulation device, it is different with traditional modulation device, and a quadrant covers square 1/4 wave of achromatism wherein for it
Piece, the advantage reached is: not only can survey line polarised light, while full-polarization can also be surveyed.This just allow same set of hardware system simultaneously
Realize multiple functions；In method, the present invention is based on the same light channel structures to realize two sets of independent polarimetry algorithms,
And the precision of different zones and performance are all different in the picture for two sets of algorithms, according to the target scene property of actual measurement
Variation (such as whether field of regard size, target include circularly polarized light ingredient etc.), can flexibly switch selection algorithms of different obtain
To result for exporting.By using the above means, the final effect that the present invention reaches is: can not only measure full polarization
Light, and can directly switch to linear polarization imaging pattern when target scene only exists linearly polarized light, and realize big visual field, wide light
Spectrum, the measurement of high-precision linear polarization.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the full polarization measurement system structural schematic diagram modulated based on sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarized light field；
1 is camera lens；2 be aperture position；3 optical elements (sphere of movements for the elephants type)；16,5,6,7 4 small square polarizing film；4
It is the combination of square achromatism quarter wave plate (15) and 16；15 be square achromatism quarter wave plate；8 be microlens array；9
It is 8 structure displaying；10 be the photosurface of camera；11 be camera；12 be computer；13,14 be data line；15 be CCD image planes
(camera photosurface), 17 be optical filter.
Fig. 2 is hand-held light-field camera theory structure schematic diagram；
Fig. 3 is image of the microlens array of customization under Powerful Light Microscope；
Fig. 4 is the extension target target image that point visual field polarization measurement system is once shot in real time；
Fig. 5 is four regions for extracting sphere of movements for the elephants shape in corresponding subgraph under each lens unit respectively, is spliced one
Act four obtained width target images；
Fig. 6 be using four width images in Fig. 5 wherein three width (respectively corresponded in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film 0 °, 60 °,
120 ° of directions), target Stokes first three component of the vector (s being calculated in conjunction with formula three0, s1, s2) image；
Fig. 7 is using four width images all in Fig. 5, in conjunction with all the four of the target Stokes vector that formula one is calculated
A component (s '0, s '1, s '2, s '3) image.
Specific embodiment
System of the invention includes camera lens, square achromatism quarter wave plate, sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film, microlens array, filter
Mating plate, camera, computer.
Square achromatism quarter wave plate and sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film are placed at lens aperture place close to placement, and
As viewed from the direction of camera lens incident light, square achromatism quarter wave plate is in the front of sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film.Optical filter is located at mirror
Between head and camera, and it is installed on by hickey the rear end of camera lens, easy to disassemble and replace, microlens array is located at camera lens
On imaging surface, the photosurface of camera is located on the back focal plane of microlens array, and lens imaging face, microlens array surface, phase
These three planes of machine photosurface are parallel to each other.Camera connects computer by data line to realize the real-time delivery of data.
Square achromatism quarter wave plate, thickness should be thin as far as possible, are usually no more than 1 millimeter.
Sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film is closely put together by four small square polarizing film.Four small square polarizing film
Size and material are all identical, they are all broadband High Extinction Ratio linear polarizers.There are three in four small square polarizing film
Polarization direction angle be 60 °.That is, then other two is inclined using wherein any one polarization direction as 0 ° of reference direction
The deflection that shakes is respectively 60 ° and 120 °.It is left the polarization direction of the last one small square polarizing film in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film
Angle can be arbitrary value, and might as well enable its value is θ, and the front is overlapped the square achromatism quarter wave plate for being placed with same size, it is assumed that
Its fast axis direction angle is α, then general optimal be arranged is | α-θ |=45 °.Particularly, for the ease of production, sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarization
The polarization direction angle for being left the last one small square polarizing film in piece is traditionally arranged to be 0 °, and two polarization directions angle is at this time
A rectangle polarizing film can be used to replace for 0 ° of small square polarizing film, and eliminate the process of splicing.But it needs at this time
In one filament of middle part surface label of rectangle polarizing film, it is classified as the identical small square polarizing film of two sizes.
Microlens array is closely arranged by the identical small square lens unit of several sizes and is formed, entire lenticule
The size of array need to completely cover camera photosurface region.Assuming that the side length of each square shaped cells of microlens array is L,
Focal length is f, obtains the coke ratio of lenticule unit finally are as follows:Lens aperture numerical value is measured to be set asWhen its aperture object
Manage the diameter in aperture, it is assumed that the value is D, requires the side length of each small square in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film at this time are as follows:
If the aperture position of used camera lens is circle, when the polarizing film and square achromatism of sphere of movements for the elephants shape
Quarter wave plate is when being put into aperture, it is also necessary to cover the gap between aperture and sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film using black baffle, be
The influence of stray light is maximally eliminated, which carries out flocking or graining processing.
The present invention also provides a kind of polarization measurement method (by taking matrix pattern optical elements as an example), specifically include following steps
It is rapid:
The first step shoots a frame target image using the full polarization measurement system modulated based on sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarized light field,
And convert the gray value of image to the light intensity value of target emanation.
According to the image-forming principle of light-field camera, in the image that camera obtains, the corresponding square subgraph of each lenticule
As being all divided into 4 small square areas, 0 ° is respectively corresponded, 60 °, 120 ° are 4 areas of the polarization direction of θ with angle
Domain is averaged the gray value of all pixels under each region, as a result can be denoted as respectively: I0, I60, I120, Iθ, they are right respectively
Answer 0 °, 60 °, 120 ° of target emanation light intensity values corresponding with image-region under the polarization direction that angle is θ.
Second step, the subgraph obtained in image under any lenticule unit (small square lens unit) are corresponding
The value of all four components of Stokes vector.S in formula one represents Stokes vector, and four components are successively are as follows: s '0,
s′1, s '2, s '3.Then have:
Wherein:
In formula two, θ is the polarization direction angle of one of them small square area in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film, and α is positive
The fast axis direction angle of rectangular achromatism quarter wave plate.
Third step, using interpolation method calculate contiguous microlens subgraph between region Stokes vector all four
The value of component.
For the sphere of movements for the elephants shape subgraph under adjacent two lenticule units, select in each subgraph against one another
Two small square areas reformulate a new virtual subgraph, which is also approximately at the distribution of sphere of movements for the elephants shape, by it
In the corresponding light intensity value of four small square area substitute into formula one and formula two, target scene Stokes vector can be calculated
Interpolation result, so that the result resolution ratio of full polarimetry is increased to 4 times of former resolution ratio.
4th step only utilizes trizonal light intensity under 0 °, 60 ° and 120 ° direction in each lenticule unit subgraph
I0, I60, I120, first three component s of target Stokes vector is calculated in conjunction with following formula three0, s1, s2。
5th step calculates first three point of the Stokes vector in region between contiguous microlens subgraph using the method for interpolation
The value of amount.
For the sphere of movements for the elephants shape subgraph under adjacent two lenticule units, select in each subgraph against one another
Two small square areas reformulate a new virtual subgraph, which is also approximately at the distribution of sphere of movements for the elephants shape, by it
In the corresponding light intensity value of four small square area substitute into formula three, first three component of target scene Stokes vector can be calculated
s0, s1, s2Interpolation result, so that the result resolution ratio of polarimetry is increased to 4 times of former resolution ratio.
6th step reasonably selects the highest Stokes vector measurement result of precision.
The Stokes vector result in entire imaging surface region can be obtained above according to formula one and formula three.But it is public
Formula one than formula three can one Stokes component of more measurements, the precision in result heart district domain in the picture is higher, but more leans on
Nearly image border error is bigger；Although and formula three can only measure the linear polarization component in Stokes vector, work as target field
When scape only has linearly polarized light ingredient, the polarization measurements precision obtained in the whole region of image by formula three is very high.
Therefore, in a round domain using picture centre as dot, use the result of formula one as system final output
It as a result, system can measure its full Stokes vector within the scope of this, therefore is full polarimetry.The size of the circle domain radius is by system
The field angle of camera lens, square achromatism quarter wave plate performance and these three factors of the tolerable margin of error of system user are total
With decision.Image section other than the circle domain, system are in this image range using the result of formula three as final result
System can only realize the accurate measurement to linearly polarized light.
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram for extending target and dividing visual field polarization measurement system in real time.
Fig. 2 is hand-held light-field camera theory structure schematic diagram.1 represents camera lens in figure, and 8 be microlens array, and 10 be phase
The photosurface of machine.The structure of hand-held light-field camera is to be proposed and realized by Ren Ng for 2005.Its most crucial principle is: micro-
Lens array is located at lens imaging face, and camera photosurface is located at the focal plane of microlens array.The purpose for the arrangement is that: target
The light that camera lens is injected from visual angle, converges to some lenticule unit of microlens array, after penetrating the lenticule unit
The disperse hot spot of diverging is received by camera photosurface.At this point, the light radiation intensity of target scene and direction are recorded simultaneously.
This structure due to than traditional camera can more record target emanations directional informations, referred to as light-field camera.
We select a common industrial lens, remove its diaphragm being made of 6 blades, the vacating space at aperture
Come.Then the optical element material object that the matrix pattern polarizing film of customization and square achromatism quarter wave plate are composed is put into mirror
The aperture position of head.In addition, the interference in order to avoid stray light to imaging, the gap between aperture and optical element is hacked
The baffle of color shelters from.Square achromatism quarter wave plate is covered on the surface of one of them small square polarizing film, due to it
Light transmission rate reaches 99.9%, so almost fully transparent.Four small square polarization chip size is identical, uses phase
Same material, is closely stitched together, constitutes a sphere of movements for the elephants shape.In 350-1100nm wave band, sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film disappears
Light ratio is attained by 1000:1 or more, and its light acceptance angle, close to 180 °, this allows us to use the camera lens of any focal length.
But it is constrained to the performance of square achromatism quarter wave plate, the full polarimetry precision of paracentral position is only connect in image
It is just relatively high.
Fig. 3 is image of the microlens array of customization under Powerful Light Microscope.This it appears that: microlens array
It is made of the lenticule unit that many squares are closely arranged.Why arrange without using the most common hexagonal honeycomb shape, is
Since it is desired that matching with the shape of the sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film at lens aperture.
Fig. 4 is the extension target target image that point visual field polarization measurement system is once shot in real time.Photographic subjects are
One plate area source, the light that LCD screen issues have certain polarizability.Partial enlarged view from the image upper right corner
In it can be found that corresponding subgraph is also sphere of movements for the elephants shape under each lenticule unit, and issued due to light source screen
Light has a polarizability, and the gray value of image of the corresponding imaging region of each small square polarizing film is different.
Fig. 5 is four regions for extracting sphere of movements for the elephants shape in corresponding subgraph under each lenticule unit respectively, and splicing exists
The four width target images obtained together, it is θ's that they, which have respectively corresponded in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film 0 °, 60 °, 120 ° and angle,
Four polarization directions.
Fig. 6 be using four width images in Fig. 5 wherein three width (respectively corresponded in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film 0 °, 60 °,
120 ° of directions), target Stokes first three component of the vector (s being calculated in conjunction with formula three0, s1, s2) image.Due to public affairs
Formula three can not provide the value of the 4th component of Stokes vector, therefore be not capable of measuring target emanation light there are the feelings of circular polarization
Condition.But from figure 10, it is seen that the case where only existing linear polarization for target, even if at image border, before Stokes vector
Three component (s0, s1, s2) measurement result precision it is also relatively high.This is by the linear polarizer tool in sphere of movements for the elephants shape polarizing film
Brought by some advantageous properties.
Fig. 7 is using four width images all in Fig. 5, in conjunction with all the four of the target Stokes vector that formula one is calculated
A component (s '0, s '1, s '2, s '3) image.Since the available fields of square achromatism quarter wave plate limit, so that measurement knot
There is relatively large deviation in the position far from picture centre in fruit, one lesser border circular areas of picture centre only shown in Fig. 7
Interior, measurement result precision is relatively high (error is within 5%).
In conjunction with the respective advantage of formula one and formula three, target polarization measurement is obtained by the method for point visual field and is most terminated
Fruit: in the image-region in Fig. 7 inside circle, use formula one polarizes target as a result, at this time can guarantee entirely
High-acruracy survey.When target is located at the region in Fig. 7 other than annulus, the result (i.e. the result of Fig. 6) of formula three is used,
First three component of its Stokes vector can only be measured at this time, but measurement result precision in the area is not by field of view
Limitation.After such combined treatment, a point visual field polarization measurement system can not only measure full polarization to extension target in real time
Light, and can directly switch to linear polarization imaging pattern when target scene only exists linearly polarized light, and realize big visual field, wide light
Spectrum, the measurement of high-precision linear polarization.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of full polarization measurement system in real time, which is characterized in that including camera lens (1) and camera (11)；The light of the camera lens (1)
Enclose position (2) setting optical element (3)；The optical element (3) is square；The square includes equal small of four side lengths
Square polarizing film is covered with square achromatism quarter wave plate (15) on one of them small square polarizing film (16), and described
Square achromatism quarter wave plate (15) is located at small square polarizing film (16) along the front of the incident light direction of camera lens (1), described
The polarization direction of small square polarizing film (16) is arbitrary value, in the small square polarizing film of the other three, two neighboring small pros
The angle of the polarization direction of shape polarizing film is 60 °；Optical filter (17) is located between camera lens (1) and camera (11), and the optical filtering
Piece (17) is installed on the rear end of camera lens (1)；Shape and the optical element (3) shape are provided on the imaging surface of camera lens (1)
The microlens array (8) matched；The photosurface (10) of the camera (11) is located on the back focal plane of the microlens array (8).
2. full polarization measurement system in real time according to claim 1, which is characterized in that square 1/4 wave of achromatism
Piece (15) thickness is no more than 1 millimeter.
3. full polarization measurement system in real time according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the lens imaging face, lenticule
Array surface, camera photosurface are parallel to each other.
4. full polarization measurement system in real time according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the camera (11) and computer
(12) it connects.
5. full polarization measurement system in real time according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the microlens array (8) includes
The identical small square lens unit of several sizes, and closely arrange between each small square lens unit；The lenticule
Array (8) covers the entire photosurface region of the camera (11).
6. full polarization measurement system in real time according to claim 6, which is characterized in that small just in the optical element (3)
The side length of rectangular polarizing film isWherein D is lens aperture numerical value, is set asWhen its aperture physical pore size diameter,
L is the side length of microlens array (8) medium and small square lens unit, and f is the focal length of microlens array (8).
7. real-time full polarization measurement system described according to claim 1~one of 6, which is characterized in that when the optical element
(3) there are black baffle, the black gear when gap, are arranged at the gap between the aperture position of the camera lens (1)
Plate surface does flocking or frosted processing.
8. a kind of method for realizing polarimetry using system described in one of claim 1~7, which is characterized in that including following
Step:
1) a frame target image is shot, the corresponding square subgraph of each small square lens unit is divided in target image
4 small square areas are segmented into, have respectively corresponded 0 °, 60 °, 120 ° are 4 regions of the polarization direction of θ with angle, to each
All pixels gray value is averaged under region, is as a result denoted as respectively: I0, I60, I120, Iθ, they have respectively corresponded 0 °, and 60 °,
120 ° of target emanation light intensity values corresponding with image-region under the polarization direction that angle is θ；
2) it is obtained by the following formula in target image under arbitrarily small square lens unit square subgraph and corresponds to Stokes arrow
Measure the value of all four components:
Wherein, S is Stokes vector, and four components are successively are as follows: s '0, s '1, s '2, s '3；
θ is the polarization direction angle of one of them small square area in optical element；α is square the fast of achromatism quarter wave plate
Axis direction angle；
And: it utilizes trizonal under 0 °, 60 ° and 120 ° direction in the square subgraph of each small square lens unit
Target emanation light intensity value I0, I60, I120, first three component s of target Stokes vector is calculated in conjunction with following formula0, s1, s2:
3) for region different in image, the highest Stokes vector of choice accuracy is as final measurement.
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